电信主导运营商价格压榨的竞争效应

在纵向相关市场结构下,电信在位主导运营商的价格压榨行为是一种恢复纵向垄断市场势力和获取纵向一体最大化垄断利润的策略性行为,它会严重伤害下游市场的竞争,并降低社会总福利。在反垄断执法中,判定反竞争的价格压榨行为需要分析市场结构条件和进行竞争伤害检验,本文提出了基础的归因检验规则和具体的四种不同类型价格压榨检验方法。基于上述分析,对中国电信和中国联通网络接入价格歧视行为反垄断审查的结构条件和归因检验进行了分析,并认为不合理接入管制政策是价格压榨长期存在的重要原因。     

论买方垄断势力下跨国公司对当地配套企业的纵向压榨

在通过吸收外来投资发展当地配套企业的新工业化道路中，处于价值链下游的跨国公司利用买方垄断势力对当地配套企业的纵向压榨．可能使后者失去生存空间。本文构建了一个简单的纵向压榨模型．并以苏州IT产业中台资企业对当地配套企业的纵向压榨为例．分析了影响跨国公司纵向压榨的因素．认为纵向压榨起因于跨国公司的买方垄断势力和双方市场势力的严重不对等。而采取相应措施形成抵消性的市场势力，是避免当地配套企业被纵向压榨的重要手段。     

纵向结构特性与电煤价格形成机制

近年来,煤电矛盾始终困扰着相关产业与政府,其实质是未能构建起有效的电煤价格形成机制。本文分析了四种典型纵向结构下的价格机制,并在此基础上分析了我国煤电产业链价格机制失效的原因。本文提出了煤电产业链整体规制的观点,并构建了整体规制框架,讨论了电煤基准价格、上网电价与销售电价之间的关系,以及煤电一体化对电煤价格形成的影响。本文认为,基于现实背景,以电价倒推来确定电煤基准价格并对电煤价格实施区间规制,应可作为近期内解决煤电矛盾的可行方案。     

纵向价格双轨制:“电荒”的经济分析与出路

本文发展了纵向价格双轨制理论,分析了中国近年来连续出现的煤、电冲突,模拟了电荒或电力缺口并解释其产生原因。理论分析和实证研究取得了一致性结论。在此基础上,提出了稳定煤炭市场,改革电力市场的纵向政策调整思路。本文的研究思路和基本结论也适用于油荒、粮荒和房荒问题。     

煤电一体化与内部转移价格规制

近年来,煤电矛盾是我国经济运行中的一个焦点问题。在众多的关于煤电矛盾治理的机制中．煤电纵向一体化被认为是一种可取的组织形式,国家相关的产业政策管理部门也表示出支持和鼓励煤电一体化的倾向。煤电一体化使电力企业可以直接控制煤炭的生产、能够获得稳定和灵活的供应来源。相对于其他的纵向交易模式,一体化避免了契约的违约风险,有利于节约市场交易成本。但是,一个现实的问题是．在目前上网电价仍然是政府按照成本定价的原则核定的情况下,对于煤电一体化的发电企业,政府如何来衡量其发电成本,进而确定上网电价？很显然,一体化的煤电企业要将煤炭的成本转移到受规制的电价上．     

企业纵向一体化和纵向分解的经济解释

能够影响企业的生产成本、组织成本、交易成本和中间品购买价格的一切因素,都可能对企业的纵向一体化--纵向分解决策产生重要影响,因此,为强调某因素而把其它因素看成可忽略因素的一切理论模型,都是难免被证伪的.     

对水务公司进行经济监管的国际惯例

目前我国很多地方政府决定将一向由国有资本垄断的公用事业向外资和民营资本开放,这增加了公用事业的融资渠道,但同时也带来了监管的压力,本文探讨国际上对水务公司监管的理论,文中详细分析了监管的原因,市场结构,规则制定及机构的选择。     

价格监管的激励模式

电力市场化改革就是在电力系统中引入市场机制,通过价格、供求、竞争的优胜劣汰实现资源的优化配置,带动社会经济的可持续发展。而电力产业的放松管制改革则是将具有自然垄断性的业务与不具有自然垄断性的业务分开。国务院颁布的《电力体制改革方案》明确提出,在发电侧和零售侧充分引入竞争,对处于垄断地位的输配电环节加强网络接入监管、价格监管以及安全、环保和普遍服务等非经济性内容的社会监管。价格监管是监管机构最重要的一项任务,必须制定发电、输电、配电和售电的定价规则,保证其成本合理,能为消费者所接受。不仅要使被监管的垄断…     

发电企业参与竞价上网后的价格风险管理初探

随着电力市场化改革的深入和厂网分开、竞价上网的逐步实施,电力企业参与到激烈的市场竞争中去,将面临着价格风险。本文借鉴国际上电力期货市场运作的经验,对在我国电力市场中使用电力期货合约作为价格风险管理工具的可行性作了初步的探讨。     

价格检验在相关市场界定中的实证运用——对茅台、五粮液垄断案的再思考

相关市场界定是反垄断执法工作的重要步骤。《反垄断法》实施6年多来,执法部门一直面临市场界定的难题。价格检验法是相关市场界定的重要方法之一,它对数据要求低、操作简单,可以作为市场界定的最佳初步分析为其他方法提供有效补充。本文使用2010年1月到2013年8月七个知名白酒品牌城市价格面板数据,对2013年初茅台、五粮液垄断案所涉及的相关产品市场和相关地域市场界定进行了定量分析。本文使用了多种检验方法,建立综合量化评价体系,以避免单一检验所导致的错误市场界定。本文发现,53度茅台和52度五粮液等超高端品牌酒构成一个反垄断相关市场,其地域市场为全国性市场。本文的结论不仅对茅台、五粮液垄断案提供(事后)支持,对中国白酒行业将来可能出现的垄断行为,也提供反垄断执法基础工作的支持。本文所采用的研究方法为使用价格检验法在其他领域的相关市场界定提供了有益参考。     

Price Dispersion on the Internet: Good Firms and Bad Firms

Internet firms charge a wide range of prices for homogeneous products, and high-priced firms remain high-priced and low-priced firms remain low-priced over long periods. One explanation is that high-price firms are charging a premium for superior service. An alternative, price-dispersion explanation is that firms vary the prices for informed and uniformed consumers (Salop and Stiglitz, 1977) or serious shoppers and others (Wilde and Schwartz, 1979). The pricing pattern for a digital camera and a flatbed scanner is consistent with the price-dispersion model and inconsistent with the service-premium hypothesis.     

Spatial Price Discrimination with Heterogeneous Firms

In this paper we aim to explain intuitively heterogeneous firms’ optimal location decisions in a simple spatial market. To do so, we present and solve a four‐stage game of entry, location, pricing and consumption in a spatial price discrimination framework with arbitrarily many heterogeneous firms. We provide a unique equilibrium outcome without imposing restrictions on the distribution of marginal costs across firms.     

Upstream Competition between Vertically Integrated Firms

We propose a model of two‐tier competition between vertically integrated firms and unintegrated downstream firms. We show that, even when integrated firms compete in prices to offer a homogeneous input, the Bertrand logic may collapse, and the input may be priced above marginal cost in equilibrium. These partial foreclosure equilibria are more likely to exist when downstream competition is fierce or when unintegrated downstream competitors are relatively inefficient. We discuss the impact of several regulatory tools on the competitiveness of the wholesale market.     

发展中小企业：未来社会稳定最重大的战略

中小企业发展,将是一个重大战略。中小企业在未来的１０年中能不能有一个超常规的发展,是一件关系人民能否安居乐业、政治社会能否稳定繁荣、经济能否持续增长的重大问题。     

Upstream-Downstream Specialization by Integrated Firms in a Partially Integrated Industry

We propose a simple model of a partially integrated industry which explicitly takes into account persistent production cost differences across upstream firms, such as one might observe in natural resource industries. The model allows us to highlight the respective roles of strategic considerations and of cost considerations in the determination of an integrated firm's interaction with the non-integrated sector of the industry and, in the end, on its relative upstream-downstream specialization. Some crude stylized facts from the world oil industry are used to motivate and illustrate the analysis.     

Optimal Pricing Strategy in the Case of Price Dispersion: New Evidence from the Tokyo Housing Market

We adopt a multistage search model, in which the home seller's reservation price is determined by her or his opportunity cost, search cost, discount rate and additional market parameters. The model indicates that a greater dispersion in offer prices leads to higher reservation and optimal asking prices. A unique dataset from the Tokyo condominium resale market enables us to test those modeled hypotheses. Empirical results indicate that a one percentage point increase in the standard deviation of submarket transaction prices results in a two‐tenths of a percent increase in the initial asking price and in the final transaction price. Increases in the dispersion of market prices enhance the probabilities of a successful transaction and/or an accelerated sale.     

The Optimal Mortgage Payment Path Under Price Uncertainty

It has been shown that in a world of certainty, individuals with rising income streams will choose a graduated payment mortgage over the standard flat payment mortgage. The present paper extends this analysis by introducing uncertainty about future inflation rates. We show that the risk-averse individual, when faced with uncertainty, will choose a less graduated payment path than in the certainty situation. While not conclusive, the analysis may cast some doubt on the suboptimality of the standard flat payment mortgage.     

An Optimal Strategy for Capacity Expansion

A mathematical model is developed for determining the optimal sequence of expansions for a processing industry. The demand for the output is increasing over time at a geometric rate. The economic objective is minimization of the present worth of the total system cost to meet this growing demand. The cost includes the expenditure for development and operation of local plants and the cost of importing products when the supply from these plants is not adequate to meet the demand.

For illustrative purposes the model is applied to find the expansion strategy for the primary aluminum industry in Argentina.