概念格在电子商务中的应用

将概念格应用到电子商务中，分析了其系统构成，并详细介绍了每个模块的功能，最后展望了它的发展前景。     

知识表达、知识互补性、知识产权均衡

基于知识的“代数格”表达方式和知识的互补性原理 ,这篇文章讨论知识产权的博弈均衡问题。每个人都拥有“局部知识” ,显然 ,如果法律对每个人的局部知识设立产权并由政府全面加以保护的话 ,人类知识将无法获得任何发展。另一方面 ,如果法律不承认任何知识的产权且政府对任何知识产权都不加以保护的话 ,人类知识也难以获得发展的激励。这里将证明 ,N个具有局部知识的社会成员在社会整体知识构成的代数格上关于各自的“局部知识”的价格的博弈存在至少一个纳什均衡———此即该社会内部自恰的和最优的知识产权配置。由周林 ( 1 994) ,这类均衡点构成一完备格。又由MilgromandShannon( 1 994) ,博弈的每一参与者最佳对应集内的最大策略和最小策略在社会知识的代数格上 (按集合强序 )单调非减 ,这意味着当社会成员的初始知识水平有所提高时 ,由产权博弈均衡所决定的各个局部知识的知识产权价格将相应有所上升。所有上述结果都不需要通常的凸性假设 ,因此在以“知识”为核心要素的经济分析中 (包括收益递增经济学 )具有独特重要的意义     

约简应用于概念格构造研究

粗糙集与概念格都是有效的数据分析工具,它们被广泛应用于人工智能、知识发现等领域。粗糙集合模型和概念格模型之间有许多相似之处,在知识发现研究过程中将这两种模型有机地结合起来,具有重要的理论意义。示例分析表明利用粗糙集合理论对以形式背景形式描述的原始数据集进行约简,可以在一定程度上减小在其上构造的概念格规模。     

基于概念格的产品创新知识配置研究

利用形式概念分析方法构建出产品创新知识配置的概念格模型,以Chrome吧获取浏览器产品开发信息和知识配置过程为例,基于虚拟社区取得用户需求知识,并结合1996-2013年国内浏览器相关专利数据,建立了基于虚拟社区用户需求知识的浏览器创新知识配置模型。     

知识企业的主导生产要素:知识资本——基于"概念格"理论的推论

伴随着知识经济时代的到来,知识资本已经替代了财务资本成为制约知识企业生存与发展的主导性生产要素,并成为知识企业生产及其效率的决定性因素。文章旨在以“概念格”理论为基础,对知识企业生产经营活动的主导生产要素进行进一步的分析和探索,以证明知识经济时代知识企业的主导生产要素是由不同经济时代的主导生产要素逐步演化而来,比起工业经济时代的主导要素已发生了根本性变革,为知识企业生产要素投入的有效组合分析、知识资本的确认与计量研究等提供理论支持。     

报酬递增、互补性与经济组织

新兴古典经济学从报酬递增视角研究经济组织,是古典经济学的回归和发展。然而,Yang/Ng模型忽略了经济组织的内在因素——生产因素。生产因素是报酬递增的基础,同时也是经济组织演化的动力。文章在新兴古典经济学框架内提出,生产过程的报酬递增与知识之间的互补性是影响经济组织专业化的内因,强调了互补性在经济组织演化的重要作用。     

中俄、中印、中巴经贸合作——基于竞争性与互补性分析

本文通过介绍中俄、中印和中巴经贸合作中的特点与现状,采用修正后的专业化系数(CS)和一致系数(CC)对巴、俄、印、中(BRICs"金砖四国")之间的竞争性与互补性进行了分析,得出的结论是中俄之间的贸易互补性大于竞争性,中印之间的竞争性大于互补性,中巴之间的互补性也大于竞争性.有鉴于此,本文的政策建议为在双边层次以自由贸易协议(FTA)形式加强经贸往来,在多边贸易体制中建立发展中大国合作机制,中国主动给予发展中国家包括巴、俄、印三国特殊优惠待遇.     

突破性创新、互补性资产与企业竞争优势

突破性创新是企业获得竞争优势的重要手段,但由于企业在利用既有技术构建竞争优势过程中形成的路径依赖,以及与之配套的专用性资产产生沉没成本的作用,使得企业难以有效的构建起与突破性创新相配套的互补性资产,导致企业在对突破性创新进行商业化和重塑新竞争优势的战略决策中面临着困境。文章认为突破性创新要想真正转化为企业新的竞争优势,首先要对突破性创新给顾客带来的价值进行战略定位;其次是根据战略定位选择、构建、培育相应的互补性资产,并通过提高它们的经营效率来强化战略定位;再次这些互补资产提供的活动要具有互补性,活动方向的一致性,能够形成互相强化的态势。这就需要对这些活动进行有效整合,最终才能形成难以模仿的、可持续的企业竞争优势。     

经济互补性、竞争性与中韩建立FTA的可行性——以农产品贸易为例

农业尤其是中韩农产品贸易严重影响了中韩自由贸易区的建设进程,优先解决相互之间农业问题对于加快自由贸易区建设进程极为重要。文章以中韩农产品贸易为切入点,从经济互补性和竞争性两个角度分析了中韩建立自由贸易区的可行性。     

竞争优势、互补性与企业边界——一个基于美、日汽车产业的比较分析

企业边界的真实含义与资产专用性分析所作的概括有本质区别。它是指＂企业＂这一有计划的生产协调机制作用的规模与范围,而不是同一所有权下的资产集。纵向一体化取决于企业所拥有的竞争优势和生产的互补程度,而不是资产专用性这个表面指标。据此,笔者对美、日汽车企业与零部件企业的双边关系重新进行了考察,指出专用性资产租借关系比分包制更接近市场契约,而不是相反。美、日汽车产业发展路径的歧异正在于应对互补性时采取了不同的制度安排。     

Complementarity, growth, and trade

We consider an endogenous growth model with international trade in complementary capital goods. The model possesses several distinct, balanced growth solutions, which we classify using stability under adaptive learning. Some of the equilibria can involve growth rates much higher than others. We show that, in addition to a small (usually positive) effect on a given equilibrium, an expansion in trade may sometimes yield a much larger, sudden jump in growth. The small effect on the initial equilibrium may reduce growth if the opportunity cost of capital rises very fast as growth accelerates. JEL Classification: F12, F15, O41
Complémentarité, croissance, et commerce international. Les auteurs utilisent un modèle de croissance endogène en présence de commerce international de biens capitaux complémentaires. Le modèle possède plusieurs solutions de croissance équilibrée distinctes que les auteurs classifient en utilisant des mesures de stabilité avec apprentissage adaptatif. Certains de ces équilibres peuvent impliquer des taux de croissance plus élevés que d'autres. Il appert qu'une expansion du commerce international, en plus d'avoir un petit effet (habituellement positif) sur un équilibre donné, peut parfois engendrer une augmentation plus forte et soudaine de la croissance. Le petit effet sur l'équilibre initial peut réduire la croissance si le coût d'opportunité du capital augmente rapidement à proportion que la croissance accélère.     

Complementarity, Instability and Multiplicity

A multiplicity of equilibria, steady states, cycles, etc., feature prominently in models with complementarities. Multiplicity suggests the instability of an economic system and the sensitive dependence of the equilibrium behaviour on the environment. In this paper I discuss some methodological questions concerning the economics of complementarity, with special emphasis on instability and multiplicity. A series of monopolistic competition models are developed to illustrate the argument.
JEL Classification Numbers: B41, E32, O00     

Human Fallibility, Complementarity, and Fiscal Decentralization

This paper examines economic growth properties under alternative fiscal organizations when a bureau's decisions are fallible. A country consists of J jurisdictions, which need a public service. In a centralized government, one authority decides on services in every jurisdiction. In a decentralized government, J authorities are in charge of each public service. An authority can have high ability or low ability, and an authority with high ability draws a good project with higher probability. We first show that the decentralized government provides the same average quality of public services, with lower variance, than does the centralized government. We then apply this result to an economic growth model where the value of the Solow residual is a constant elasticity of substitution (CES) function of public services. We show that there is a critical value of the degree of complementarity below which fiscal decentralization is more desirable than fiscal centralization for an expected economic growth, and the decentralized government has a lower variance of GDP growth.     

科斯定理、相互性与公共领域

经济学家不理解科斯及其理论,因为他们不懂得科斯定理、相互性定理和科斯核心定理的内在联系.姚兰·巴塞尔的产权经济分析是以科斯核心定理和公共领域产权的不确定性为基础的.私人所有或者政府所有是否有效率,依赖于交易成本的变化.私人所有过去可能存在着效率上的缺陷.     

金融深化、资本深化及其互补性研究

文章研究了金融深化、资本深化及其相互关系,提出金融深化是资本深化的被动反应,同时又通过渠道效应促进了资本深化。文章在1952~2004年的时间区间上验证了上述假说,并分析了导致这种资本深化的经济和体制因素。     

Complementarity,Linkages between Firms,and the Effect of Entry Costs on Productivity

In a general equilibrium model where firms are heterogeneous in terms of productivity, we introduce differentiated goods in production that are not perfect substitutes, as well as intermediate inputs needed to produce those goods. We show that an increase in either the complementarity of differentiated goods or the share of intermediate inputs in gross output, significantly increases the negative effect of entry costs on total factor productivity (TFP) and output per worker. We also find that the effect of complementarity is quantitatively stronger. If we assume an empirically plausible value for the elasticity of substitution between differentiated goods, then the model considerably improves its ability to reproduce the observed negative relationship between entry costs and TFP or output per worker.     

The Core, Transaction Costs, and the Coase Theorem

This paper clarifies and synthesizes elements of the two decade old debate concerning the Coase theorem and the empty core. Five lessons can be derived from this debate. First, the Coase theorem may break down when there more than two participants (provided the additional participants bring an additional externality to the table). Second, the problem of the empty core does not disappear in a world of positive transaction costs. Under reasonable assumptions about the transactions technology, transaction costs may well exacerbate the empty-core problem. As a consequence, it is important to differentiate between transaction costs (when the core exists) and costs due to the empty core because each has different implications for rationalizing institutional arrangements. Third, the Coase theorem will not break down when the number of participants increases if the new participants do not bring additional externalities with them. If, however, additional participants bring in additional externalities, then the core may be empty and Pareto efficiency may not emerge from costless negotiations. Fourth, Pareto Optimality can be achieved when the core is empty by judicious use of penalty clauses, binding contracts, and constraints on the bargaining mechanism. Fifth, when a non-excludable public good is involved, a free-rider problem arises as the number of agents increases, and this undermines the Coase theorem; in this case, Coasean efficiency requires the participation of all agents affected by the externality in the writing of binding contracts.     

东亚主要经济体的比较优势、贸易互补性与竞争性研究

本文采用显示性比较优势指数测算了东亚主要经济体的细分农业和制造业的行业比较优势,发现各经济体的比较优势与其要素禀赋密切相关.但近几年来东亚各经济体的比较优势发生了很大的变化,其中,贸易结构正逐渐转变为以资本、技术密集型产业为主.以贸易互补指数测算东亚主要经济体之间的贸易互补性,发现日本与东盟、韩国与东盟、中国与东盟总体上呈互补关系,中国与日本、中国与韩国总体上呈竞争互补关系,而日本与韩国为竞争关系.最后,为深入考察中国与东盟的经贸关系,本文测算了中国与东盟各成员国之间在世界市场上的出口相似指数,认为中国与东盟各成员国重工业产品的出口趋同态势日趋明显,双方在争夺世界市场中竞争激烈,但整体上中国与东盟仍存在一定的互补性.     

Complementarity and Substituability in Multiple-Risk Insurance Markets

We study imperfect competition between insurers in a multiple-risk environment. In the absence of asymmetric information, equilibria are efficient, and we determine the degrees of specialization under which the specialized insurers are able or unable to capture the surplus. We show in contrast that under adverse selection, specialization systematically prevents second-best efficiency. Concluding on the role of our notions of strategic complementarity/substituability on the tradeoff between efficiency and fairness of the allocation, we give indications on the desirable structure of the insurance industry.