Mind the Gap: Information and Communication Technologies,Knowledge Activities and Innovation in the Pharmaceutical Industry

The paper explores the specific challenges facing the pharmaceutical industry regarding the exploitation of information and communication technologies (ICTs) in the context of developing new frameworks supporting knowledge activity and the wider innovation process. The paper seeks to provide a framework to view these changes but also highlights gaps in our current conceptualization of the role of ICTs in facilitating and effecting change within the pharmaceutical industry.     

知识交易、创新和知识产业

知识是公共品的传统理论需要重新审视,知识交易具有可能性与可行性。知识交易激励知识生产和加速知识应用,引致创新繁荣。知识交易达到显著规模意味着知识产业的出现,知识交易是知识产业的基本活动。政府对知识产业的扶植需要考虑知识产业的特殊性,需要发展对知识市场的管制能力。     

基于知识链的制药产业协同创新研究——以我国医药制造业为例

基于知识链角度,分析我国制药产业协同创新系统结构模型及各子系统间的相互关系;结合复合系统协同度模型,以我国医药制造业为例,从知识创新投入、知识转化、知识价值实现以及创新环境对知识创新的支撑能力4个方面,确定反映其各子系统协同创新的序参量,并对医药制造业协同创新系统的协同性进行测度。结果表明,我国医药制造业创新系统有序度仍存在较大的提升空间。因此,建议加强政府引导和监管职能,完善产学研协同创新体系,提升知识产权服务能力,拓宽医药制造业融资渠道。     

重视知识创新 发展高新技术产业

知识创新能力已成为衡量一个国家，一个民族，一个企业经济发展竞争能力的重要因素，知识创新逐步成为当今时代经济增长的最有效方式，是发展高新技术产业的基础，前提，是瓶颈和希望。     

隐含经验类知识、非正式交流与科技园区的创新网络

通过分析隐含经验类知识的本质，认为隐含经验类知识在提高高科技园区创新能力上能起到重要作用，其中非正式交流是高科技园区传播隐含经验类知识的主要途径高科技园区要注意发展非正式交流来传播隐含经验类知识，提高园区中的创新能力。     

知识域耦合、知识创新能力与企业创新绩效

知识创新是企业保持竞争优势的根本,与之相关的研究已得到学界广泛关注,但鲜有研究探讨知识域耦合对创新能力和创新绩效的作用机制。采用结构方程模型、Bootstrap和层级回归分析法,对291家企业的调研问卷进行假设检验,实证结果表明：知识域耦合对企业创新绩效具有积极影响;知识创新能力在知识域耦合与创新绩效关系中起完全中介作用;环境不确定性负向调节知识域耦合对知识创新能力的影响;战略柔性正向调节知识创新能力对创新绩效的影响。     

Using Bibliometrics to Measure Firm Knowledge: An Analysis of the US Pharmaceutical Industry

A recent literature review highlighted the knowledge-based view as an important current theory in the strategic management area. The current paper utilizes that theory as the context for employing bibliometrics to uncover the publishing and patenting citation patterns in a group of twelve US pharmaceutical companies over a 13-year period. Our initial findings suggest that firms self-cite a great deal, and that they rely heavily on public science. In addition, we found that Merck and Co. is the most frequently cited company in both the science and technology areas, though somewhat less so in technology. The managerial implications, particularly from a knowledge perspective, are discussed as well as some suggestions for future research.     

Using Bibliometrics to Measure Firm Knowledge: An Analysis of the US Pharmaceutical Industry

A recent literature review highlighted the knowledge-based view as an important current theory in the strategic management area. The current paper utilizes that theory as the context for employing bibliometrics to uncover the publishing and patenting citation patterns in a group of twelve US pharmaceutical companies over a 13-year period. Our initial findings suggest that firms self-cite a great deal, and that they rely heavily on public science. In addition, we found that Merck and Co. is the most frequently cited company in both the science and technology areas, though somewhat less so in technology. The managerial implications, particularly from a knowledge perspective, are discussed as well as some suggestions for future research.     

Social Innovation,Gender, and Technology: Bridging the Resource Gap

Some of the most important resources are intangible, such as knowledge and access to networks. In the developing world, technology can facilitate these resources and address basic human needs in a variety of ways: from provision of farmer training and cloud-controlled clean water systems to health information and mobile money services. Some of these services expand access to resources in ways that particularly benefit women. In environments where women are disadvantaged socially and economically, information and communications technologies (ICT) can enable women to access valuable information, consider a broader range of business opportunities, access wider markets, partake in educational programs, and share experiences with and gain mentorship from other women. However, there are large gender gaps in the access to technology, particularly in rural areas. To begin, I briefly discuss the role of technology in development, and consider the extent and significance of technology gender gaps. Next, I review key barriers to reducing these gaps, and discuss the concept of social innovation as it applies to technology interventions. Examples from five social innovations in India — a country with large technology gender gaps — illustrate the range of possibilities for innovative access to and use of ICT for diverse target groups. I conclude with some suggestions for further improvement in this area.     

Corporate Investment and Information Technologies: The Case of the Greek Refining Industry

The need to improve competitiveness and the enforcement of stringent environmental regulations created the need for the technological modernization of the Greek oil refining industry. The emphasis in this paper is on the pattern of investment decisions, the linkages between the acquisition of production processes and supporting IT applications and on the influence exercised by new technological investment projects on the availability of endogenous resources required to facilitate the adoption of technical change at the firm level. The Greek experience suggests that the role of IT application is becoming increasingly important in large-scale investment projects. The successful implementation of these projects depends, to a large extent, on the learning processes and the accumulation of knowledge at the firm level. These learning processes are directly linked to the specific requirements of the production process and our evidence support that there is a lack of positive feedback between administrative applications and the successful introduction of new manufacturing technologies.     

Corporate Investment and Information Technologies: The Case of the Greek Refining Industry

The need to improve competitiveness and the enforcement of stringent environmental regulations created the need for the technological modernization of the Greek oil refining industry. The emphasis in this paper is on the pattern of investment decisions, the linkages between the acquisition of production processes and supporting IT applications and on the influence exercised by new technological investment projects on the availability of endogenous resources required to facilitate the adoption of technical change at the firm level. The Greek experience suggests that the role of IT application is becoming increasingly important in large-scale investment projects. The successful implementation of these projects depends, to a large extent, on the learning processes and the accumulation of knowledge at the firm level. These learning processes are directly linked to the specific requirements of the production process and our evidence support that there is a lack of positive feedback between administrative applications and the successful introduction of new manufacturing technologies.     

从知识获取沟到知识生产沟——美国博客空间中的知识霸权

博客作为一种新的知识生产形式在网络空间的盛行,使个体之间知识生产的差距成为知识沟研究的一个新议题。本研究通过对一组美国全国性调查数据的分析,揭示了人们在网上以不同博客类型为表现形式的知识生产差异及其社会影响力差异。与经典的知识沟假说相一致,拥有较高社会经济地位的博客在网上生产较多政治知识,也具有较大的社会影响力。个体之间在线下的权力分布直接映射于线上,进入博客空间仅仅是参与政治公共领域的第一步。进入之后做什么,有何影响,则是更加重要的议题。将经典的知识沟假设从知识获取沟延伸到知识生产沟,本研究凸显了美国网络政治空间中存在的知识霸权。     

知识经济和传统产业的创新与发展——浅论我国发展知识经济的模式选择

分析了知识经济与传统产业的关系,探讨了发达国家发展知识经济的不同模式,简要论述了我国发展知识经济的模式选择。     

知识差距、信息甄别与创业企业的融资选择

从商业银行和风险投资机构与创业企业的知识差距和信息甄别入手,对创业企业的融资决策进行了分析,结果表明创业企业的实力、投资项目的风险和收益、商业银行和风险投资机构与创业企业的知识差距、风险投资机构的能力以及知识产权保护的程度都会影响创业企业的融资选择。这对于更好地解决创业企业融资难的问题和促进风险投资行业的发展都有重要的现实意义。     

企业内知识创新活动的过程研究

在全球化、信息化和知识化时代,创新成为了知识工作非结构化部分的重要组成内容,也是知识工作生产率的关键内涵之一。对创造与创新的概念进行比较与分析,进而对创新活动的本质和内涵进行界定。在梳理国内外创造与创新过程相关文献的基础上,结合知识分类,从阶段性与知识转化的视角提出了企业内知识创新活动的过程模型(IR-SI-SD模型)。该模型为知识创新活动不同阶段内信息技术资源的有效配置提供依据,促进创新过程中关键成果的结构化转化,最终提高知识创新的效率。     

不同知识缺口对组织创新的影响机理分析及对策研究

在对知识缺口的分类进行归纳总结的基础上,分析了不同类型的知识缺口对组织创新的影响作用,并就如何针对不同类型的知识缺口开展组织创新提出了一些可供参考的对策。     

WTO,the Trips and Indian Pharmaceutical Industry

This paper analyzes the efficiency of firms in Indian Pharmaceutical Industry before and after the Trade Related Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPs) agreement. The analysis reveals that the efficiency of firms has increased after the Indian legislature has passed the bill for accepting patent applications in early 1999. We find that R&D intensity and market share influence efficiency of firms. The impact of import intensity enhances inefficiency. Our result indicates absence of ownership effects after the Indian legislature had passed the bill for accepting patent applications.

     

Life Science Innovation and the Restructuring of the Pharmaceutical Industry: Merger, Acquisition and Strategic Alliance Behaviour of Large Firms

This article explores the transformative nature of the life sciences in the context of pharmaceutical mergers, acquisitions and strategic alliances. Drawing on interviews with senior scientists and managers from large pharmaceutical firms, and secondary data on general industry trends, it identifies diverse company strategies for capturing and exploiting new technologies/knowledge and explores their implications for innovation. The article suggests that mergers, acquisitions and strategic alliances represent a cluster of related activities that provide various strategic options for managing innovation and productivity deficit. However, because the preferred balance between in-house R&D and externally sourced knowledge depends on a number of firm-specific factors, as well as challenges posed by the external operating environment, there is increasing variation between large companies in how these activities are exploited and strategically managed.     

论知识创新与知识的创新

知识创新是一个经济学意义上的概念,其外延绝不仅仅限于知识领域,技术创新是知识创新的核心环节、而知识的创新又是技术创新之源泉。在分析了知识创新与知识的创新在许多方面的不同后,指出了正确理解知识创新的重要现实意义。