A network perspective of knowledge transfer in tourism

Efficient transfer of knowledge is the prerequisite for innovation and competitiveness of tourism destinations. This paper uses network analysis to examine inter-organizational knowledge transfer in Western Australian tourism. The findings indicate that Western Australian network has low connectivity and is highly centralized around public bodies with a hierarchical pattern. The network also exhibits few reciprocal relationships with limited boundary spanners. The findings improve the understanding of the Western Australian tourism knowledge network, its weaknesses and strengths, which can be used to make policies to have a more efficient and innovative destination. In addition, this research provides a model for future research of how to explore and analyze the inter-organizational transfer of knowledge within a tourism destination.     

虚拟集群式旅游供应链模型构建研究

文章基于旅游供应链理论研究动态与现代信息技术发展态势,提出以信息拉动式为特征的在线旅游供应链(e-tourism supply chain)的理念。从集群式供应链视角,分析了虚拟集群式旅游供应链建立的动因,构建了虚拟集群式旅游供应链理论模型。文章通过创新旅游供应链研究视角,借鉴产业集群与供应链管理耦合研究理论,试图在赛博空间(Cyberspace)里,构建起虚拟集群式旅游供应链的理论框架,可分成4个部分:(1)旅游者信息链,是围绕着每个旅游者需求信息的一条"信息拉动式供应链",在此基础上形成旅游企业旅游服务大规模定制链;(2)旅游服务定制链,旅游企业在以"旅游者"为中心的信息链上提供即时响应、即时采购、即时生产、即时销售的敏捷制造服务,同业性旅游企业合作服务于旅游者;(3)信息共享平台,包括旅游者需求汇集、统计、分流平台,旅游企业沟通平台和旅游评价平台;(4)专业化辅助企业,具有弹性专精的优势,缓解大规模标准通用化服务提供和市场的定制化随机要求(stochastic demand)之间的矛盾,满足了旅游者对定制化旅游服务需求。     

品牌劫持:旅游目的地形象异化演进过程研究

到访旅游者网络口碑传播对目的地形象有着越来越重要的影响。因此,该研究基于旅游者权力理论,将旅游者视为与DMO一样的能动主体,对应DMO投射形象提出了旅游者投射形象的概念,进而将旅游者对目的地形象的认知过程从原有的单一个体模型拓展到时间阶段和影响主体更为完整的群体网络状模型。研究进一步通过比较到访旅游者和DMO传播对潜在旅游者引致形象形成过程的影响力,提出当旅游者投射形象比DMO投射形象被更多的旅游者所接受时,就会发生品牌劫持现象。文章结合普洛格(Plog)提出的目的地生命周期理论,分析了此种情况之下目的地形象异化的演进过程,并为目的地营销工作的改进提供了具体的建议。     

NETWORK ANALYSIS OF TOURISM EVENTS: AN APPROACH TO IMPROVE MARKETING PRACTICES FOR SUSTAINABLE TOURISM

Farmers' markets have recently emerged as a new tourism event around the globe. Yet, little information is known about them. This article explores the network of stakeholders associated with farmers' markets through a qualitative analysis over a period of time of an Australian farmers' market. Multiple methods of data collection were used to build a case study of the farmers' market. The findings highlight the acute need for this farmers' market, and potentially many others that are similar, to strategically establish an appropriate and effective network of stakeholders for both organizational longevity and tourism sustainability.     

The critical success factors for a travel application service provider evaluation and selection by travel intermediaries

Current application service provider (ASP) is an emerging type of information technology outsourcing service that offer a comprehensive of information technology services for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) to obtain information capabilities and maintain competitive advantage. Although numerous academics and practitioners have recognized the importance of information service suppliers, few studies has been conducted on decision analysis related to an ASP selection. Thus, this study combines two multiple criteria decision making tools to develop a multifaceted evaluation framework and identify the critical success factors (CSFs) for an ASP adoption by travel intermediaries in Taiwan. The empirical results implied different types of travel operations have different evaluation considerations for an ASP adoption. Travel intermediaries can devote to their core competencies, and acquire information support services through an ASP. On the other hand, ASPs can use differentiation strategies and allocate limited resources through focusing on these CSFs to enhance inter-organizational collaboration in travel supply chain.     

Towards the smart tourism destination: Key factors in information source use on the tourist shopping journey

This paper aims to contribute to the knowledge on how the Smart Tourism Destination (STD) might enhance the Tourist Shopping Journey (TSJ) through offering information sources that meet visitors' needs and preferences. The CAN (Cognitive-Affective-Normative) model was employed to explore the antecedents of using information sources for purchases made in destinations. The importance of the cognitive variables performance and effort expectancy in the purchasing process are highlighted: tourists are pragmatic when consulting information sources in destinations. This study contributes to the knowledge of the role of information sources in TSJ behaviour, and can help managers in the development of STD strategies and services. It also opens new research lines by considering the TSJ as a hitherto unexamined holistic process.     

Marketing Australia overseas—a corporate perspective

The Australian Tourist Commission promotes international tourism to Australia. It undertakes a range of marketing activities including advertising, public relations and tourist trade promotions. It does not sell travel. The tourist industry in Australia contributes 6% to Gross Domestic Product and employment. International tourism in Australia accounts for around 15% of all tourism. Australia is divided into eight states and territories all of which promote tourism within the country and also undertake offshore promotions with the Australian Tourist Commission. The strategy of the Commission for the next 3 years includes an emphasis on conventions and incentives, market research, quality promotions and special interest travel across a broad range of markets.     

Leadership and Innovation Processes—Development of Products and Services Based on Core Competencies

SUMMARY

The new challenge for destinations is to professionalize the continuous development process of innovative products and services. In this context, innovation is regarded as a bipolar process between market and resources. From the resource-oriented perspective, the concentration on regional core competencies will therefore become a source of innovation for destinations while the customer is the source of innovation from the market-oriented perspective. Resulting from the nature of the destination product, the innovation process is interpreted as an inter-organizational network process. The aim has to be the implementation of continuous innovation processes in the form of networks within a system of a learning destination. Given the fact that, especially for innovative activities, networks play a minor role in tourism at present, the question is raised of how to overcome the obstacles of cooperation and to initiate network activities to foster innovation networks within a destination. A study was conducted that focused on the identification of forms of cooperation that strengthen and reinforce innovative behavior in a destination. The article aims at discussing the enhancement of the attractiveness and the quality of innovative network activities by increasing the value of cooperation for the providers of the destination.     

Evolution of international tourist flows from 1995 to 2018: A network analysis perspective

Tourist arrivals and tourism revenues have been extensively studied to evaluate international tourist flows, whereas the structure and evolution of these flows have received less attention. Based on international tourist arrival data from 221 countries/regions during the period 1995–2018, this study applies network analysis to explore the structure and evolution of international tourist flows, and the roles and functions of countries/regions in the international tourist flow network. The results of this study reveal that the network density of international tourist flows is increasing. Countries/regions in Europe, East Asia and North America generally occupy a significantly important position within the international tourist flow network, especially Germany and China. Those geographically close countries/regions demonstrate the same or similar roles and positions in international tourism. This study has significant implications for tourist destination management and marketing.     

The death drive in tourism studies

The psychoanalytical concept of the death drive postulated by Freud and Lacan refers to a constant force at the junction between life and death, which is not understood in a biological sense of physical demise of the body, nor in opposition to life. Tourist experiences in conflict zones can be more critically understood through the lens of the death drive. Empirical data for this project draws on individual and group interviews undertaken with tourists and tourism industry representatives in Jordan. Findings suggest that by travelling in a conflict area some tourists negotiate embedded family memories and archaic traumas. Accessing the death drive, tourists also assert and disrupt binaries such as fun/fear and life/death.     

Development of technological capability by Cuban hospitality organizations

This study investigates the key elements that affect the ability of hospitality organizations to cultivate technological capability through innovation. The focus of analysis is not on the institutional context, but on the hotel and tourist companies. A theoretical framework that links the type of innovation undertaken by the firm, the firm's managerial capabilities, learning culture, organizational structure, systems and procedures, technological absorptive capacity and level of government support with the level of technological capability is presented and tested empirically based on the data on innovation projects from 62 Cuban hospitality companies. Analysis of the data confirmed hypotheses that group management skills, project management skills, learning culture, and government support are significantly related to the development of technological capability in these companies.     

The Knowledge Café–A Knowledge Management System and Its Application to Hospitality and Tourism

SUMMARY

Knowledge management is identified as a key success factor in most industries today. While data or information can be stored independently from people, knowledge is bound to people who use it for their interactions. The main goal of knowledge management is to improve the usage of knowledge in the enterprise. Knowledge management systems are not only organizational memory information systems. They also contain organizational standard procedures and a certain cultural attitude. A reference framework gives implementation hints mainly influenced by technical possibilities. The knowledge management system reference architecture contains layers of sources, repositories, taxonomy, services, applications and user interfaces. A software tool that largely corresponds to this reference framework is the Knowledge Café. Possible applications of this tool to the area of hospitality and tourism are described in this paper.     

Tourist rites for Wales

In May 1979, the Wales Tourist Board (WTB) launched a ten-year project to develop the industrial valleys of South Wales as a tourist region. With the sharp decline of the region's traditional industries, tourism to the area may represent the key to economic revival. Ironically, the tourism attractions being promoted derive from the artefacts of an industrial age that has now all but disappeared.     

旅游地形象感知偏差测评模型研究

旅游地形象是旅游地开发建设的重要内容之一,形象塑造是提高其市场影响力和市场竞争力的重要基础;因缺乏全真信息支撑,市场对旅游地形象的感知普遍存在偏差.本文根据形象主体及感知内容系统构建感知偏差测评层次模型,包含3个层次9个指标,其中模型权重由专家打分确定,基础数据源于市场调查结果,主要采用离差和法分析不同主体对不同感知内容的偏差程度.通过十堰旅游目的地验证,最终偏差指敷测评结果为0.626,偏差较大,其中主体时自然环境感知偏差最小,对社会环境感知偏差最大;旅游介体对十堰形象感知偏差最小,本地居民感知偏差最大.     

Web users’ behavioural patterns of tourism information search: From online to offline

This paper presents a conceptual framework of Web users’ engagement in tourism information search for a comprehensive understanding of their integrated online and offline search behaviour. The information search experiences are characterised as a process constituting some common elements: prior knowledge and searching experiences, online searching strategies, processing and recording information, barriers to online searching, reasons for ending an online search, summarising information, exchanging information and searching for more information through other sources. Such behaviour goes beyond the scope of information searching and captures the other activities, including information processing, utilising and disseminating. The grounded theory research method is employed as an inductive investigative process in which the authors construct the framework by systematically collecting and analysing data. The aim of this research method is to build a theory. The data sets consist of both semi-structured in-depth interviews with subjects and their field observations based on online searching. A theoretical model incorporating 10 propositions is proposed for future testing.     

Mapping the constructs of a business tourist service quality scorecard model

Abstract

The researchers sought to conceptualize models related to Service Quality (SQ), Balanced Scorecard (BSC), Customer Satisfaction (CS), and Customer Retention (CR). These models are evident within the tourism industry, but are not confirmed in business tourism. The empirical testing of a Service Quality Scorecard (SQSC) as a comprehensive SQ model, for explaining Business Tourist (BT) retention is proposed. Data was analyzed through a structural equation modeling procedure, resulting in a business tourist service quality scorecard (BT SQSC) causal model for the testing of SQ in the BT industry. Findings provide implications for business tourism practitioners to encourage business tourism performance.     

旅游体验审美精神论

旅游体验的审美体系是建立在人本基础上的.从审美心理的角度看,旅游体验具有主体性、浸入性、互动性和不确定性,其核心价值在于审美.旅游体验造就了审美的人、完整的人.旅游审美体验是旅游者在情境互动之中,追求审美存在和生命创造的强烈内心感受.文章从旅游体验的审美感知、审美情感和审美想象三个层面展开.旅游体验充满着人在旅途的跨文化审美意蕴,它是为了探寻生活溶解在心灵中的秘密,并借由想象获得存在的真实和生命的沉醉.旅游体验体认的是人与物化、神与物契的审美情怀,高扬的是生生之德的审美境界.旅游体验中所体现的审美精神是彰显的、独立的、本真的人性；它所追寻的审美境界是自由的、升华的、解放的审美人生.     

Tourism Brochures: Usefulness and Image

Tourist information has been shown to have an important influence on the choice of vacation destinations. This article studies brochures, their significance as image generators, and their influence on the selection of destinations. The study sought to discover which features in this medium are more relevant in image generation and destination choice using logistic regression analysis. The analysis is based on data collected from tourists in Madrid, Spain. The results establish a model of usefulness of brochures in order to propose recommendations for their design and content. Implications pertain to the development of theoretical understandings about the influence of the information sources on destination image, destination choice, and satisfying tourist needs.     

京沪高铁对主要站点旅游流时空分布影响

交通是影响旅游流时空分布的最主要因素之一。文章以京沪高铁线为例,运用旅游场理论和社会网络分析方法,比较京沪高铁开通前后9个主要高铁站点的旅游流时空分布变化特征。研究表明:高铁开通强化了北京、上海和南京等重要旅游客源地和目的地的领先地位,呈现出高铁旅游流的"马太效应";高铁促使靠近重要旅游目的地的竞争处于劣势的旅游地旅游流呈现"过道效应";高铁促使空间距离临近的两个城市的旅游流呈现"同城效应";高铁提升原本缺乏区位优势的旅游资源型站点的可进入性,同时对区域核心城市的交通依赖程度明显下降;高铁的时空压缩效应缩短旅途时间,可实现小长假的远程旅游,双休日的中程旅游,一定程度上避免了中远程旅游对黄金周的依赖,从而缓解出游时间的集中性,提高了旅游质量。