Export variety and export performance: empirical evidence from East Asia

Does product variety matter for export performance? This has been suggested by the new trade theory. In the present paper, we investigate empirically whether increasing export variety has contributed to the export growth of 10 East Asian countries. In the paper we calculate direct measures of export variety and estimate pooled annual export equations for 10 East Asian countries. The econometric results suggest that producing highly differentiated export goods gives a competitive advantage which allows to sell more products.     

异质性出口质量与出口价格变动效应研究——来自中国情境下的微观证据

文章利用2000~2006年间151多万条的中国海关和工业库统计数据,通过采用Tornqvist指数和需求结构模型(DSM),构建适应中国情境的出口价格与质量指数,并进行分析发现:(1)中国出口价格总体呈现下降趋势,加入WTO后趋势更为凸显,而产品质量出现轻微下降趋势;(2)中国企业产品出口质量与出口价格间存在显著的促进效应,即质量效应占优,并且这种效应在产品质量差异较大行业以及一般贸易方式样本中更为显著,证实了本文异质性质量模型的主要结论;(3)对于中国加工贸易方式而言,产品质量对出口价格影响不显著,甚至呈现负向效应,同样,政府补贴与企业出口价格间也呈现显著负相关关系。上述因素对当前中国低质竞价出口模式起到了一定的固化效应。以上这些发现不仅为理解中国出口产品价格的变化和动因提供了经验证据,也为中国对外贸易政策的调整提供了有现实意义的参考依据。     

我国出口退税负担机制的实证分析

出口退税负担机制是指由哪级政府负担出口退税,它与财政体制紧密相关。本文对我国不同时期出口退税负担机制进行了实证分析,对各级财政实际获得的增值税收入与实际负担的出口退税进行了对比。通过分析与对比找到出口退税负担机制存在的问题,并对如何解决这些问题提出对策。     

The anti-export bias in commercial policies and export performance : Some evidence from the recent Brazilian experience

Zusammenfassung Die Benachteiligung der Exporte durch eine protektionistische Handelspolitik und die Entwicklung der Exporte: Neuere brasilianische Erfahrungen. — Die Ergebnisse dieses Aufsatzes sind zwar auf Brasilien beschr?nkt, erh?hen aber das immer gr?βer werdende empirische Wissen darüber, daβ eine protektionistische Handelspolitik das Wachstum der Exporte behindert. Auβerdem scheinen die Ausfuhren auf einen Wandel in der Politik zu reagieren, wenn sich die Diskriminierung im Auβenhandel aufgrund wirtschaftspolitischer Maβnahmen verst?rkt. L?nder, die ihren Export steigern m?chten, sollten sowohl die Protektion ihres heimischen Marktes als auch die direkten Maβnahmen zur F?rderung des Exports überprüfen.

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Résumé Le biais anti-exportatrice en politiques commerciales et le développement des exportations: Quelque évidence de la récente expérience brésilienne. — Les résultats présentés dans cet article bienque limités au Brésil supportent l’évidence empirique accroissante qui indique que les politiques commerciales protectionnistes empêchent la croissance des exportations. De plus, les exportations semblent être sensitives aux mesures politiques qui changent le biais commercial des incitations des politiques économiques. Les pays qui désirent d’augmenter leurs exportations devraient évaluer leur protection du marché local aussi bien que des politiques qui stimulent les exportations d’une manière directe.

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Resumen El sesgo anti-exportador de políticas comerciales y el comportamiento de las exportaciones: algunas evidencias de la experiencia brasilera reciente. — Los resultados que se presentan en este artículo, aunque reducidos al Brasil, contribuyen a la creciente evidencia empfrica que indica que las políticas comerciales proteccionistas impiden el crecimiento de las exportaciones. Más aún, las exportaciones parecen responder a cambios de política que alteran el sesgo comercial de los incentivos de política económica. Los países que buscan mejorar el comportamiento de sus exportaciones deberían evaluar la protección a su mercado doméstico como también las políticas directamente relacionadas con incentivos a la exportatión.

     

Export spillovers and export performance in China

This paper examines the local export spillover effect on the individual decisions to start exporting (the extensive margin) and export volume (the intensive margin), using a unique dataset of Chinese export firms, at the product-level and by destination country. Based on a gravity-type equation estimated at firm-level, we find that export spillovers positively influence not only the decision of a nearby firm to start exporting, but also the volume of the exporting. Several methods are used to verify the robustness of these results. In addition, we find that the effect of export spillovers is stronger when it is product-destination-specific than that when it is either product or destination-specific alone, and also stronger than that is in general. Geographically, local export spillovers exhibit spatial decay in China: the effect is stronger for firms located in the same city than it is for firms outside the city. Small and multi-product firms are more likely to be influenced by the local export spillovers, and their impact is stronger for firms exporting complex goods and exporting to easy-entry countries. Moreover, the export spillovers from private firms are the strongest, followed by foreign-invested firms with the effect generated by state-owned firms ranking last.     

Export variety and export performance: Empirical evidence for the OECD countries

Export Variety and Export Performance: Empirical Evidence for the OECD Countries. — Does product variety matter for export performance? This has been suggested by the new trade theory. In the present paper, we investigate empirically whether increasing export variety has contributed to the export growth of the OECD countries. We calculate direct measures of export variety and estimate pooled export demand equations for 15 OECD countries. The econometric results suggest that producing highly differentiated export goods gives a competitive advantage which allows to sell more products.     

Yardstick competition in a federation: Theory and evidence from China

In this paper, we test empirically for competition among Chinese provinces embedded in a centralized political system. To motivate the empirical work, we adapt Besley and Case's model (American Economic Review, 1995) to a model of yardstick competition ‘from the top’. In this model, the central government (rather than local voters) creates competition among local officials by rewarding or punishing them on the basis of relative performance in providing public services. Our theoretical framework predicts that, in this context, the central government spurs strategic interactions among governors with similar environments as voters do in democratic countries. Then, for the first time in our knowledge, by estimating a spatial lag dynamic model for a panel data of 29 Chinese provinces from 1980 to 2004, we provide empirical evidence of the existence of such public spending interactions. We propose a rigorous empirical framework which takes into account heterogeneity, endogeneity problems and spatial error dependence. The results tend to confirm the existence of strategic interactions among geographically and economically close Chinese provinces, operating in a vertical bureaucratic control system.     

开征纺织品出口关税的影响及企业的应对措施

2005年1月1日，为期40年的全球纺织品出口配额管理体制宣告结束，而我国政府则宣布从该日起到2007年12月31日止，对全球出口的外衣、裙子、衬衫、裤子、睡衣、内衣等7大类33个敏感类别的148个服装税号，采取从量计征方式加征出口关税的过渡性临时措施。我国政府的这一决定在国内纺织行业中引起了轩然大波，众多业内人士不理解为何要在配额取消后“自设门槛，限制出口增加”。本文即针对我国政府这一举措的影响进行了分析，并就我国纺织业及纺织品出口企业应如何应对这一政策提出了几点不成熟的建议。     

Microeconomic mechanisms behind export spillovers from FDI: evidence from Bulgaria

This paper studies how the presence of multinational enterprises affects the export performance of Bulgarian manufacturing firms—export spillovers from FDI. Using export data at the firm/product/destination level for the period 2004–2006, it finds positive forward spillover on export value and quantity, related to quality upgrading. Conversely, it finds negative (or insignificant) backward and horizontal spillover on export flows, related to quality downgrading. When aggregating data at the firm level and considering that a firm can operate in several sectors, the paper shows that the presence of foreign input suppliers allows domestic firms to export additional varieties of lower quality and upgrade the average quality of existing varieties, whereas the presence of foreign customers generates the opposite effect.     

On export performance and export elasticities: A macroeconomic approach

Summary In many studies far-reaching conclusions with regard to competitiveness are based upon an export price elasticity that results from only estimating an equation for the volume of exports. The aim of this article is to show with the aid of a macroeconomic model that the influence of competitiveness is overestimated in this way. This conclusion cannot be based on the necessity to introduce the export structure alongside world trade as a regressor in the export equation. The overestimation is a result offeedback mechanisms, greatly resulting from an endogenous exchange rate, which largely neutralize the initial export price effect. Financial support from the Netherlands organisation for the advancement of pure research (ZWO), no. 46–65, is gratefully acknowledged. The authors thank Prof. S.K. Kuipers for helpful comments and Martin O. Nijkamp and Vincent C.A. Polanen Petel for computational assistance.     

从征税环节谈对我国消费税改革的质疑

从今年4月1日起,我国开始实行新的消费税政策。新政策对消费税的税目、税率进行了必要的调整。这是自1994年设立消费税之后的最大一次政策调整。此次改革在社会上引起了强烈反响,同时也引起了一些质疑和争论。文章分析了目前消费税征税环节错位产生的负面影响,对此次消费税改革提出了质疑和进一步的改革建议。     

Testing the trade credit and trade link: evidence from data on export credit insurance

Trade finance has received special attention during the financial crisis as one of the potential culprits for the great trade collapse. Several researchers have used micro level data to establish the link between trade finance and trade, especially so during the financial crisis, and have found diverting results. This paper analyses the effect of trade credit on trade on a macro level through a whole cycle. We employ Berne Union data on export credit insurance, the most extensive dataset on trade credits available at the moment, for the period of 2005–2011. Using an instrumentation strategy we can identify a significantly positive effect of insured trade credit, as a proxy for trade credits, on trade. The effect of insured trade credit on trade is very strong and remains stable over the cycle, not varying between crisis and non-crisis periods.     

The myth of export pessimism (even) under the mfa: evidence from indonesia and thailand

Zusammenfassung Der Mythos vom Exportpessimismus (sogar) unter dem Multifaserabkommen: Empirische Evidenz aus Indonesien und Thailand.—Trotz der erwiesenen Exporterfolge der asiatischen Schwellenl?nder und einiger anderer Entwicklungsl?nder ist in politischen und intellektuellen Kreisen wieder die Vorstellung vom Exportpessimismus verbreitet. Die Verfasser sind dagegen der Ansicht, da? die Bedeutung der Nachfragebeschr?nkungen für Produkte aus Entwicklungsl?ndern übertrieben wird. Sie belegen dies mit einer Fallstudie der Textilexporte zweier südostasiatischer Schwellenl?nder. Sie zeigen, da? effiziente und flexible Volkswirtschaften auch ?u?erst schwierige Handelsschranken überwinden k?nnen.

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Résumé Le mythe du pessimisme d’exportation (même) sous l’accord des multifibres: L’évidence de l’Indonésie et de la Tha?lande.—La notion du pessimisme d’exportation est devenue populaire dans quelques milieux politiques et intellectuels malgré le succès qui s’est montré aux exportations des pays nouvellement industrialisés en Asie et d’un nombre d’autres pays en voie de développement. Dans cette étude les auteurs affirment que l’importance des restrictions de la part de la demande pour les exportations des pays en voie de développement est exagérée. Ils soutiennent ce point de vue sur la base d’une étude des exportations de textiles de deux pays en Asie de Sud-Est qui sont en train de s’industrialiser tard. L’étude montre que des économies efficientes et flexibles peuvent surmonter les restrictions du commerce les plus sévères.

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Resumen El mito del pesimismo exportador (incluso) bajo el MFA: evidencia para Indonesia y Tailandia.—A pesar del éxito exportador demostrado por los NICs del Asia y ciertos otros paises en vias de desarrollo la noción del pesimismo exportador una vez más alcanzó popularidad en algunos círculos cercanos a la politica económica y de intelectuales. En este trabajo se sostiene que la importancia dada a las restricciones de demanda sobre las exportaciones de los países en vías de desarrollo es exagerada. Se basa esta proposición en un estudio de caso de las exportaciones de productos textiles de dos paises de industrialización tardía del Sudeste asiático. En este trabajo se demuestra que economias eficientes y flexibles pueden superar incluso las restricciones más severas al comercio international.

     

The impact of the composition of exports on export performance

Summary This article presents an analysis of the impact of the composition of exports on export performance. With the help of a set of different trade models employing two suppliers and two regions of destination it is demonstrated that regional preferences and commodity specialization can have a strong influence on export performance, both directly and indirectly. The reason for the latter is that the composition of exports not only has an impact on total exports but also influences the sensitivity of total exports for changes in the variables determining export competitiveness. Using data derived from the literature these points are illustrated for Germany and France as suppliers, and the USA and Japan as regions of destination. The same models have been applied to variants using a commodity dimension.     

The effect of duty drawback on export promotion: The case of Korea

This paper examines whether or not the duty drawback system has contributed to promoting Korea's exports. The unit root tests show that they can be assumed to be integrated of order one. Banerjee et al.'s [Banerjee, A., Dolado, J. J., & Mestre, R. (May 1998). Error-correction mechanism tests for cointegration in a single-equation framework. Journal of Time Series Analysis, 19(3), 267–283] small sample error correction mechanism (ECM) test shows that there is no evidence of cointegration. The estimation results show that there are strong evidences of the positive effect of export subsidy in terms of duty drawback on export supply. That is, the efficiently managed duty drawback system may contribute to export promotion significantly.     

Post-crisis export performance: The Indonesian experience in regional perspective

This paper examines post-crisis export performance in Indonesia against the backdrop of pre-crisis experience and the comparative export performance of other Southeast Asian countries. It surveys trends and patterns of export performance, focusing on comparative experience in major commodity categories and changing revealed comparative advantage. It also examines the implications for Indonesia's export performance of China's emergence as a major competitor in world trade, considers market prospects for textile and garment exports following the demise of the Multi-fibre Arrangement, and explores the factors contributing to the post-crisis export slowdown. The findings support the view that Indonesia's poor export performance in the post-crisis era is largely supply driven. They strengthen the case for reversal of recent backsliding in macroeconomic policy reform, and for speedy implementation of the unfinished reform agenda. Prudent macroeconomic management, while necessary, is not sufficient to achieve rapid and sustained export growth in an era of rapid economic globalisation.     

我国税收司法体制的建构及完善

税收司法是指国家司法机关根据法定职权和法定程序，具体应用法律处理税务案件的专门活动。它是税收法制的重要组成部分。加强税收法制建设，建构和完善我国的税收司法体制，这不仅是税收本身科学规律的内在要求，而且也是现阶段推进依法治国在税收制度上的重要体现。它对促进社会主义市场经济健康发展，保证财政收入稳定增长和营造良好的税收环境具有重要的现实意义。     

The effect of tax rates and uncertainty on contributory crowding out

This uncertain dictator experiment found support for partial crowding out. Ninety-seven percent of private contributions were crowded out when tax rates were increased from 0 to 10 percent of income. Subjects who were uncertain whether they would be the donor or charity recipient pledged larger contributions and had lower levels of crowding out. Crowding out appeared asymmetric in that decreases in government contributions did not stimulate equivalent increases in private contributions. In the case of certainty, donors actually decreased contributions when government contributions decreased. The donor's gender did not influence contributory behavior.Funding for this experiment was provided by the Dean of the School of Business and Public Affairs.