The effect of human capital on the economic status of divorced and separated women: Differences by race

This study investigated the impact of investments in human capital on the economic well-being of black and white women immediately following marital disruption. It also explored the extent to which the observed differences in income between the two groups were due to differences in the levels of qualities (endowments) or differences in the impact of these qualities (discrimination). The average differences in endowments explained almost two-thirds of the income gap between black and white women. Most of this explanatory power was due to differences in educational attainment, work experience, and region.     

Effects of community,family, and education on earnings of black and white men

Summary The primary purpose of this paper was to determine the effect of background on the education and earnings of black and white men.It was largely motivated by a desire to quantify the extent to which past discrimination against Blacks, resulting in lower achievement, inhibits the progress of individuals today in a somewhat more benign environment.It has demonstrated that both community and family background factors are important in determining the levels of education and earnings of black and white men.The community effects for Blacks operate largely through their moving into more integrated neighborhoods, so that many positive community externalities are apparently not available to families in predominantly black middle-class neighborhoods.While the effects of father’s education, city origin, and community income are comparable between Blacks and whites, white men’s education is more affected by number of siblings, family income, and age of 1968 head of household than is black men’s education.The relative sizes of the coefficients of these latter variables are consistent with steeper age-earnings profiles for older white men than older black men and higher prices paid for investing in children by black parents.     

Labor market racial discrimination against black women

Conclusion The data we have reviewed describe black women as having achieved parity with white women and indicate that this conclusion is not seriously affected after controlling for the direct and indirect effects of differences in time worked. However, the economic position of black women is not uniform throughout the economy. Black women have advanced primarily in public sector jobs and these advances have been made primarily by the youngest cohorts. Progress in the private sector has been much slower. Claims that a “new labor market” exists for black women ought to be carefully qualified, for their progress is impressive primarily when they are compared to white women—another disadvantaged group. Both groups of women are falling farther behind men in terms of relative earnings.16 Furthermore, it may be quite erroneous to interpret small differences in earnings between black and white women as evidence that black women do not suffer racial discrimination, as the following example illustrates.     

The Whiter the Better? Racial Composition and Access to School Resources for Black Students

Rigorous courses are an important resource, distributed within schools, that merit attention as a central determinant of student achievement and future outcomes (Cook and Evans, J Labor Econ. 18(4):729–754, 2000; Rose and Betts, Rev Econ Stat. 86(2):497–513, 2004). Yet, black students are less likely to be enrolled in advanced courses in general (ex. Darity et al. 2001; Klopfenstein, Contemp Econ Pol. 23(3):416–28, 2005) and specifically Algebra 1 in middle school (Riley 1997). Debate exists around the potential benefits or drawbacks for black students attending highly integrated schools relative to highly segregated schools. This study examines which school characteristics are associated with large disparities in black student enrollment in Algebra 1 relative to white student enrollment in Algebra 1 in the same middle schools in North Carolina. Of particular interest is the relationship between access and the percentage of white students in a school. The study finds that: (1) black students are underrepresented in Algebra 1 in essentially all schools in North Carolina; (2) the largest disparities occur in schools that are highly integrated while the disparities are reduced in schools that are either large majority white or large majority non-white; (3) schools with a larger share of white teachers are related to larger disparities between black and white students; (4) the marginal effects of racial composition on the relative disparity in enrollment are significantly larger for black females than black males.     

The vintage schooling hypothesis and racial differences in earnings and on-the-job training: A longitudinal analysis

Why do younger black males earn more relative to whites than do older black males? The literature offers two competing explanations. Smith and Welch suggest this pattern is evidence that employers are rewarding the improved skills of more recently, better-educated blacks. Lazear, and Duncan and Hoffman suggest that the pattern is the result of employer discrimination that prevents blacks from entering occupations that offer on-the-job training (OJT) and wage growth with experience. The competing views are tested by using the National Longitudinal Survey of Labor Market Experience of Young Men to compare black and white earnings and regression estimates in two periods. Regression results for 1968 and 1978 indicate that, as the NLS cohort aged, only white males had an age-earnings profile exhibiting the positive effect of OJT. Over the period, education coefficients decreased for both groups with the reduction greatest in black coefficients. This suggests that the earnings effect of education is not as stable for blacks as it is for whites over the life cycle. Black-white earnings ratios were approximately the same in both periods. The results reported here support the explanations offered by Lazear and by Duncan and Hoffman, implying that policies focusing on eliminating racial differences in educational quality may be insufficient in improving the relative position of blacks over the life cycle.     

Progress and success in the development of black-owned franchise units

One path to black entrepreneurship is via the franchise. This article analyzes the basic issues of progress and success in the development of black-owned franchise units, with a focus on the measurement and promotion of such progress and success. Existing measures and promotional efforts are evaluated, and the perspectives of both the franchisor and the franchisee are probed. Secondary sources of data are analyzed, as are a series of in-depth telephone interviews conducted with a sampling of top executives of both large and small franchisor companies and also with a variety of black owners of franchise units. Recommendations and conclusions, for both franchisors and franchisees, are presented.     

环境对企业家精神培育的影响研究——基于内蒙古地区企业家的实证检验

以内蒙古地区企业家为研究样本，研究环境对企业家精神培育的影响作用。结果表明，制度环境对企业家精神的培育具有显著的正向影响；社会文化环境对企业家精神的培育具有显著的正向影响；教育环境对企业家精神的培育具有显著的正向影响；企业环境对企业家精神的培育具有显著的正向影响；而行业环境对企业家精神的培育没有显著的正向影响。     

Income inequities between black and white populations in southern nonmetropolitan counties

This article examines differences in the income status of black and white populations in Southern nonmetropolitan counties and discusses how various labor market, social, and human capital characteristics influence the income status of the respective groups. The data show an inconsistent pattern between black and white populations’ income level in Southern nonmetropolitan counties. The data also show that various structural/institutional (e.g., local labor market and human capital) and social/cultural (e.g., population) factors affect the income of black and white populations differently.     

创业与家族企业研究前沿与热点:基于BibExcel词频软件的文献计量分析

为了识别近十年国外创业与家族企业领域知识体系的演进发展趋势，文章基于近10年国外创业与家族企业核心期刊的关键词数据，利用BibExcel词频分析法列出了创业与家族企业领域常见的理论视角与话题，并通过趋势分析，推测未来几年该领域的研究方向。研究发现，创业与家族企业领域的理论视角具有明显的多样化特征，主流管理理论增长趋势放缓，而创业和家族企业特有的理论视角得到了更频繁的关注。话题关键词部分，创业研究呈现出了多极发展的趋势，家族企业研究则对传统的话题如传承、代际创业与家族性等保持着一如既往的热度，而战略领域的主流话题在创业与家族企业领域也富有旺盛的活力，中小企业的筹资、投资行为是上升最快的议题，而家族企业与新创企业的非经济作用，如企业社会责任等也受到了更多重视。     

基于经营视角的城市品牌塑造

针对我国城市经营的信息过度和模仿雷同现象，需要对城市品牌进行精准化的定位，一定要认清城市品牌所处的运行阶段，把塑造城市品牌作为一个长期的战略，并持续地塑造、建构和维护城市品牌。在城市品牌的经营过程中，要注重企业家精神的培育。一方面，注重城市管理者的企业家精神培育；另一方面，注重企业家精神对城市品牌建构的参与和企业品牌对城市品牌塑造的支撑。     

Racial Inequality and Segregation Measures: Some Evidence from the 2000 Census

How much of the observed segregation between black and white Americans can be attributed to income disparities between the two groups? We adopt an approach to the decomposition of segregation measures that combines the method of indirect standardization with the idea that some degree of segregation is the outcome of purely random processes. Using the dissimilarity index as a measure of segregation and data on race and income from US metropolitan areas for 2000, we find that the role played by racial income inequality in accounting for segregation is modest but varies significantly across cities.     

Labor force participation of black and white married women: Evidence from urban labor markets

The study theoretically argues that differential economic conditions constitute an important rationale for structural differences in labor force participation (LFP) between black and white married women. Empirical evidence based on 1980 census data for metropolitan statistical areas provides support for the concomitant hypotheses. Not only is the LFP propensity for black wives larger, but also it is relatively insensitive to the arguments of the LFP function. Thus policies designed to influence the LFP of these two racial groups must internalize the differential economic conditions between them.     

An Analysis of Perceptions of Job Insecurity among White and Black Workers in the United States: 1977–2012

While objective measures indicate that the risk of job loss is higher for black workers than for white workers, there is little research on how what workers’ expectations of job loss differ by race. This study looks at how secure black and white workers are feeling about their jobs and how their perceptions of job insecurity have been affected by time trends and regional unemployment rates. I find that perceptions of job security of black male workers, older black workers, and black high school graduates have deteriorated relative to their white counterparts during the period 1977–2012. Among those who attended college, white workers’ perceived job insecurity has increased. Black blue-collar workers’ and construction workers’ perceptions of job insecurity also have increased relative to their white counterparts. Moreover, perceptions of job insecurity among several black groups, such as high school dropouts and old workers, are more sensitive to regional unemployment rates than their white counterparts.     

国外高等院校创业教育的经验借鉴

发达国家的经验表明,推广“创业教育”是创业活动得以顺利开展的重要条件,在这方面高等院校责无旁贷。国外高等院校创业教育已经发展60多年,呈现出条件优越、体系完善、改革深入的发展特点。而我国高等院校创业教育仅仅开展10余年,尚处于起步的探索阶段。因此,在我国高等院校创业教育的推进过程中,应该借鉴国外的发展经验和实施模式,并结合我国基本国情和高校具体现状,进行我国高等院校创业教育模式和措施的本土化探索。     

基于CiteSpace的中国大学生创业政策研究现状与热点分析

基于CiteSpace软件,对1999—2019年大学生创业政策相关研究进行文献计量和可视化分析.研究表明:以大学生创业政策为主题的研究始于2005年,发文量总体呈上升趋势;影响力较高的研究者和机构较少,较缺乏长期耕耘于该领域的研究者,且作者间、机构间的合作较少;创新创业、创新创业教育等是该领域中较受关注的领域.未来的研究应更多聚焦于加强理论基础的系统性与巩固,注重专门研究团队的建设,加强团队、机构间的合作,把握"双创"新特征,推进大学生创业政策研究领域深入发展.     

Black women and labor force participation: An analysis of sluggish growth rates

The labor force participation rate of black women has not increased as fast as that of white women in spite of the fact that black females have the characteristics economists have found most encourage participation. Also black women at all socioeconomic levels have more positive attitudes towards labor market activity. The explanation for the failure for their work rates to grow as fast as those of white women appears to be inadequate employment opportunities for black women from lower socioeconomic groups. Education in or of itself, however, is not the solution to the problem because education yields lower returns to black women with limited schooling than is true for comparable whites. Any strategy devised to solve these employment inequities must address the low relative demand for these workers.     

多元主体下创业平台与服务体系构建协作研究

当前,促进以创业带动就业日益成为社会共识,建设创新型国家的时代要求呼唤青年创业,创业政策环境的日益改善为青年创业铺设了更大空间和广阔舞台。对大学生进行创业教育是时代赋予高校一项新的教育功能,本文根据当前高校大学生就业形势,分析了创业教育存在的不足,阐明了实施创业教育及创业服务体系构建的必要性,并就多元主体的社会功能进行了探讨,为教育改革实践提供了有益的探索。     

Transformation in the educational system: Catalysts for black change

Conclusion In conclusion it must be recognized that change is not necessarily change for the better. Some reforms will have no real impact on educational progress for blacks. If we want to improve the educational process and increase the quantity and quality of human capital available to the black community, we must support those reforms that will best serve that goal. The type and structure will vary from community to community. There is no single blueprint. This article merely attempts to present some of the details of proposed reforms to focus upon the factors that must be considered before a strategy can be determined. Presented at the Second Annual State of the Black Economy Symposium, April 28, 1972, Chicago, Illinois. Reprinted from vol. 2, no. 3 (Spring 1972) ofThe Review of Black Political Economy.     

Trends,prospects, and strategies for black economic progress

As we approach the closing years of the 1980s, it is clear that, for better or worse, the focus of the struggle for black equality is shifting from traditional civil rights issues to economic development. And although people often debate how best to remedy some of the black community’s most persistent economic problems (for example, high unemployment and the narrowing, but still wide, income gap between blacks and whites), few people have attempted a dispassionate analysis of the broad scope of public and private economic options facing blacks. Too often, the debate is polarized by arguments either for increasing governmental assistance or for almost totally eliminating it. In this article, noted economist Andrew Brimmer strikes a much-needed balance. First, he scrutinizes the trends for blacks (and whites) regarding income and participation in the labor market. Then, instead of painting a picture in pure black and white, he suggests a blending of strategies, some calling for less reliance on the federal government, others requiring a strengthening of the nation’s wavering commitment to affirmative action.