Tourism in Scotland—under new management

Scotland's tourism product has its own national identity which is derived from the distinctive character of the country's climate, culture, tradition, and industrial and social history. In this report John Stuart, Director of External Relations at the Scottish Tourist Board, describes the new techniques that have been devised to manage the tourism industry in Scotland and promote its product in the UK and overseas.     

关于乡村旅游、农业旅游与民俗旅游的几点辨析

目前,乡村旅游、农业旅游与民俗旅游越来越受到我国旅游业界和学界的关注,但是,包括研究论文、会议发言和旅游规划中的片面理解不仅相当普遍,而且也正在传播.本文作者认为,如果业界、学界能够更广泛的注目业态实践,并在此前人们已有研究的基础上进行更深入的研究,则将有可能对乡村旅游、农业旅游与民俗旅游的理论和实践产生更加积极的作用.本文的几点内容,就是作者试图根据自己近20年的接触对乡村旅游、农业旅游、民俗旅游所做的一点个人的诠释和辨析.     

Tourism and wellbeing

Wellbeing has been a philosophical and sociological concern since the beginning of time, and research has extended over time to disciplines such as psychology, health sciences and economics to name just a few. Tourism studies has also become more focused on wellbeing in the last few decades, both from a theoretical and methodological perspective. After examining the philosophical background of wellbeing from different perspectives, the paper takes a closer look at how these frameworks can inform tourism research and practices. It explores the relationship between diverse terminologies and perspectives as well as the ways in which hedonic and eudaimonic wellbeing can be derived through tourism experiences. A spectrum and a model are proposed which outline the relationship between various types of wellbeing, tourism and activities.     

Tourism and conservation

Assessing the impact of tourism on environment is notoriously difficult, and is often hindered by emotional factors or considerations of private interest. Further, data on tourist movements and volumes, particularly on internal tourist movements, and on impact itself, are scarce. It is thus difficult to provide any overview of the environmental impacts of tourists, whether in one country or worldwide. This article examines these relationships so far as data allow, largely within the framework of the UK experience.     

旅游的"符号化"与符号化旅游 --对旅游及旅游开发的符号学审视

旅游的过程是一种符号化的过程.伴随着旅游的大众化和普遍化,旅游符号表象化的危机在悄然滋生并不断加剧.本文运用符号学理论对旅游活动和旅游开发的全过程进行了全面的审视,指出符号化旅游是解决旅游的"符号化"的一把钥匙.借用"前台"、"后台"理论,文章提出了旅游目的地的舞台化空间与文化保护性空间的旅游规划设计及旅游活动模式,为原生文化的演绎及保护提供了理论依据,找到了游客旅游体验及游客行为规范的模式.     

旅游信用、人力资本与旅游产业发展

传统的产业经济学理论主要注重经济因素而较少注重社会因素对产业发展的影响.本文构建了基于信用资本、人力资本的产业经济增长模型,研究旅游信用资本、人力资本与区域旅游经济发展之间的影响机制,并以中国29个省市,东、中、西部不同省份的面板数据,对旅游业人力资本、信用资本积累与旅游业发展之间影响机制进行了实证检验.结果表明,私人生产性的教育消费支出和公共教育支出总体上促进了旅游业人力资本积累;旅游业人力资本积累相对于政府培育信用资本的公共支出更加有利于促进旅游业信用资本积累;信用资本对中国旅游业发展产生了积极影响,但这些影响存在较大的地区差异性.该研究为促进中国旅游业信用资本、人力资本积累与区域旅游经济的协调发展提供了理论基础.     

What are wilderness areas for? Tourism and political ecologies of wilderness uses and management in the Anthropocene

ABSTRACT

In global imaginaries, wilderness areas are considered to represent the last parts of “original” nature, untouched by civilization and modernization. In most cases, this is misleading as wilderness environments have been exploited, explored and also converted into administrative units in various protected area networks. Indeed, most wilderness areas have been a part of human–environment interactions for a long time and they have been influenced and modified in that interaction. As a result, wilderness is constitutively a cultural and politically loaded idea. While the Western notion of wilderness as a place where “man himself is a visitor who doesn't remain” represents the global hegemonic conservation thinking, it does not necessarily work with different local realities, meanings and use values of “the wild”. In addition, in recent decades, the tourism industry has placed an increasing interest on nature-based and adventure tourism products creating new kinds of ideas and use needs for the remaining wilderness environments. This paper analyzes empirically how wilderness environments and their roles are seen in the context of new and traditional anthropogenic uses and meanings of wilderness areas. More specifically, the paper uses a political ecology approach to evaluate the use and management priorities in the Finnish Wilderness system.     

Tourism trends and the business cycle : Tourism in recession

This paper outlines the nature of the current economic recession in the USA. It discusses the impact of the recession on tourism volume, travel-generated employment, and travel prices. It presents data from the Data Center's monthly National Travel Survey on how individual types of travel and types of travellers are adjusting to the overall decline in economic activity. Finally, conclusions are presented to help planners, marketers and policymakers deal more effectively with future recessions. This paper forms part of a more general study; a similar discussion of travel in periods of economic recovery is planned for later publication.