技术资本：概念辨析、知识结构与分析框架

技术资本是一种新型、独立的资本形态，是技术加速转化为生产力并创造更多价值的重要途径，对加快数字经济发展具有重要意义。在回顾国内外相关研究的基础上，首先拓展技术资本的概念内涵，明确其价值增值的目标属性；然后，运用知识图谱分析方法对技术资本研究的知识结构进行可视化分析，发现现有研究主要形成技术视角、资本视角和技术资本化过程的3种进路；随后，进一步构建一个整合式分析框架，从驱动因素、生成机制、作用机理和影响效果4个方面建立全局性视角，以把握技术资本研究情况；最后，从完善测量方法，探析技术资本与数字经济、数字技术关联等方面提出可行的研究方向。结论有助于阶段性厘清国内外技术资本研究进展，为未来更深入的分析提供参考。     

The perception of technological risks: A literature review

In response to rising concern about technological risks, a concerted effort is being made to improve risk analysis methods and risk management approaches. As part of this effort, behavioral and social scientists have produced a substantial body of knowledge of value to risk analysts and decision makers. This paper focuses on behavioral and social science studies of human intellectual limitations in thinking about the risks, factors influencing risk attitudes and perceptions, and factors contributing to social conflicts and disputes about technological activities. A basic assumption of the paper is that analysts and decision makers can benefit from a better understanding of how experts and nonexperts think and make decisions about technological risks. Without such understanding, well-intended policies may be ineffective or even counterproductive.     

基于计划行为理论的知识隐藏行为拓展模型构建

基于计划行为理论(TPB)框架,结合动机理论、社会交换理论、心理占有理论等构建知识隐藏行为形成机制拓展模型。研究发现：(1)知识隐藏态度受到心理距离、结果期望的影响,知识隐藏主观规范受到组织网络结构中网络惯例的影响,知识隐藏感知行为控制受到知识权力、知识心理所有权的影响;(2)知识隐藏意愿受到知识隐藏行为态度、知识隐藏主观规范、知识隐藏感知行为控制以及过去行为的影响,知识隐藏意愿与知识隐藏感知行为控制可预测知识隐藏行为的发生;(3)创新氛围、双元领导和大五人格在知识隐藏意愿与知识隐藏行为之间起调节作用。上述拓展模型的构建有助于提升TPB的解释度并扩大适用范围,深入了解员工知识隐藏行为背后的行为逻辑,对于减少知识隐藏行为、促进知识流动、制定管理制度具有重要理论意义和实践价值。     

城市科技创新人才政策扩散动力因素时空差异研究

科技创新人才是城市提升创新能力的核心资源,是科技进步的关键要素。科技创新人才政策作为城市争夺人才的工具,被各个城市广泛采纳和使用。以161个城市为研究对象,运用事件史分析方法,探寻城市科技创新人才政策扩散的动力因素并进行时空差异分析。研究发现,城市科技创新人才政策扩散具有双重动力因素：在需求拉动因素中,经济发展水平和财政收入是影响城市科技创新人才政策扩散的主要因素;在压力推动因素中,行政指令、府际竞争和社会舆论显著影响城市科技创新人才政策扩散;在政策扩散平稳增长期,双重动力因素共同作用于政策扩散过程,而在政策扩散加速和减速增长期,城市科技创新人才政策扩散动力因素存在差异;在东、中部地区,压力推动因素占据主导,而在西部地区,双重动力因素都发挥重要作用。     

协同工作设计能缓解组织知识隐藏“困境”吗——基于防御型与促进型心理所有权视角

如何有效干预知识隐藏、突破知识型组织发展的约束性因素，是组织管理中亟需解决的难题，尤其是在竞合交织的工作情境下鲜有研究同时考虑合作性、竞争性工作情境对知识隐藏行为的影响机制，导致对知识隐藏的认知存在片面性。鉴于此，结合心理所有权理论，探讨协同工作设计与团队竞争氛围影响知识隐藏的联动机制。通过对77个知识团队的457名成员进行两阶段问卷调查，研究发现，知识心理所有权、组织心理所有权在协同工作设计(任务互依性、社会支持和他人反馈)与知识隐藏之间起中介作用，团队竞争氛围在协同工作设计要素通过知识心理所有权、组织心理所有权影响知识隐藏的中介路径中发挥调节作用。上述结论不仅为深入研究知识隐藏行为提供了全新的理论视角，也为构建竞争与合作平衡的知识型组织提供了有益启示。     

新兴技术社会风险化解的前瞻性治理特征

新兴技术这柄“双刃剑”虽然给国家带来新发展动能，但也同时引发诸多社会风险，如何化解新兴技术社会风险成为新兴技术治理面临的难题。前瞻性治理研究为新兴技术社会风险化解提供了一些思考，但是相关研究较为分散和模糊，相关经验难以奏效。运用文本分析法和层次分析法，聚焦治理主体、过程和结果3个要素，提炼新兴技术社会风险化解的前瞻性治理特征，并在中国情境下检验其适用性。结果表明，公众参与结果纳入既定政策议程、否决权、新兴技术公众参与法律法规等前瞻性特征得到专家一致认同，认为它们是新兴技术社会风险化解的必要条件。研究结论对提高新兴技术社会风险治理绩效具有一定理论启示。     

健康物联网技术应用伦理难题研究

健康物联网（H-IoT）技术进步带来医疗健康等领域的革命性变化,并为医疗、保健、护理和科学研究带来新机遇。由于互联网设备的固有风险、健康数据的敏感性以及医疗保健服务形式的转变,H-IoT技术应用将带来一系列伦理难题,具体包括：加剧个人信息泄露风险、H-IoT数据所有权与有效性的冲突、数据主体自主权与数据共享的冲突,以及由H-IoT介导护理产生的用户社会孤立化、医疗去情景化以及护理非专业化等。以国际代表性研究成果的理论框架为参考,从设备、数据协议、实践等层面分析未来需重点解决的H-IoT技术进步与应用伦理难题。     

基于利益相关者的企业伦理决策模型研究

在决策中引入伦理因素有利于更好地调整企业与相关利益者的关系,增强企业的核心竞争力,从而促进社会和谐进步。本文首先回顾了西方学者从心理和行为上对伦理决策模型的研究成果,然后从管理科学的角度提出了基于利益相关者的企业伦理决策模型构建思路;从主要的社会利益相关者、次要的社会利益相关者、主要的非社会利益相关者和次要的非社会利益相关者四个方面构建了企业伦理决策指标体系,建立了实用的数学计量模型,并对该模型进行了实例分析;最后指出,基于利益相关者的伦理决策模型简洁、实用,易被各方面接受,可以用以辅导决策。     

发展中国家对外直接投资对母国技术进步的影响：研究综述

本文从发展中国家整体与中国个体两个层面,对发展中国家对外直接投资和母国技术进步的关系的国内外研究文献进行了梳理,从理论和实证方面分别对对外直接投资影响母国技术进步的动力、机理及效应进行了归纳。最后,提出一个有关对外直接投资影响母国技术进步的分析框架。     

Telecommuting: The employee's perspective

Available telecommunication technology enables the substitution of commuting by “telecommuting”, or working at home, for a wide range of white collar occupations. Research on the potential of this phenomenon along with some ongoing experiments point at an array of social and personal benefits that may be realized by this working arrangement. An assessment of the possible implications of work-at-home on the individual employee indicate that the burden on him or her may be greater than the benefits accrued and, therefore, the journey to work may be a more desirable act than traditionally perceived by transportation planners. This paper focuses on two aspects of the work-at-home arrangement. Previous research on the sociology of work as well as preliminary empirical results indicate that 1) social interaction at work and 2) the need to separate home and work roles are important elements for the individual worker. The fact that work-at-home will affect these attributes, is likely to discourage wide-scale transition to this arrangement, despite the availability of the technology. Most research published to date on the subject is qualitative in nature, as only little empirical evidence is available. The objective of this paper is to stress, based on a wide literature review, the need for a thorough behavioral evaluation of the available technology to provide a sound basis for decision making on implementation of the technology.     

科技风险决策面临的时代挑战与制度回应

随着社会发展越来越技术化、科学化,如何充分发挥科技的正面价值,同时,最大限度地控制与规避其风险,已经成为现代社会面临的重大挑战。分析了科技风险决策面临的多维度时代挑战,即后常规科学带来本质层面的挑战、风险社会到来带来心理层面抵触、社会化媒体赋权造成风险沟通异化、知识社会带来多方利益的敏感与博弈。据此,提出应该努力建立健全民主协商制度、尝试把公众的风险认知引入科技决策、加强规范媒体的风险沟通功能,从宏观、中观以及微观上进行相应制度回应的建议。     

Prometheus rebound: An inquiry into technological growth and psychological change

Western Man's philosophy of power over nature has led to the present excesses of technology. The technological environment in turn, has had profound and questionable influence on the human physiological and psychological organism—resulting frequently in both personal and social breakdown. The body-mind needs a new kind of nurturing and educational process involving the potentiation of latent human capacities if it is to successfully withstand and recreate the technological process, as well as facilitate a more humane use of human beings.     

科技安全风险评估及监测预警系统构建研究

科技领域安全是国家安全的重要组成部分，而复杂的国际局势、严苛的技术限制以及当代科技面临的颠覆性发展趋势已引发一系列关涉科技安全的重大问题，给我国国家安全和公共安全带来严峻挑战。从风险评估与安全预警视角出发，依循“变量识别—数据评估—安全预警—预案调用”的预警思路，运用专家访谈、扎根理论和层次分析法，构建科技安全风险评估框架，并提出科技安全监测预警系统构建逻辑。其中，科技安全风险评估框架主要包括要素性、自反性、自主性、保障性风险4类关键指标；监测预警系统建立在风险评估框架基础上，主要包含警情评估、警情报告、管理决策、应急预案4个子系统。基于研究结果，针对我国科技安全监测预警系统构建提出相关建议，以期为我国科技治理及保障科技安全提供新思路。     

心理资本对创业坚持的影响——内在动机与创业榜样的调节作用

创业坚持是创业成功的重要前提。作为复杂的决策行为,创业坚持受到多方面因素的共同作用。基于社会认知理论,探讨乐观、韧性、自我效能感和希望等心理资本对创业坚持的影响,以及内在动机和创业榜样发挥的情境效应。通过对我国202名创业者进行问卷调查发现：创业者的乐观、韧性、自我效能感和希望均能够显著促进其坚持创业;内在动机正向调节乐观、韧性、自我效能感各自与创业坚持的关系;创业榜样对乐观、韧性、自我效能感各自与创业坚持的关系发挥正向调节作用。将个体因素(心理资本和内在动机)与环境因素(创业榜样)纳入同一理论框架,讨论其对创业坚持的影响,以期为创业坚持研究提供新颖和全面的视角。     

The Paradoxical Behavioral Effects of a Directional Goal on Investors' Risk Perceptions and Valuation Judgments

Market participants who evaluate risk often have a preference or goal for positive company performance. The authors test how such a directional goal affects risk perceptions and the relation between risk perceptions and assessments of value in an investment context. Compared with investors without directional goals—who, consistent with prior behavioral research, focus on negative aspects of risk—the authors find that those with directional goals assess risk as being more symmetric (i.e., they are less focused on downside risk). However, investors with directional goals are also less likely to consider risk when assessing value. Taken together, these results suggest that a directional goal reduces one behavioral effect identified in prior literature (the tendency to focus on downside risk), but creates another behavioral effect (ignoring risk in assessing value). The authors discuss implications for standard setters and regulators seeking to communicate risk information to market participants.     

数字社会建设中的科技治理问题及其法治保障路径

数字社会建设是推进社会治理体系与治理能力现代化的应有之义,现阶段我国数字社会建设中科技治理还处于起步阶段。在“回应法治”的要求下,通过归纳推理分析发现：数字社会建设中科技治理体系构建应从监管、主体、权利、权能4个方面提出完善进路。具体来看：在监管层面,应加强法律监管与社会监管共同作用;在主体层面,应构建多元主体协同治理模式,促使社会主体和市场力量积极参与科技治理;在权利层面,应加强数字科技研发中个人数据权利保障,明确个人数据权利属性;在权能层面,应明晰政府部门、科研专家、社会公众等主体权责关系,明确各治理主体之间的行为权限边界。     

国外新经济理论的研究进展

随着技术变革的深入,新兴技术对经济发展产生的影响更为深入,产生了以知识和创新为核心的新经济,对传统经济理论提出了挑战。特别是金融危机之后,全球经济发展方式发生变革,对新经济理论与方法的研究具有重要现实意义。文章对国外新经济的产生与发展相关理论进行系统梳理与分析、从技术变革与新经济的关系、新经济的理论基础、新经济形态下经济发展方式的变化及其新经济理论的应用领域等方面剖析了国外新经济理论的研究进展,提出未来新经济领域可围绕国家创新体系的战略定位研究、技术变革发展方向的预测方法、技术变革推动经济增长与社会进步的过程分析、新经济理论框架对产业结构影响以及新经济背景对企业发展的影响等方面展开。     

小企业加入非对称联盟动机对权力配置与绩效的影响——以水环境治理行业为例

以往有关联盟绩效的研究很少关注企业动机通过权力配置对绩效的多重影响,以及不同动机和权力配置的影响差异。以资源依赖理论和议价能力理论为基础,以中国245家水环境治理企业为样本,研究小企业加入联盟的动机通过感知位置权力与能力权力的配置,对非对称联盟创新绩效和财务绩效的联合效应。结果表明,战略动机通过感知权利互补和平衡促进技术创新;成本动机通过感知权利互补影响财务绩效,但无法通过感知权利平衡影响财务绩效。     

Technological change and future growth: Issues and opportunities

Over the next three decades we may anticipate major technological advances and changes in American society in the area of electronics, automation, information handling, food, and biological manipulations, as well as in the more commonplace areas of industry, commerce, and domestic devices. Dominant elements driving these changes are fundamental shifts in the availability of energy and materials, which will stimulate major innovation in substitutions, extended service life, and easier maintainability; and the increasing role of science as a well-spring of new technologies. Furthermore, the movement of U.S. society into a post-industrial society with its emphasis on knowledge based industries will stimulate major shifts in the nature and location of work, land use, and information-associated technologies. This will be accompanied by a flourishing of social, institutional, and psychological technologies.Market forces will play a dominant role in the realization of these new technological developments. In addition to these forces, technological needs and opportunities will arise which lie outside the market system, such as developments with regard to geophysical manipulation, earthquake control, and weather modification.The principal role of government in assuring continuing benefits from technology is guiding the socially effective interplay of the basic variables: land, labor, capital, resource availability and knowledge. To be socially useful, the interplay must be future-oriented, flexible, and information driven. One specific role for government is setting reliable boundary conditions on private and public endeavors with some clarity and incisiveness to permit market and non-market forces to operate. Put differently, a principal role for government is the more effective management of uncertainties with regard to future potential opportunities and risks in order to encourage new and needed developments and innovations.A principal limitation on technological and scientific decision-making is the inadequacy of knowledge gathered and organized for the purpose of illuminating public policy. Meeting these information needs is a second specific role for government. Since most information is collected for other purposes, modifications which explicity generate and collect policy-related information would effect a major improvement in public and private decisionmaking.The wider practice of the concept of technology assessment as a means to better understand options, alternatives, and consequences for technology should be encouraged in and out of government.Many major regulatory agencies of government reflect needs and problems decades old which are no longer of primary importance. A third specific role for government in guiding technology, the reform of the regulatory agencies through their restructing, offers major opportunities for more effective management of technology. Primary candidates for this specific role of government include agencies regulating communications, drugs, banking, securities, energy, health care, transportation, and marine and oceanographic affairs.The fourth major role for government, research and development, should be driven by several convergent factors. There are opportunities for new and expanded technological developments with regard to: (a)The wiring of metropolitan and rural areas for fuller telecommunications; (b)the introduction of major new energy sources such as solar, geothermal, and ocean technologies; (c)the reformulation of education technologies, welfare, and health delivery systems; and (d) the reconstruction of cities and other habitats. Furthermore, the economically mature society implies not less but different technology emphasizing: social and biological as well as physical technology; personal improvement and fulfillment, and accomplishing more with less. There also are numerous problems of a high-growth society such as the propensity to maximize bureaucratic efficiency at the expense of social effectiveness; alienation of workers; adverse effects of excessive size and integration; societal needs not accommodated by market forces, and the negative side effects of technology. Each of these clusters of problems and opportunities could be profoundly influenced by research and experimentation.     

领地行为对知识创新的影响路径

基于心理所有权理论,以58个团队主管和229个团队成员样本为调研对象,构建并验证了感知知识所有权-领地行为-知识创新（知识集成和知识创新）作用机制模型。结果表明,感知知识所有权、领地行为对知识创新过程的影响机制存在差异性：①感知知识所有权对知识集成具有显著正向影响,而对知识创造具有显著负向影响;②领地行为在感知知识所有权对知识集成和知识创造的影响中起中介作用;③团队心理安全调节感知知识所有权与知识领地行为的关系。高团队心理安全可以减弱感知知识所有权对领地行为的正向影响,低团队心理安全有助于增强感知知识所有权对领地行为的正向影响。团队心理安全在一定程度上调节了领地行为对感知知识所有权与知识集成和知识创造的中介作用。