促进就业：德国劳动力市场改革

自2003年始,德国推行了一系列劳动力市场改革措施。改革的取向,是放松劳动力市场管制从而增强就业灵活性。为此,德国政治家和经济学人做了大量社会动员工作。在理论上,强调向有关社会市场经济制度的基本思想回返,将就业安全性与灵活性相结合。在政策设计中,对劳动和社会保障管理系统实行“去官僚化”改造,变革社会救助和失业保险条例,激励失业者从事灵活就业。同时,辅之以对人力资本的大规模公共投资,并以就业目标为导向．在职业培训和中介领域引入竞争机制。在经济整体向好的形势下,德国改革取得了就业形式多样化和失业率下降的成果。这其中的理论和制度创新,值得中国决策者和公众借鉴。     

河北省劳动力市场灵活性和保障性协调发展的对策研究——基于欧盟灵活保障模式

欧盟劳动力市场灵活保障模式通过灵活性和保障性的有机结合,实现了劳动力市场效率与公平的统一,创造了"就业奇迹"。在分析河北省劳动力市场灵活性和保障性现状的基础上,结合欧盟劳动力市场灵活保障模式的经验,有针对性地提出了河北省劳动力市场灵活性和保障性协调发展的对策。     

试论劳动力市场

一、当前我国劳动力市场的概况和存在的主要问题改革开放以来 ,我国劳动力市场有了很大发展。市场对新增就业人员的一部分已开始发挥配置作用 ,但目前劳动力市场还是局部的和小范围的。全国性的统一开放的劳动力市场还没有形成 ,劳动力的流动仍然受到种种限制 ,市场调节劳动力资源配置的作用还没有充分发挥出来。目前劳动力市场存在的主要问题是 :1 国有企事业单位经营管理者的用工自主权仍受很多条件的限制。改革开放以来 ,我们对原来的劳动工资制度已经做了不少的改革和调整 ,但是 ,这些改革和调整基本上还是在原来体制的基础上进行的 ,大…     

政策动态

国家计委将取消限制劳动力流动的政策据国家发展计划委员会透露，未来５年，我国将在继续控制人口数量和完善社会保障制度的基础上，取消各种限制劳动力合理流动的政策规定，积极促进就业。国家计委目前编制完成的《国家经济和社会发展第十个五年计划人口、就业和社会保障重点专项规划》提出，我国将通过改革户籍制度和社会保障制度创新，在东部有条件的省市和经济较发达地区，逐步推进城乡劳动力市场一体化。根据规划，我国将建立劳动就业登记制度，每个社会成员都将拥有惟一的社会保障号码，并建立个人工资账户和社会保障账户。国家经贸委…     

我国社会保障制度对就业的影响

就业和社会保障是现代社会的基本问题,社会保障制度为劳动力市场的平稳运行提供保障,二者紧密相连。我国的社会保障制度基础、失业保险支出方向、社会保障面和社会保障水平、社会保障范围均对就业产生不利影响。     

加入WTO对中国工业就业的影响及对策

“入世”对我国工业就业的影响更主要地体现在调整就业结构，转换就业体制和发育劳动力市场等方面。中国要采取积极政策措施弱化“入世”对工业就业的冲击，通过深入改革调整就业结构，通过完善社会保障制度和实施积极劳动政策健全劳动力市场体系，通过激励创业扩大就业，使“入世”成为第国调整工业就业结构，健全劳动力市场体系的促进力量。     

瑞典劳动力市场政策对完善我国失业保险制度的启示

随着社会和经济的不断发展,失业保障在维持下岗失业人员的基本生活、促进就业和维护社会稳定等方面作用越来越大。但是在发展过程中暴露的问题也日趋严峻,如果不尽快采取有效措施,则必将影响到社会保障体系乃至劳动力市场的健康发展。本文以瑞典劳动力市场政策的成功实施为借鉴,通过失业保险的途径激励失业者再就业,从而进一步完善我国的失业保险制度。     

改革人事制度 合理配置劳动力

改革人事制度合理配置劳动力兰州炼油化工总厂１９９３年，兰州炼油化工总厂为进一步深化企业内部劳动用工制度改革，促进厂内劳动力的合理流动，实现劳动力与生产资料的合理配置，开办了职业介绍所性质的厂内劳动力市场，在厂内人员调配中引入了市场机制。厂内劳动力市场...     

浅析我国高校毕业生的就业成本

近几年，我国劳动力市场上出现了劳动力总量过剩与劳动力结构性短缺的双重现象，作为高素质劳动力的大学毕业生也未能幸免。一方面，众多大学毕业生滞留人才市场，另一方面，人力资本的短缺仍旧是经济发展的瓶颈。面对日益严峻的就业压力，众多毕业生为顺利就业，投入了大量的人力、物力、财力，就业成本一年高过一年，给学生的学习、生活造成了极大影响。同时众多大学毕业生滞留社会，也给社会带来了不稳定因素。探讨大学生就业成本居高不下的原因，通过完善劳动力市场和高校毕业生就业工作机制，提高大学生就业率，降低就业成本，成为政府、社会工作者和高校学生教育管理工作者的共同课题。     

如何正确引入劳动力市场价位

引入劳动力市场价位，充分发挥劳动力资源配置的基础作用，进一步搞活企业内部分配制度改革，是建立现代企业制度的要求。文章作者在阐述了引入劳动力市场价位重要性的基础上，重点论述了引入劳动力市场价位的主要内容。     

The Unexpected Appearance of a New German Model

Most Continental European labour markets and welfare states have experienced a substantial transformation. Germany is a case in point as it exhibits increasing levels of employment and a growing share of low pay and non‐standard work. The article claims that changes in labour market institutions play a major role, but changes in industrial relations at the sectoral level and individual firms' staffing practices are equally important. Regarding labour market institutions, the pattern found in Germany shows sequences of reforms addressing the margins of the labour market and contributing to a growing dualization of employment. This dualization trend was reinforced by micro‐level dynamics in industrial relations and company employment practices, where we can observe growing reliance on mechanisms of internal flexibility for the skilled core workforce and increasing use of non‐standard types of employment in less specifically skilled occupations, in particular in the private service sector. Hence, the adjustment of the German model can only be understood by taking into account the interaction of policy change and actors' adaptive behaviour.     

The Swedish Model: Relevant for Other European Countries?

By the late 1970s, supply-side theory had become something of a new economic orthodoxy. From the supply-side perspective, labour market inflexibility explains mass unemployment. In this context the presumably greater flexibility of the labour market in the USA was seen as an explanation of its superior employment record relative to European economies. Unlike most European countries, Sweden, which is highly regulated, does reasonably well in employment terms. The authors conclude that the Swedish model has proved its value with regard to labour market policy, especially with regard to the duration of unemployment, and that the Swedish model still contains relevant characteristics for other European countries. Active labour market policy is a way out of the unemployment trap. The active labour market policy may serve as an alternative for deregulation in order to augment the flexibility of the labour market.     

Labour Market Dualism and Diversification in Japan

The Japanese labour market has been regarded as ‘dualistic’ in terms of employment status (regular vs non‐regular). While it is true, this perspective misses recent changes in regular employment in terms of labour flexibility. The government has attempted labour market deregulation since the 1990s to increase the flexibility of not only non‐regular but also regular employment, and the labour market has become more diversified. Labour unions lack power resources to resist these neoliberal changes, however, because of their insufficient access to policy‐making, low union density and a lack of solidarity against the background of economic stagnation and competition under globalization.     

Common Agricultural Policy effects on dynamic labour use in agriculture

The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of direct payments and rural development measures of the EU’s Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) on employment in agriculture. We work with a dynamic labour demand equation augmented by the full set of policy instruments of the CAP, which is estimated on a panel dataset of 69 East German regions. We present results for four estimators which differ in how they eliminate the fixed effects and how they address the endogeneity of the lagged dependent variable. The results suggest that there were few desirable effects on job maintenance in agriculture. While there is some indication that investment subsidies have halted labour shedding on farms, a rise in the general wage level reduced labour use in agriculture. Changes in direct payments had no employment effects. Generally, labour adjustment exhibits a strong path dependency.     

Delivering Flexibility: Contrasting Patterns in the French and the UK Food Processing Industry

This article provides a comparative analysis of changes in numerical and functional labour flexibility in the French and the UK food processing industry. Based upon case study data, it explores the interaction between competitive pressures and institutional and regulatory structures and their impact on workplace practices. The findings indicate that, faced with a similar competitive environment, firms in both countries have sought to increase labour flexibility. However, the predominant forms of flexibility vary across the two countries, partly reflecting the characteristics of national labour market institutions. Numerical flexibility dominates in the UK, with high levels of paid overtime and temporary agency work. In contrast, French workplaces rely more on internal functional flexibility while also achieving numerical flexibility through seasonal variations in work schedules and a wide range of short‐term employment contracts.     

There is power in a union? Union members' preferences and the conditional effect of labour unions on left parties in different welfare state programmes

This article studies the effect of labour unions on policy-making in six different parts of the welfare state (passive and active labour market policy, employment protection, old-age pensions, health care and education) in OECD countries after 1980 with a two-level strategy: At the micro-level, we investigate union members’ preferences. Ordered logit regression analyses indicate that union members favour generous social policies more strongly than non-members. Moreover, this effect is stronger for programmes closely related to the labour market than for programmes without a strong labour market link. At the macro-level, we investigate the conditional effect of unions on left parties expecting the former to push the left towards more generous labour market-related (but not towards less-labour market-related) programmes. Regression analyses essentially provide evidence for such a relationship. Overall, unions have been powerful in promoting their members’ social policy preferences via left parties in government but their power is recently vanishing.     

Flexibility in Japanese internal labour markets: The introduction of performance-related pay

The introduction of performance-related pay by Japanese firms, a development known as seikashugi, stands out as the most important adjustment in their management of regular employees. This paper discusses this development and analyses its implications for the logic of Japanese employment practices. Previous analyses and developments in other countries suggest that it could imply a breakdown of the internal labour market, a key feature of Japanese employment practices. However, drawing on theories of institutional change and two studies among Japanese firms in 2002 and 2007, this paper argues that implications have been modest in spite of the appearance of convergence. Enabled by its flexibility and a continued support for the practice of lifetime employment, the Japanese internal labour market has assimilated performance-related pay and shaped its own transformation.     

New Technology in West Germany: the employment debate

In view of high unemployment, one major issue of concern within the German population is the impact of new technology on the labour market. This article examines the problem of determining and predicting effects of technological change on employment and discusses the development of job structure, work organisation and skill requirements.     

New Labour's Reform of Britain's Employment Law: The Devil is not only in the Detail but in the Values and Policy Too

The Labour government's goal of social partnership embodies a particular view of the appropriate role of labour within the employment relationship, which requires the marginalization of trade unionism as an autonomous force. Its programme of employment law reform combines a dual focus: first, the reaffirmation of measures that weaken workers' collective power through the exclusion of autonomous trade unionism, and second, initiatives to regulate the labour market, strengthen workers' rights within the employment relationship, and include enterprise‐confined, cooperative unions as subordinate 'partners'. However, the second policy dimension has been diluted because of the commitment to free‐market values.     

Flexibilization at the Core to Reduce Labour Market Dualism: Evidence from the Spanish Case

Institutionalist explanations of the high non‐standard employment rate in the Spanish labour market have pointed to the relevance of flexibilization at the margin, that is, the deregulation of non‐standard jobs. Using Spanish social security micro data, we find evidence that the liberalization reforms of 2010 and 2012 had flexibilization at their core, that is, greater instability due to open‐ended and full‐time contracts (erosion of employment protection) and a rise in turnover among periphery workers, increasing the segregation gap. We conclude that there is a high level of deregulation and simultaneous dualization due to the combination of flexibilization at the margin (until 2008) and the core (2010–2012).