Fragmentation and parts and components trade: Comparison between East Asia and Europe

This paper argues that fragmentation theory is well suited for explaining the mechanics of international production/distribution networks in East Asia, in contrast with the traditional horizontal product differentiation model fitted for intra-industry trade in core Europe. Using finely disaggregated international trade data, patterns of international trade in East Asia and Europe, particularly trade in machinery parts and components, are carefully examined, and the gravity equation approach is applied to check the validity of the theoretical framework.     

UK Intra-industry Trade with the EU North and South

This paper tests the traditional country and industry hypotheses of intra-industry trade (IIT) in vertically and horizontally differentiated products in the context of the UK's bilateral trade with EU countries. It distinguishes empirically between IIT in vertically and horizontally differential goods, between trade with EU 'North' and 'South' and between the effects of using GDP proxies and direct measures of national factor endowment differences. The paper shows that the robustness of the results of earlier multi-country studies are open to challenge, that the separation of IIT into vertical and horizontal IIT offers an important innovation to the empirical work in this area and that further development of large numbers models of IIT in quality differentiated goods is required.     

广东省机电产品产业内贸易的实证研究

本文基于2002～2009年的相关数据,运用G-L指数和Bruelhart指数分别从静态和动态角度分析了广东省机电产品的产业内贸易状况;同时,本文还将产品的TC指数与其G-L指数结合起来,对广东省不同种类机电产品的国际贸易竞争力和产业内贸易水平进行了综合分析。     

论产业内贸易的测量与我国产业内贸易的发展现状

产业内贸易可以分为水平产业内贸易和垂直产业内贸易。文章应用克鲁勃和洛德提出的GLIIT指数,对我国自1992年到2003年总产业内贸易、水平和垂直产业内贸易指数进行跨国家、跨行业的计算。文章中的行业划分主要依据联合国国际贸易标准分类的第三版(SITC,Rev.3)的划分。计算结果发现不论是跨国家还是跨行业产业内贸易,我国主要是垂直产业内贸易,平均占到总产业内贸易的70%以上;另外我国跨国家的产业内贸易总体有上升趋势,波动比较小,但跨行业产业内贸易波动比较大。     

Production fragmentation and trade integration: East Asia in a global context

This paper examines the implications of international production fragmentation for global and regional trade patterns, with special emphasis on countries in East Asia. It is found that, while trade in parts and components (fragmentation trade) has generally grown faster than total world manufacturing trade, the degree of dependence of East Asia on this new form of international specialization is proportionately larger than in North America and Europe. International production fragmentation has certainly played a pivotal role in the continuing dynamism of the East Asian economies and increasing intra-regional economic interdependence. There is, however, no evidence to suggest that this new form of international exchange has contributed to reducing the region's dependence on the global economy. On the contrary, growth dynamism based on vertical specialization depends inexorably on extra-regional trade in final goods, and this dependence has in fact increased over the years.     

标准化与产业内贸易——基于中国机械行业的面板协整分析

本文通过对1992～2007年的机械行业中9个种类的面板数据进行实证检验,建立协整方程并对其进行误差修正,分析了我围机械行业中的标准存量与产业内贸易之间的关系。实证结果表明两者有着长期的均衡关系,机械行业中标准的使用会对该行业的产业内贸易水平产牛正的促进作用。标准的进入将在长期内改善我围的产业结构,促进产业内贸易发展。     

Vertical specialization across the world: A relative measure

This article investigates the dynamics and the international distribution of vertical specialization (VS) - the use of imported inputs to produce goods that are afterwards exported. We propose a relative measure of VS-based trade that combines information from Input-Output matrices and international trade data, producing results for a large sample of countries with a detailed product breakdown. We illustrate this measure by showing the evolution of VS activities at the world level over the 1967-2005 period. The results are consistent with partial evidence existing in the literature, pointing to a substantial increase of VS in high-technology products and in East Asia.     

产品内贸易对我国产业结构升级的实证分析

随着国际分工由产业内分工向产品内分工深化拓展,产品内贸易也逐渐取代产业内贸易,成为国际贸易的主流模式,中国也不例外。那么产品内贸易对中国产业结构升级是否产生影响?本文尝试进行实证分析。分析表明:近年来,我国产品内贸易表现出规模不断扩大和出口结构逐渐优化的特征,而且产品内贸易的发展是我国产业结构升级的Granger原因,即产品内贸易和产业结构升级之间存在长期的协整关系。因此,积极参与产品内国际分工,有利于扩大并优化产品内贸易的规模和结构,进而促进我国产业结构的升级。     

Fragmentation and agglomeration matter: Japanese multinationals in Latin America and East Asia

This paper analyzes micro data of Japanese multinational enterprises (MNEs) to investigate differences between Latin America and East Asia from various viewpoints of their corporate activities. One of the crucial factors to make a sharp contrast is the development of international production/distribution networks utilizing the benefit of fragmentation and agglomeration. Japanese firms have played an important role in developing international production/distribution networks in East Asia while they have not yet either constructed a critical mass of industrial clusters or formulated efficient vertical chains of production in Latin America, where proper international commercial policies are the key for success.     

中美水产品产业内贸易实证分析

从1998年到2012年,中美双边水产品贸易快速发展。文章运用G-L指数,Bruelhart指数和Thom&McDowell水平、垂直产业内贸易指数,采用联合国贸易数据库(UN COMTRADE)的数据,对中美水产品产业内贸易进行实证分析。结果表明,中美水产品产业内贸易水平较低,贸易的增长主要来源于产业间贸易;从两国的产业内贸易结构看,垂直型产业内贸易占优势。因此,中美水产品产业内贸易的发展应从增加水产品贸易的差异化;推动水产品加工技术创新等方面着手。     

影响国际旅游服务ⅡT的基本因素研究

全球经济一体化以及区域经济一体化进程的深入使国际旅游服务贸易得到了蓬勃发展。文中首次将产业内贸易(Intra-Industry Trade,IIT)理论引入国际旅游服务贸易研究当中,以产业内贸易的视角来观察双向对流的国际旅游服务贸易(即旅游服务IIT)。以东盟为例,探讨了国际旅游服务IIT的发展现象,进而结合旅游学相关理论分析了影响双向对流旅游服务贸易的基本因素。对影响国际旅游服务IIT基本因素的研究可以为提高国际旅游服务IIT的程度,实现贸易多方的"共赢"提供决策依据。     

中国劳务输出对进出口贸易影响的实证分析

本文采用修正的贸易引力模型,应用中国与175个国家(地区)1995~2004年的面板数据,就中国劳务输出对进出口贸易的影响进行实证分析。对样本总体的回归结果表明,我国对外劳务输出与出口之间存在互补关系,劳务输出能够带动出口增加;而劳务输出对进口没有明显影响,二者之间呈现不显著的替代关系。对样本国家(地区)按区域和收入分组的回归结果与对样本总体的回归结果基本一致:我国对大多数国家(地区)的劳务输出与出口之间存在正相关关系,特别是外派劳务最为集中的东亚和南亚,劳务输出对出口有着明显的拉动作用;在进口方面,除拉美和加勒比海国家外,对其余各组国家(地区)的劳务输出与进口之间均为负相关关系,而这种关系通常不显著。     

产业内贸易与服务贸易竞争力关系理论综述

随着经济的发展,产业内贸易、服务贸易在今天的社会生活中变得日益重要,产业内贸易的发展对推动服务贸易的发展,提高服务贸易国际竞争力的作用也越来越得到人们的关注。文章分别对产业内贸易、服务贸易竞争力及涉及其两者间关系的理论进行梳理总结。     

中韩产业内分工和贸易状况分析

文章对我国与韩国之间的贸易现状和趋势进行分析,计算中韩近年来的产业内贸易指数,发现了在过去12年间,中韩贸易发展迅速,贸易额有了大幅度提高,贸易结构不断变化,工业产品贸易占主要份额,工业产品贸易中产业内贸易正逐渐取代产业间贸易而成为中韩贸易发展的一个趋势,中韩贸易结构正处于产业内贸易和产业间贸易平分秋色的时期。     

Trade and product innovations as sources for productivity increases: an empirical analysis

Increases in total factor productivity (TFP) are commonly associated with technological innovations measured by the stock of R&D. Empirical evidence seems to corroborate this relationship. However, in trading countries like The Netherlands, productivity increases, even in industry, can also be the result of innovations in the way transactions are managed. These innovations reduce transaction costs and exploit the welfare gains from (further) international division of labour. Such innovations are only partly included in R&D data. Consequently there is not much attention for these ‘trade innovations’—as we label them—in policy. In an empirical analysis this paper compares the influence of trade innovations with the influence of the stock of R&D on TFP in The Netherlands. The regression results show that in this country trade innovations are as important for TFP as technological innovations which directly affect the efficiency of production, which we label ‘product innovations’.      

从香港税制探讨对海南自贸港税制建设的几点借鉴

香港特别行政区(以下称“香港”)以自由贸易、低税率及少政府干预而著称,是东亚主要的国际贸易中心、离岸人民币业务中心、金融中心及国际航运中心,与新加坡、迪拜港共同被称为“全球三大自由贸易港”。“十九大”报告中,习总书记提出“探索建设自由贸易港”,后续又圈定海南全岛建设自贸区和中国特色自由贸易港。论文通过研究香港税制,分析香港税制中鼓励自由贸易的独特设计,提出海南自贸港税制设计时可借鉴的方案。     

贸易导向下现代国际物流体系规划问题的研究

首先概述了贸易导向下的现代国际物流体系的内涵及其组成要素,接着分析了基于贸易导向的我国国际物流体系规划和发展中存在的问题及其相关影响,重点分析了物流体系整体效率不足阻碍了贸易效益效率的提升、物流体系中与国际标准脱节导致国际贸易成本增加以及物流服务内容方式单一降低了贸易主体的竞争力等问题,最后结合相关理论提出了贸易导向下我国国际物流体系建设和规划的建议和对策。     

Does regionalism lead to more global trade integration in East Asia?

Since early 1999, global trade liberalization has been sidelined as regional trade agreements (RTA) have become the preferred choice in East Asia. Does this shift suggest that global trade and welfare levels will be raised? In contrast to unilateral trade liberalization, RTAs may well cause both ‘trade creation’ and ‘trade diversion,’ so that their net effect on global trade and welfare becomes ambiguous. It is conjectured that RTAs among “natural trading partners” are more likely to be trade-creating, and less likely to divert trade from non-member countries, in which case welfare will improve. We find that if an RTA involves geographically proximate countries (measured either by distance or border), trade significantly increases among them. At the same time, geographical proximity also contributes to increasing trade between members and the rest of the world. We examine how existing or proposed East Asian trading blocs affect intra-bloc and extra-bloc trade and thereby global trade. We find that the East Asian RTAs are likely to create more trade among members without diverting trade from non-members.     

From Trade Among Nations to Trade Within Firms Across National Borders

SUMMARY

Based on international economics, evolutionary economics, and organizational theories, this paper discusses the evolution of the multinational corporation's intra-organizational cross-border trade and production network. The paper suggests that firms are social and economic entities, whose intra-organizational, cross-border trade and production networks coevolve with their multilocal competitive environments. Since organizational evolution, technological innovation, and organizational learning are path-dependent, a firm-specific inertia makes it to differentiate itself from its competitors in both its intra-organizational network and market outcome. The growing trends in intra-firm transactions and intra-firm division of labor on global basis present a challenge to national governments. This paper discusses intra-firm cross-border trade versus arm's-length international trade and the implications for national-based policies.     

Globalisation: A New Growth,New Trade Perspective

The current crisis in Asia has seen the case for more open economic policy come under attack in the developing world. In this article Michael Chui, Paul Levine, Mansoob Murshed, and Joseph Pearlman argue that any reversal of the trend towards globalisation would be a great mistake for policymakers. The association of openness with higher growth is one of the most robust empirical results in economics. Here we explore the mechanisms that explain this result. We argue that current high growth rates in Asia are unsustainable and there is a long-term as well as a short-term problem of ‘over-investment’ in Asia. However, we report research findings that show how international knowledge spillovers and free trade can enable the world economy to grow, the developing countries to progress, and the developed countries to benefit.