Business and Marketing Ethics as Professional Ethics. Concepts, Approaches and Typologies

Marketing ethics is normally marketed as a sub-specialization of business ethics. In this paper, marketing ethics serves as an umbrella term for advertising, PR and sales ethics and as an example of professional ethics. To structure the paper, four approaches are distinguished, with a focus on typical professional conflicts, codes, roles or climates respectively. Since the moral climate approachis more inclusive than the other approaches, the last part of the paper deals mainly with moral climates, within the above-mentioned marketing sub-professions.     

Ethics and Lobbying: The Case of Real Estate Brokerage

Members of licensed occupations benefit from legal standards that limit entry into their professions. Is it ethical for these professionals to give political support to these standards? I examined the case of real estate brokers and found that their educational requirements raise average commissions by one quarter of a percentage point, costing consumers $5.4 billion per year without improving the quality of brokerage services. The case raises interesting ethical issues which are difficult to resolve.     

促进中国商业地产的健康发展

商业地产是一个跨学科的,高度技术化、知识化、商业化、专业化的一个综合性问题。解决商业地产健康发展是要推进多学科跨领域高度的融合,从更加综合、更加系统的角度来研究商业地产的健康发展,提升商业地产发展的质量和水平。     

我国房地产企业的融资渠道分析

作为资金密集型企业,房地产业的发展壮大离不开庞大的资金支持。然而,我国房地产业目前正面临着自有资金不足、融资渠道单一、国家调控限制、股权及债券融资难度大等障碍。为消除这些障碍,国家需进一步建立健全房地产金融市场体系,适当放宽房地产融资渠道政策,发展多元化融资渠道和组合。     

Contents of Codes of Ethics of Professional Business Organizations in the United States

This paper reports an analysis of the content of the codes of ethics of 15 professional business organizations in the United States, representing the broad range of disciplines found in business. The analysis was conducted to identify common ethical issues faced by business professionals. It was also structured to highlight ethical issues that are either unique to or of particular importance for business professionals. No attempt is made to make value judgments about either the codes of ethics studied or of their content. General ethical values identified include honesty and integrity, general legal compliance, discreditable or harmful acts, and obligations related to social values. More business-specific issues include confidentiality, responsibilities to employers/clients, obligations to the profession, independence and objectivity, and business-specific legal and technical compliance issues.     

Codes of Ethics as Signals for Ethical Behavior

This study investigated effects of codes of ethics on perceptions of ethical behavior. Respondents from companies with codes of ethics (n = 465) rated role set members (top management, supervisors, peers, subordinates, self) as more ethical and felt more encouraged and supported for ethical behavior than respondents from companies without codes (n = 301). Key aspects of the organizational climate, such as supportiveness for ethical behavior, freedom to act ethically, and satisfaction with the outcome of ethical problems were impacted by the presence of an ethics code. The mere presence of a code of ethics appears to have a positive impact on perceptions of ethical behavior in organizations, even when respondents cannot recall specific content of the code.     

In Search of Instruments. Business and Ethics Halfway

Business ethics has gradually acquired a stable status, both as an academic discipline and as a practice. Stakeholdership is recognised as a guiding concept, business has widely accepted that it has a license to operate to win from society at large, and operational instruments such as codes of ethics and forms of ethical auditing and accounting take shape more and more. Yet lacunae remain. Three are mentioned explicitly. Business ethics has to improve its relations with business law, the concept of competition deserves much more ethical attention than it has received up to now, and the shifting relations between the market, governmental agencies and civil society require the elaboration of an institutional business ethics.     

基于精益供应链管理的房地产集成开发

基于房地产业特点以及供应链管理发展现状,将精益思想和供应链管理思想运用到房地产开发中,提出了基于精益供应链管理的房地产集成开发模式,并就精益供应链集成开发子节点运作以及精益管理平台的构成进行了详细分析,同时探讨了在精益供应链中精益设计、精益施工和精益营销等具体应用,是对房地产企业开发模式进行了深层次探索。     

浅论中国房地产业的制度设计走向

自中国20世纪放弃了计划分房制度后,在商品房的道路上行进,房价一路狂飙。政府不断运用各项政策手段给房价降温。1998年的国务院第23号文件就曾明确提出,中国要建立以经济适用房为主的住房供应体系。论述了中国房地产市场的政策之路,并就中国房地产市场制度的走向提出了建议。     

Unapplied Ethics: On the Need For Classical Philosophy In Professional Ethics Education

The central claim of this essay is that thoseof us who teach applied ethics courses shouldconsider infusing those courses withdiscussions of central issues in classicalphilosophy, issues which lie beneath thesurface of contemporary ethical problems in theprofessions. I will argue that the current,widely-used approach of discussing traditionalethical theories as an introduction to andfoundation for such courses may not adequatelyserve what should be the overarching goal ofpre-professional ethics education which is toteach a kind of ethical thinking which is notto be identified exclusively with ethical``decision-making'. Such thinking, it will beargued, is both practical and theoretical innature and therefore has a greater breadth thanthe more delimited ethical decision-makingoften taught in applied ethics courses. In whatfollows, I will therefore advocate thatteachers include a substantive ``unapplied'component in professional ethics educationcourses. While I believe that my argument foran unapplied approach to professional ethicseducation is relevant to many professionalfields, I will focus on business ethicseducation.     

我国房地产经纪业服务质量评价研究

为了清楚了解我国房地产经纪业的服务质量现状,以SERVQUAL模型为基础,开发出了衡量我国房地产经纪业服务质量的量表,并利用该量表对我国房地产经纪业的服务质量进行评价。研究结果表明,我国房地产经纪服务业为顾客提供的服务质量较低,主要体现在信号显示机制不健全、服务过程质量与服务效用差三方面。     

我国城市商品住宅价格水平合理性评价方法探析

炒房团的投资购房行为引起了房价非规范的飙升,为保护城市居民购房利益,政府必须出台宏观政策调控房价至合理水平。因此,确定房价水平合理性的评价方法尤为关键。结合我国土地资源与人力资源分布情况,分析了房价收入比应用的局限性,并从消费结构视角提出新的评价方法,同时以北京、上海和天津三大城市为例分别进行了实证分析。     

我国城市商品住宅价格水平合理牲评价方法探析

炒房团的投资购房行为引起了房价非规范的飙升，为保护城市居民购房利益，政府必须出台宏观政策调控房价至合理水平。因此，确定房价水平合理性的评价方法尤为关键。结合我国土地资源与人力资源分布情况，分析了房价收入比应用的局限性，并从消费结构视角提出新的评价方法，同时以北京、上海和天津三大城市为例分别进行了实证分析。     

我国养老地产发展研究

随着经济社会的迅速发展和人口老龄化问题的日益严峻,养老地产的发展受到相关各方的高度关注。根据我国养老地产的发展现状及结合典型案例,并从老龄化社会、老年产业经济、房地业和房地产企业转型角度,分析了养老地产的特性,介绍了国外养老地产的发展经验,阐述了当前亟待发展养老地产的必要性,并提出加强政府扶持力度、优化规划设计、扩大融资渠道、探索运营方式四个方面的建议。     

中小房地产企业人力资源管理存在的问题与对策

目前,我国中小房地产企业人力资源管理存在的主要问题是：管理理念落后,缺乏有效的人力资源管理机制和有利于企业长久发展的企业文化;人才流失严重,人员素质不高;绩效考核体削不合理、激励机制不健全。解决这些问题对策：树立正确的人才观念及规范的人力资源管理体制;进行人才储备,加强员工培训;建立动态、公平的绩效考核体系以及有效的激励机制;打造具有团队意识、以客户为中心的学习型组织文化。     

房地产集团授信管理模式的探讨

在我国,房地产企业和银行一直处于＂亲密接触＂的状态,倚重贷款维持企业的正常运转,曾几何时,房地产企业从银行获取资金支持并不是件很困难的事情。但是,在目前从紧的货币政策下,房地产企业成为了融资难的＂重灾区＂。宏观调控的加码和贷款渠道的收紧,让房地产开发商们感到了从所未有的融资压力。在国家实行紧缩的金融政策下,总部对总行授信管理模式应具有政策突破优势、成本规模优势、集团管理优势。     

基于经济视角对智能商业地产的分析

本文主要围绕经济发展来对智能商业地产进行分析,在经济视角下对智能商业地产进行多方面的分析,如市场现状分析、经济需求、政策分析,智能商业地产未来发展整体趋势及发展前景分析,得出了智能商业地产能够成为未来商业地产发展新趋势的结论。同时随着智能商业地产的普及,其发展能够从各方面提升社会整体的经济水平,并带动一系列相关产业的发展,且有助于保持公众对商业地产智能化、服务化、健康化体验满意度的增加。另外,通过本文对智能地产各方面的分析,作者期待找出智能商业地产发展的新方法与突破口,对未来智能商业地产的构建提供一定的参考价值。     

基于价值链理论的房地产企业核心竞争力提升的研究

形成和提升核心竞争力是房地产企业获得持续发展必须面临和解决的问题。从价值链理论视角出发,房地产企业提升其核心竞争力主要包括：提升对市场的把握能力,即以设计创新提高规划设计能力,以经营创新提高市场营销能力和市场表现力;提升资源整合能力,即以加强企业文化建设、品牌建设和管理制度的创新,提升企业对无形资产以及土地、资金、人力资源和信息资源等有形资产的整合利用能力。     

转型背景下商业地产的投资前景与融资模式——基于REITs的投资价值分析

为了严格控制房价过快上涨,国家相继出台了一系列的房地产调控政策,房地产企业普遍感到资金链越来越紧。在新形势下,房地产开发企业的出路在于向商业地产转型。应采取向保障性住房建设、商业地产、旅游地产等领域投资的策略。在融资方面,必须改变长期以来单纯依靠银行贷款的筹资模式,走多元化融资道路。通过资产证券化,发展房地产投资信托基金（REITs）则是当前可优先选择的模式。REITs可以拓宽房企的融资渠道和广大投资者的投资渠道,有利于促进房地产开发企业向商业地产转型。政府应尽快明确REITs的合法地位;加快培育优质商业资源;公开市场交易,促进多元化投资主体的形成。     

基于系统动力学的房地产营销长鞭效应研究

结合我国房地产业发展现状,本文从需求预测偏差、价格波动和房地产开发的价值链5个方面论述了房地产营销长鞭效应的成因,探讨了对房地产营销长鞭效应进行预警和调控的理论分析与措施。