我国当前货币政策操作目标困境的分析

在开放经济条件下,货币政策是由货币数量政策和货币价格政策(利率政策和汇率政策)组成的、对宏观经济进行控制和调节的系统。本文以货币政策操作目标的属性及我国货币政策操作目标构成的分析为基础,联系金融调控的实际,阐明了在利率和汇率未完全市场化前,动用货币政策工具的组合无法实现货币政策操作目标。最后建议加大利率和汇率的市场化改革,货币数量政策和利率、汇率政策协调一致加以考虑,并改革货币政策操作目标。     

基于四部门联立模型的油价波动与货币政策关系研究

把利率和油价加入净出口函数,并将石油价格内生化,构建了四部门IS-LM-BP-O模型,以分析油价波动与货币政策的互动关系。以中、美、日三个石油进口和消费大国为研究对象进行了实证分析,结果表明,油价波动通过影响收入变化来引起货币供给变动,货币政策变动通过利率、汇率及收入的共同变动引起油价波动。利率、汇率和天然气产量均是影响油价的重要因素,而各国的收入水平对油价的影响较小。油价波动对美元和日元汇率的影响较大,而对人民币汇率的影响并不显著,也并未对中国的经济增长产生实质性影响。     

跨境贸易人民币计价结算对货币政策的影响及对策研究

跨境贸易推行人民币计价结算是中国一项中长期发展战略。人民币计价结算会通过几个方面影响货币政策:人民币收付不平衡导致外汇储备和外汇占款发生变化,进而导致货币供应量变化;人民币计价结算促使离岸人民币市场快速发展,在岸人民币利率、汇率受离岸市场影响加大;与人民币计价结算相配套的资本项目开放加大了货币政策调控的难度;计价结算货币的调整影响汇率变化的传递效应,价格波动性和产出波动性发生变化;人民币计价结算还会影响货币需求。应对这种影响的政策措施包括转变经济增长方式,完善金融市场,加强对国际资本流动的监管,加强货币政策国际合作。     

中国名义货币状况指数的构建

构建和监测货币状况指数是将汇率纳入货币政策框架中的一种可行方式.文章在系统分析汇率和货币供应量等变量对国内消费者价格水平的价格传递链条的基础上,运用VAR方法来构建了2005年7月人民币汇率制度改革以来的中国名义货币状况指数.研究表明,M1和名义有效汇率在名义MCI中的权重之比为1:1.17,在此基础上构建的名义MCI与消费价格指数走势是高度吻合的.从货币政策立场指示器和对通货膨胀进行监测的角度看,我国央行应关注并定期发布货币状况指数.     

我国货币政策实施条件变化及应对策略

新常态下,货币政策实施条件发生显著变化:经济增长率下降的同时,就业压力趋缓;国际收支顺差收窄,外汇占款下降;货币供给同通货膨胀和经济增长的联系显著弱化。传统货币政策在稳增长、调结构过程中表现捉襟见肘,而持续的工具创新为新常态下非常规货币政策实施创造了有利条件。应进一步疏通利率传导渠道,强化政策利率变动对融资成本的影响;拓宽基础货币投放渠道,以货币精准投放替代全面宽松;善用"窗口指导",完善公开市场操作常态化机制,提升货币政策实施透明度。     

基于VAR的中国货币形势指数实证分析

本文根据1996～2007年我国短期实际利率、实际有效汇率和真实国内生产总值季度数据构建了我国近年来的货币形势指数,并运用VAR模型实证分析了我国货币形势指数比率。结果表明,汇率对产出变动的影响较大,而利率没有发挥应有的作用。因此,在当前我国宏观经济内外失衡的环境下,应以货币形势指数作为货币政策操作的参考指标,加快利率市场化进程,增强人民币汇率制度的灵活性。     

汇率变动对货币政策操作变量的影响——理论分析及对中国的检验

汇率变动对货币政策操作变量的影响是开放条件下货币政策研究的一个重要问题,它关系到开放条件下货币政策目标和工具的选择,以及货币政策和汇率政策的协调和配合。本文从理论上梳理了汇率变动对货币政策操作变量(即利率和基础货币)的影响渠道,并以货币政策规则模型为基础,对中国1996-2007年的数据进行了检验。结果表明基础货币和利率都对中美实际汇率的变动作出了显著的反应,中美实际汇率升值引起基础货币增加而名义利率上升,这意味着我们在构建新的宏观调控框架时要考虑货币政策和汇率政策之间的相互影响,货币政策的操作过程中不能轻易地放弃汇率目标而专注于通货膨胀目标。     

基于最优货币状况指数的政策评估：方法与应用

最优货币状况指数是以最优货币政策下所选择的各政策工具的实施力度之比作为相应权重而构建的货币状况指数。基于这个定义，本文构建了最优货币状况指数，分析了它在货币政策评估上的应用，得出几点主要结论：首先，不同于一般货币状况指数，最优货币状况指数除受原指数中相关参数的组合影响外，还受政策目标变量实际值与目标值偏离额的影响。其次，最优货币状况指数可以作为衡量货币政策实施效果的判断标准。再次，汇率和信贷政策与通货膨胀的关系及其在政策目标中的相对干预力度决定了名义或实际货币状况指数权重下货币政策的实施效果。     

中国货币政策:1994-2003

货币政策是包含货币数量政策和货币价格(利率和汇率)政策的一个系统。本文从系统论的角度将1994年以来中国货币政策分为三个阶段,分析了货币数量政策与利率政策、汇率政策的协调与否与中国经济发展的关系。     

我国货币政策对人民币汇率影响的实证研究

文章基于2005年7月21日我国人民币汇率改革以来的连续时间序列数据和离散数据,利用多元回归模型,实证研究了人民币汇率市场化改革以来我国货币政策对人民币汇率的影响。实证结果表明:我国货币政策的两个变量—货币供应量和利率,会对人民币汇率产生显著的影响,其中人民币货币供应量增加会引起人民币汇率贬值,银行间信用隔夜拆借利率上升可以引起人民币汇率升值。因此,中国在稳步推进人民币汇率制度改革同时,应有效监控我国货币供应量对汇率的影响,密切关注银行间同业拆解利率对人民币汇率波动的影响,从而促进我国经济内外平衡和外汇市场的平稳健康发展。     

Internationalisation of the Renminbi as an Investing and a Funding Currency: Analytics and Prospects

This paper develops a three‐currency model to study the determinants of the demand for assets and liabilites denominated in an international currency and to shed light on the prospects for the renminbi as a budding international currency. We show that interest rate differentials would be only one of the factors shaping the renminbi's position, while other factors, including the correlation between foreign countries' economic growth and their bilateral exchange rates against the renminbi, and the correlation between exchange rates of the renminbi with other international currencies, would also be important. A broad interpretation of these findings is that the renminbi will likely be attractive to investors from high‐income economies and fund‐raisers from emerging market economies.     

Weights and Empirical Analysis of RMB Exchange Rate Adjustments with Reference to a Basket of Currencies Following the Exchange Rate System Reform of 2010

This paper constructs an RMB/USD exchange rate index and a basket currency exchange rate index. The correlation maximization of the RMB/USD and the basket currency index may determine the weight and quantity of the basket currency. The currency basket indicates that the weight of the USD is highest, whereas that of the GB Pound is the lowest. Our currency basket has a high linear dependence on that of the central bank. We found that the RMB/USD and currency basket indices have a long-term co-integration relationship according to the optimal currency weights. The results of the error-correcting model manifest as the RMB/USD exchange rate deviates from the long-term equilibrium level, wherein 76.3% will be corrected. This paper checks the prediction capacity, which indicates the good fit of the model. By using the Granger causality test the findings show that the People＇s Bank of China adjusts the RMB/USD exchange rate with reference to the currency basket.     

货币超发:原因探析与实证检验

改革开放以来,中国的M2/GDP不断攀升,2011年货币化率高达180%,我国货币超发已成必然事实。外汇占款激增导致基础货币增加,弥补财政赤字和偿还国债,长期高储蓄率,货币流通速度下降,银行不良资产和金融机构高存贷差都是我国货币超发的直接原因,如以货币超发为衔接点构建我国经济增长模式的分析框架可知,高货币化率的深层次原因是粗放型的经济增长模式倒逼货币总量规模的扩大。     

关于货币危机后经济衰退的经验分析

文章以1990年以来的近200次货币危机为样本,对货币危机后的经济衰退进行了经验分析.研究发现,危机前的经常账户状况、外债余额占GDP比例、国际流动性指标等经济变量以及危机后的汇率制度都不会显著影响到危机后的经济衰退.另外,危机后的经济衰退与危机国政府在危机中是否抛售外汇储备、是否采取汇率贬值都没有明显关系.但是经济分析的结果表明,危机前的失业率和汇率制度以及危机中是否提高利率等因素对危机后的经济衰退有显著作用.     

Currency Boards when Interest Rates are Zero

In a fixed exchange rate system, any expectation that the peg may be abandoned will normally be reflected in an interest rate differential between instruments denominated in domestic and anchor currencies: the possibility of a revaluation will drive domestic interest rates below those in the anchor currency, for example. However, when interest rates are close to the zero lower bound, there is limited scope for exchange rate expectations to be reflected in interest rate differentials. Here we introduce a new mechanism, based on the central bank balance sheet, which works to bring about equilibrium in currency markets even when interest rates are zero. An expectation of exchange rate appreciation will cause foreign exchange reserves to swell, increasing the cost to policy‐makers of allowing an appreciation and, therefore, lowering the likelihood of the fixed exchange rate being abandoned. Under normal circumstances, this channel reinforces the equilibrating effect of interest rate differentials. When interest rates cannot adjust only this channel operates, implying that much larger changes in reserves are required to equilibrate currency markets. We develop a simple model to illustrate these arguments and find support for the predictions of the model using data for Hong Kong, the world's largest economy with a currency board.     

How do currency misalignments’ threshold affect economic growth?

Based on panel smooth transition regressions, this paper determines for a large sample of developed and emerging countries, the value of currency misalignments from which we observe a regime shift in economic growth, over the 1980–2009 period. Misalignments, defined as the difference between the current real exchange rate and its equilibrium counterpart, are derived from the behavioural equilibrium exchange rate (BEER) approach. Our estimate relies on recent panel cointegration techniques that allow for heterogeneity and cross-sectional dependencies. We also control for the presence of structural breaks. Our findings show that our misalignments index plays a key role in the reversal of trend growth. Although the undervaluation of their currency acts positively on their growth, emerging countries cannot base their strategy on this finding to promote growth. We relate this result to the adverse effects of depreciation, as in “original sin”. The implications of our findings, in terms of economic policy, clearly emphasise the economic leverage role of undervaluation: it remains a powerful cyclical instrument but has to be, nevertheless, employed with precautionary to be globally and internationally consistent.     

China as Number One: How about the Renminbi?

Using simulations projecting Chinese economic growth into the future, this paper first examines when China will overtake the USA to become the largest economy. Demographic changes that affect economic growth are taken into consideration in these projections. China is expected to become number one sometime in the mid-2020s, unless its growth rate of gross domestic product per worker declines dramatically, à la the lost decade of Japan. Next, the paper examines whether China becoming the number one economy will mean its currency, the renminbi (RMB), will become the international key currency. According to the basket currency regressions during the period that Chinese currency was gradually appreciating against the US dollar from July 2005 to August 2008, it is shown that the RMB has already acquired a strong influence on the Asian currencies. This shows that the RMB is fast gaining the status of a regional anchor currency for a possible regional joint float. As the Chinese government proceeds with internationalization of its currency, the RMB is expected to gain in the ranking of other aspects of international currency, such as the store of value and the medium of exchange.     

人民币汇率制度的现实选择--基于中印情况比较的分析

一国所选择的汇率制度,应是既能适应经济发展的要求,又能促进经济的协调运行。印度与中国具有大致相同的有关汇率制度变革需求的现实背景,但是印度货币当局在实施有管理的浮动汇率制度中,保持了卢比汇率的基本稳定,值得我们借鉴。目前,中国具有支撑人民币强势的坚实基础。人民币汇率制度变迁应该根据中国在全球金融经济链条中的民族利益而不是屈从于某些大国政治利益而确定。     

Exchange Rate Flexibility in China: Measurement,Regime Shifts and Driving Forces of Change

With an emphasis on government intervention that hinders market forces in currency movements, this paper presents a nuanced investigation of the degree and dynamics of flexibility in China's exchange rate regime. A high‐frequency data model is developed to more accurately detect the extent to which the Chinese currency is market‐driven. This indicator is then utilized in a Markov switching model to examine shifts in RMB regime flexibility. The results suggest a moderate increase in exchange rate flexibility since the 2005 reform. Additionally, two switching states are captured, and possible driving factors are discussed.     

Interest rate dynamics and speculative trading in a fixed exchange rate system

Recent evidence provided by Diebold, Gardeazabal, and Yilmaz (1994) for the post-1973 floating rate period points toward the predictive superiority of a martingale representation of exchange rate evolution over that of an error correction model that assumes rates are cointegrated. This is an appealing result from the perspective of efficient assimilation of randomly arriving information. As a direct extension of informational efficiency in a fixed exchange rate regime, I show that information is processed and assimilated through the medium of interest rates. Specifically, I demonstrate that interest rates cannot be represented as a cointegrated system, even when the central bank is willing to establish its determination and resolve to maintain the fixed rate rule over a sustained and prolonged period of time. Evidence provided in this paper is for the interest rate behavior of the Saudi Arabian Riyal with respect to the eurodollar interest rate, the interest rate on the intervention currency.