Differences in values,practices, and systems among Hungarian managers and Western expatriates: an organizing framework and typology

For managers of international alliances, the reconciliation of conflicting values, practices, and systems (VPSs) among partners is a critical challenge, which is magnified when partners originate from diverse institutional environments, such as transition and established market economies. Given the rapidly growing prevalence of international alliances in transition economies, differences in VPSs surface when managerial methods introduced by Western companies clash with institutionalized legacies of central planning. This paper examines this process in the context of international cooperative ventures (ICVs) between Hungarian and Western partners. Using data collected from 17 ICVs, and 44 local and expatriate managers during 1997–1999, I test a series of hypotheses and inductively develop a typology that identifies a number of important and often problematic partner differences in managerial VPSs. The study uses multiple theoretical lenses to show how VPSs are variously shaped by institutional, economic, and cultural factors, and provides useful insights into typical challenges faced by ICV managers. I conclude with a discussion of the typology’s generalizability to other transition and emerging economies, its implications for theory and practice, and propose future research directions.     

The internationalization of entrepreneurial firms from emerging economies: The roles of institutional transitions and market opportunities

This paper examines the influence of institutional transitions and market opportunities in emerging economies on the internationalization of entrepreneurial firms from these economies. We conceptualize and examine a three-stage model of institutional transition in emerging economies, and their effects on the internationalization strategies of new venture firms. Propositions are developed in examining how the different stages of the institutional transition can influence the strategic choices for the internationalization of new venture firms. In responding to the calls for more research on institutions and international entrepreneurship, this paper is an attempt extending the linkages between the two to the context of emerging economies. The paper also has managerial implications for entrepreneurs and the associated policy implications in international entrepreneurship.     

Cyclical wage movements in emerging markets compared to developed economies: a general equilibrium comment

I examine distinct cyclical properties of labor markets in emerging economies compared to developed ones from a general equilibrium perspective. The evidence in emerging economies shows that (1) wages are more volatile than income, while (2) employment is less volatile and (3) less pro-cyclical than in developed economies. I use a standard open-economy model to study the implications of wealth effects on labor market dynamics in both emerging and developed economies simultaneously. In contrast to the (partial equilibrium) results of the small open economy (SOE) model, I show that in general equilibrium, strong wealth effects on labor supply in emerging economies are necessary to rationalize the evidence. The model is also consistent with empirical regularities of exchange rate fluctuations, namely (1) excess volatility of real exchange rates, and (2) the negative co-movement between the real exchange rate and relative consumption.     

Optimal fiscal policy in a small open economy with limited commitment

We introduce limited commitment into a standard optimal fiscal policy model in small open economies. We consider the problem of a benevolent government that signs a risk-sharing contract with the rest of the world, and that has to choose optimally distortionary taxes on labor income, domestic debt and international transfers. Both the home country and the rest of the world may have limited commitment, which means that they can leave the contract if they find it convenient. The contract is designed so that, at any point in time, neither party has incentives to exit. We define a small open emerging economy as an economy where the limited commitment problem is active in equilibrium. Conversely, a small open developed economy is an economy in which the commitment problem is not active. Our model is able to rationalize some stylized facts about fiscal policy in emerging economies: i) the volatility of tax revenues over GDP is higher in emerging economies than in developed ones; ii) fiscal policy is procyclical in emerging economies; iii) emerging economies may “graduate” from procyclical fiscal policy and adopt countercyclical policies in the long run.     

International marketing strategies in industrial clusters: Insights from the Southern Hemisphere

This paper examines co-operative marketing strategies among clustered-based firms in the most important wine producing and exporting countries in the ‘new world’. The research examines the development of active inter-firm marketing co-operation undertaken by firms to achieve competitive positioning in international markets. The results of a survey of managers located in Argentina, Australia, Chile and New Zealand are presented. The empirical contribution comes from the unique comparative data from regional clusters in four countries which are seen internationally as innovative producers and marketers, all strongly export-oriented, but at different stages of economic development and positioning in the global marketplace. In addition, this study makes a significant contribution to agglomeration theory by confirming the importance of sharing marketing knowledge to build sustainable competitive advantage in international markets. The theoretical contribution builds understanding of international marketing strategies within the Southern Hemisphere group of emerging countries and offers new insights on international marketing practices for emerging firms from both the developed economies in the Pacific Ocean region and Latin American emerging economies.     

The Needed Globalization for African Countries

ABSTRACT

Whether or not local economies can benefit from investments that seek to take advantage of a local comparative advantage (e.g., cheap labor) is the question that is addressed in this article. Through multiple case studies of Moroccan companies operating in the textile sector, the paper shows that the link between low labor cost exploitation and economic development is an eclectic phenomenon. The best variable to explain whether or not this link exists is the development of human capital in local factories. The case studies show that suppliers' development initiatives in supply chain management and the vision of local managers/entrepreneurs are more effective mechanisms for growth and development than a “traditional” program of Foreign Direct Investment where knowledge is withheld by the investor. The implications are that management capabilities in emerging economies, such as those of Africa, can be developed even through investments that do not appear, at first sight, to be so appealing for host countries.     

International diversification of the emerging-market enterprises: A multi-level examination

This study develops a cross-level research model based on insights from the capabilities view and institutional theory. We examine the drivers of international diversification for firms from emerging economies, specifically how top managers’ prior experiences and a favorable institutional environment for human capital affects the international diversification of emerging-market enterprises (EMEs). This research demonstrates that firm- and country-level factors collectively influence the international diversification of EMEs. We find that an EME whose top managers have global managerial and technological experiences is more likely to venture into international markets when a favorable institutional environment provides globally competitive, highly skilled human capital. This study demonstrates that for a multidimensional phenomenon such as EMEs’ international diversification, a more complete picture emerges given a theoretical framework that builds on diverse perspectives which are empirically tested across levels.     

International Segmentation Using Biplots: A Diffusion Approach

ABSTRACT

Studies on segmentation based on the diffusion of innovations have primarily focused on new products in developed countries, whereas research in emerging economies focusing on products at a maturity or declining stage has been relatively scarce. In this study, the authors address this problem by analyzing the diffusion trends of 31 durable goods across 70 developed, emerging, or less-developed countries over three decades. They propose a dynamic time-dependent segmentation approach that segments countries based directly on the time-varying diffusion patterns of durable goods. The authors find that biplots provide a rich summary of international diffusion patterns that prevent managers over/under predicting penetration.     

Distance Education

ABSTRACT

This article examines management of accountancy education in Zambia and Zimbabwe, two countries in Sub-Saharan Africa. Both programs are collaborative efforts to manage the link between the accounting profession, governments of emerging economies and in-country postgraduate training facilities. Both programs are designed to promote the study of accounting at a level recognized by the international accountancy profession.

The programs are being developed in the context of World Bank research, which confirms linkage between economic growth and an appropriately trained accounting profession, and recognizes the need for economic growth in Sub-Saharan Africa.

Six principal program characteristics are examined: the challenge facing the accountancy profession in Sub-Saharan Africa; funding sources; details of the programs; delivery of the programs; program costs, and graduation outcomes. This article reports on the struggle faced by the accounting profession in emerging economies to make the managers of the global accountancy profession, donor agencies, and multinational commercial enterprises aware of this aspect of the developing SSA market.     

Effect of Business Group Affiliation on Firm Internationalization: The Case of India Under Reforms

The authors investigate how diversified business groups influence the structural reform–firm strategy relations given its effect on strategic choice and its implementation in a large emerging economy: India. By integrating business group, industrial organization, and international business literature, the authors predict considerable differences in the exporting behavior of business group–affiliated firms on the basis of their market competitiveness and governance dynamics. The authors test their predictions empirically with longitudinal data of 6,119 Indian firms over a 21-year period starting from 1991–1992 to 2011–2012 and find support for most of the hypotheses. These findings suggest that knowledge of the heterogeneity within business groups are essential for understanding the response of business group affiliates in light of the progression of reform process in India. This study thus contributes to a more complete conceptual understanding of the strategic responses of promarket reforms of business group affiliates in emerging economies.     

An ambidextrous learning model for the internationalization of firms from emerging economies

Emerging economies are playing an increasingly important role in the global economy. The rising phenomenon of the internationalization process of firms in emerging economies, or emerging market firms, particularly their capacity to increase their presence in the markets of developed economies, has been insufficiently studied. Because of the unique characteristics of emerging economies, some assumptions of traditional international models are irrelevant. This paper provides a theoretical framework that explains the importance of different types of knowledge and the relationships between them in the internationalization process. We delineate an ambidextrous learning strategy that is contingent on different levels of firm competitiveness.     

Integration by Emerging Economy Multinationals: Perspectives from Chinese Mergers and Acquisitions

The integration process of international mergers and acquisitions by emerging economy multinationals is fraught with challenges of liabilities of foreignness and country of origin. We use insights from institutional theory and draw on the experience of Chinese international mergers and acquisitions to explore these challenges faced by emerging economy multinationals during postmerger integration. We find that these challenges, which are primarily caused by informal institutional differences, can be overcome by developing organizational capabilities for integration and employing mechanisms for appropriate control and justice during the integration process. The study contributes to the ongoing discussions about the relevance of sociocultural influences in the successful integration of international mergers and acquisitions. Our framework proposes initiatives that managers from emerging economies can take to overcome postmerger integration challenges. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Brazilian OFDI Determinants

Recently, the global economy assumed a new setting in which emerging economies began to make substantial investments in the international market. This study aimed to investigate the determinants of outward foreign direct investment from Brazil from 2002–2011. The proposed models developed included attractiveness of the host country, characteristics of home country, and firms’ strategies. The results corroborate the existing argumentations concerning adaptation of mainstream theory with respect to the realities of emerging economies. Brazilian multinationals do not internationalize their activities in pursuit of cost reduction, efficiency, or to explore new markets or natural resources of the host countries. Results show that Brazilian investments were attracted by the availability of skilled labor, openness of the host market, geographic proximity, improved financial conditions of Brazilian companies, and national companies’ strategy of reaffirmation and consolidation as global players.     

An incentive-based model of international entrepreneurship in emerging and transition economies

The importance of firms from emerging and transition economies (ETES) is rising in the global economy. But what factors drive firms from ETES to internationalize? Prior frameworks do not allow us to fully answer this question. In this paper, we present a model that conceptually links the institutional environment, the firm’s resource investment, and internationalization. We argue that the domestic institutional attributes (i.e., the degree of specificity, stability, predictability, and enforceability) of property rights and contracting institutions drive the firm’s perceived risk and uncertainty, and therefore its resource investment and ability in pursuing international strategic behaviors. Focusing on private firms in ETES whose property rights and contracting institutions are still lacking, we name our model an incentive-based model of international entrepreneurship from emerging and transition economies (IEEE).     

《区域全面经济伙伴关系协定》的经济效应及产业产出分析

为进一步推进《区域全面经济伙伴关系协定》进程,东盟及中国、日本、韩国、澳大利亚、新西兰、印度等亚太地区的各个经济体通过“抱团”的方式增强亚太地区的经济实力,提高国际贸易的话语权。本文分析《区域全面经济伙伴关系协定》成员在亚太地区的经济规模以及各个成员经济体的产业竞争优势,运用GTAP9.0数据库和一般均衡模型,以逐步降低《区域全面经济伙伴关系协定》内部成员之间关税水平的方式,探讨《区域全面经济伙伴关系协定》成员的宏观经济及产业产出情况。随着《区域全面经济伙伴关系协定》成员内部关税水平的逐步降低直至零关税水平,成员经济体的进出口贸易、福利水平等方面都有不同程度的增加,中国、日本、韩国、澳大利亚、新西兰等国的国内经济产出增加、贸易条件得到改善,而印度和东盟的国内经济出现一定程度的负效应、贸易条件出现小幅恶化现象;同时,各个成员方的产业互补优势更加明显。     

Effect of climate-related risk on the costs of bank loans: Evidence from syndicated loan markets in emerging economies

Based on a novel dataset that combined syndicated loans originated in the emerging market economies with greenhouse gas emission intensity data of borrowers, this study examines whether and to what extent banks in these emerging markets have factored in climate transition risk in their lending decisions. On loan pricing, our results suggest that banks in these emerging markets have started to price-in climate transition risk for loans to emissions-intensive sector since the Paris Agreement. This could reflect their increased awareness of a climate-transition risk towards such firms. The extent of the transition risk premium is also found to be dependent on the environmental attitude of banks. Specifically, green banks are found to charge a higher loan spread than other banks, when lending to the same brown firm after the Paris Agreement. Apart from pricing a transition risk premium in the loan spread, we find evidence that banks may also consider imposing more stringent non-pricing contractual terms, such as shortening loan tenor and imposing collateral requirement, on brown firms especially when the associated credit risk impacts on these firms are more uncertain.     

Rationales for Industrial Policy Based on Industry Maturity

This paper proposes a framework for thinking about industrial policy based on the maturity of a given industry in a country contrasted to the maturity of the industry in a global sense. Existing models for industrial policy tend to be based on the issues faced by emerging economies. By providing a coherent framework for rationales for industrial policy that spans both developed and developing economies, we can assess various industries and discuss the merits of providing support on a comparable basis. The paper provides examples of using the framework to discuss how it can be used and how it could be developed as a strategic tool for policy makers in leading economies.     

货币壁垒对国际贸易影响之实证研究

国际货币壁垒不论对施予国还是对实施国都造成巨大的影响,实施国中的发达国家以美国为代表,施予国主要为新兴经济体国家,影响体现在宏观经济层面和微观经济层面,贸易类别主要涉及国际货物贸易。本文初步探讨了这种影响在实施国及不同的发达国家、不同的新兴经济体的不同表现形式。     

Stock markets in the new world order

The dramatic expansion of capital markets in emerging economies the world over is far from a recent, isolated occurrence. As David Hale observes, this is less a new development, and much more akin to the international financial environment that flourished prior to the First World War. It is a phenomena resulting from the rebirth of liberal economic ideas in many developing countries, the expanded role of securitized forms of financial intermediation everywhere and a search for higher asset returns by investors in the mature industrial countries. These developments provide further confirmation that the 1990s will ultimately be remembered not only as the era of emerging markets, but as the decade in which global capitalism returned to its pre-1914 frontiers.     

What do firms from transition economies want from their strategic alliance partners?

A financial system engaged in active transition from central planning to free market may be dubbed a transition economy. On today's global landscape, there are several important transition economies, all at various stages of transition and with differing degrees of success. Yet, much is not known about this important sector of the world economy. As outside enterprises seek alliances with firms from transition economies, it is important to know what these firms want from alliance partners. To learn more, we conducted a study interviewing managers of private firms from the two largest and most strategically important transition economies: China and Russia. We found that while Chinese and Russian firms often hope for some of the same things as their counterparts in mature economies as regards alliances, they are also interested in other things not normally associated with alliances: political influence, relief from paying bribes, and protection from extortion or even violence. Moreover, we discovered that because of differing institutional conditions in the two countries, Chinese firms are not always looking for the same things from alliances as are Russian firms—in spite of surface similarities between the two economies. Based on these findings, we provide guidelines for firms seeking alliance partners in transition economies, to assist them in determining if an alliance is right for them and planning accordingly.