金融科技如何影响银行业竞争

金融科技的产业化发展给商业银行和银行业竞争格局带来了显著而深远的影响。本文利用2011—2016年全国31个省份的经济金融面板数据,通过构建空间计量模型实证检验金融科技对于地区银行业竞争的影响。研究结果显示,金融科技对于地区银行业竞争的影响存在显著的空间地理效应和产业竞争效应。其中,金融科技的空间地理效应主要体现为显著的空间依赖效应,而金融科技的产业竞争效应则主要来源于“市场挤出”和“技术溢出”两个作用渠道。研究结论对于如何通过金融科技促进银行业有效竞争,促进商业银行更好地发挥服务实体经济功能具有重要意义。     

Hat Deutschland ein Marktmachtproblem?

The long-term development of market power and business concentration is attracting considerable international attention. This is being driven by an intersectoral increase in market power — particularly in the USA but also in other countries — as observed in current empirical research. This is seen as a cause for macroeconomic developments. The Monopolies Commission — which has the mandate in Germany to report on business concentration — concluded in its current report that although the concentration of turnover in Germany has recently been relatively constant, the price-cost markups of companies have risen significantly after the crisis. In addition, indirect corporate links via institutional investors represent a potential competition problem.     

Upgrading and Competitiveness Within the Export Manufacturing Industry in Central America,Mexico, and the Dominican Republic

The competitiveness of the export manufacturing industry (EMI) in Central America, Mexico, and the Dominican Republic has been significantly eroded by increasing competition from Asian countries in the past decade. This paper examines technological upgrading strategies followed by export-oriented manufacturing firms that operate under various investment attraction and export promotion schemes such as maquila and free zones in order to face the increasing Asian competition. In particular, it aims to study why the strategies followed in the two main sectors of the EMI—electronics and apparel—have had significantly different impacts on export competitiveness. Although the empirical evidence shows that both sectors have mainly followed process upgrading strategies, and to a lesser extent functional and inter-sectoral upgrading, the type of governance of the global value chain, sector-specific characteristics, and corporate strategies help explain their diverging impacts on competitiveness.     

我国企业价格合谋的博弈论分析

随着市场竞争日益加剧,我国企业应从价格合谋的现象出发,运用库诺特——纳什均衡及伯川德——纳什均衡模型分析我国的企业合谋行为,指出企业合谋行为失败的原因在于企业技术创新能力不足和企业价格竞争行为的非理性。     

Entrepreneurship and strategic thinking in business ecosystems

Success in business ecosystems that include well-established companies and new ventures requires collaboration and competition, a task that demands strategic thinking to leverage a firm's resources and capabilities. Strategic thinking and the entrepreneurial activities in an ecosystem influence one another in a cycle that perpetuates and even sparks innovation. These interactions vary significantly across four types of business ecosystems—Orchestra, Creative Bazaar, Jam Central, and MOD Station—and determine the success and failures of new ventures and established companies. The nature and effect of the dynamic interactions in a business ecosystem can have profound implications for organizational success.     

论企业竞争力——基于企业文化的视角

在日益激烈的市场竞争中,企业的生存与发展不仅受到其科技力、经济力等“硬性竞争力”的影响,企业的“软性竞争力”——企业文化,更因其独特的功能对企业的经营发挥着巨大的作用,成为最核心的竞争力。企业文化竞争力的构建思路应从理念、制度、战略等方面考虑,创建的进程应从内在到外在,从短期到长远,从微观到宏观循序渐进,再将各种相关方案的实施落到实处,确保文化竞争发挥实质性的效用。     

Does Legal Tradition Affect Competition Policy Performance?

During the early 1990's, in the early days of the worldwide competition policy boom, Spencer Waller and Joshua Newberg argued that difficulties inherent in grafting common law concepts—such as antitrust—onto non common law traditions would undermine the administration of competition law in non common law tradition countries. Recent independent survey data on the performance of competition programs in 102 nations shows deplorable differences in performance, lending some weight to the Waller-Newberg thesis.

This article tests whether differences in legal tradition contributes to the observed variance in competition agency performance.

A careful understanding of the influence of legal tradition and other factors underscoring the relevance, shortcomings and problems of competition policy performance are useful for determining whether competition programs should be at all reproduced elsewhere, whether they should be modified prior to adoption or whether they should be adopted verbatim. Familiarity with performance factors is also useful both for program administration and program sequencing. Comparative examinations of competition programs enable decision-makers to properly allocate resources and to address policy issues.

The estimated model is a two-stage least-squares cross-section analysis between competition policy performance and various control variables, including the presence of a common law tradition. Limitations on the availability of control and instrumental variables, reduces the data set from 102 to 82 nations.

Succinctly, after accounting for other explanatory variables such as gross domestic product per capita, foreign direct investment, imports, physical size, the level of corruption, and national experience with a modern antitrust law, one can attribute statistical significance to historical legal tradition as established by the Waller-Newberg hypothesis.     

Local Authorities and the Marketing of Leisure Services

In the past, local authorities have attempted with varying degrees of success to fill a need for leisure activities amongst the community each serves. Of late, there have been two significant trends facing the operation of these activities — first, the increasing competition, particularly from the private sector, in the provision of leisure services and second, a reduction in public resources to provide them. This article shows how, by adopting a more customer-orientated approach, the twin problems may be tackled to the benefit of both the authority and the community.     

Legitimierung,oder das demokratische Dilemma der Euro-Rettungspolitik

European policies imposed in the euro crisis have disabled democratic policy choices at the national level, while the present European euro-rescuing regime lacks democratic legitimacy. But policy choices might now become politicised in the Europe-wide competition of partisan candidates for the Presidency of the European Commission. In that case, voters might indeed be mobilised for or against radically opposed policy options — the continuation of the present austerity regime and the move to a transfer union. The risk is, however, that the escalation of transnational conflict might further divide rather than democratise Europe.     

Language and visual imagery: Issues of corporate identity in East Asia

East Asian companies are increasingly positioning themselves as international players, carrying their corporate and brand identities across East Asia and beyond. Companies in the U.S. and Europe have, meanwhile, sought to compete for business in East Asia, with regionally targeted marketing campaigns of their own. The author points out that corporate identity—the names and symbols that businesses use to represent them in East Asia—must be defined differently than in the West in order to appeal to regional clients and customers. Faced with tough competition in terms of quality and cost, managers of corporate identity must be sensitive to linguistic and cultural factors in order to sell their products. This article summarizes the author's research on the linguistic and cultural factors pertinent to naming and visual identity issues and illustrates how strong sales in East Asia can be partially attributed to an appreciation of these factors     

旅游业的整合营销

旅游业的竞争日益激烈 ,在新的竞争环境中 ,我国的旅游业要想获得长远发展 ,就应该充分利用自身资源 ,运用先进的营销理念———整合营销 ,做到资源的合理利用 ,从而提高旅游业的整体营销水平 ,实行可持续发展。     

Vier Jahre Eurokrise: Wege zu neuem Systemvertrauen

Political gridlock, violations of European law and inconsistent political communication have turned the euro crisis into a crisis of confidence in public policy. To re-establish trust in the system, Europe needs a comprehensive approach consisting of three elements. First, rules can invigorate societies if they provide for cross-border competition in a revived single market and abstain from top-down provisions. Second, new growth perspectives — e.g. by reassigning major parts of the EU budget — can enhance the selfconfidence of societies. And finally, a pan-European debate on common goals and values can help answer the essential question of Europe’s sense and purpose. As the euro can only ever enjoy as much trust as the institutions governing the euro area, the solution of the European confidence crisis is crucial to the fate of the common currency.     

The economics of partnership sourcing versus adversarial competition: a critique

In the strategic procurement management literature two general forms of purchasing arrangement feature—‘partnership sourcing’ and ‘competition’. Usually partnership sourcing is said to be superior because it leads to long-term collaboration based on trust between buyer and supplier. One product is a reduction of the supplier base with firms perhaps relying on a single source of supply or a small number of preferred suppliers. The paper reconsiders procurement methods in terms of a continuum using the economics of transaction costs. The paper then illustrates the economic issues discussed by considering procurement in the defence sector. Defence is taken as an example of public procurement with experience and opportunities for competition, partnership sourcing and long-term buyer-supplier relationships. The paper concludes that the case for partnership sourcing over competition is not clear cut.     

Equilibrium parallel import policies and international market structure

In a North–South vertically differentiated duopoly we analyze (i) the effects of parallel import (PI) policies on price competition and (ii) the interdependence of national PI policies. Prices can be higher in the North if both countries permit PIs relative to when only the South does. If governments maximize national welfare and demand asymmetry across countries is sufficiently large, the North forbids PIs to ensure its firm sells in the South and international price discrimination — the South's most preferred market outcome — obtains. When demand structures are relatively similar across countries, the North permits PIs and uniform pricing — its most preferred outcome — results.     

SA8000对企业的影响和对策

企业社会责任的提出是社会生产和历史发展的必然产物,企业社会标准———SA8000是企业参与国际市场竞争的入场证,对我国企业的生存和发展有很大影响,必须高度重视和积极应对。企业应是一个负有社会责任的经济主体,企业既要讲求经济效益,又要履行道德义务,承担社会责任,在提高产品和服务质量的同时,努力树立企业良好的社会形象。     

Disrupting the consultants: Could the advisers use some advice?

Management consulting is a relatively new profession. Such consulting firms have become revered as thought‐leading think tanks and cutting‐edge research organizations. Yet, as they teach their clients to grow, thrive, and innovate, is it possible that top management consulting firms are being disrupted themselves? Even the most seemingly unassailable businesses fall victim to disruption, while others benefit from it to enjoy tremendous growth. Top consultancies are keenly aware of rising competition from emerging‐market information technology firms. Therefore, many have taken countermeasures such as expanding their operations in emerging markets and designing outsourcing strategies to mitigate cost gaps. Time will tell if these efforts prove successful. This article attempts to illustrate how the business of consulting is—after all—a business itself that is subject to the forces and perils therein. Top consultants would be well advised to confront disruption head on, rather than robotically focusing up‐market or silently hoping themselves immune. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Professional Occupations,Knowledge-Driven Firms,and Entrepreneurship: A National and Regional Analysis

The worldwide dominance of Western nations in commercial knowledge-intensive services has declined between 1995 and 2010, but the slippage in revenue was only from 88 to 79 percent. The European Union and North America remain the two largest regions in consumption and in exporting. Four professional service sectors—accounting, law, engineering, and management consultancy—have shown stability or even growth in the past decade. Entry and expansion requirements in these fields, at home and abroad, constitute barriers for both individual professionals and companies. Entrepreneurship is evident in these sectors, as small and medium size enterprises have maintained their viability against large firms. Only accountancy shows a high degree of concentration, but competition in this sector, too, is expected from the emerging economies, especially China. Professional service firms of the West have forged strong linkages with both domestic and foreign clients via relationship marketing. Technology is an important factor via automation. Although each of the four sectors is facing both external and internal challenges, they continue to grow and appear to be meeting the challenges in part by more innovation and transparency.     

Risk,Liability, and Monopoly

The paper explores a monopolist's safety and output choices when there are potentially large-scale claims that can lead to firm insolvency. Analysis of a monopolized market yields different conclusions than models of rule choice where perfect competition or simple cost-minimization are assumed. The following are shown to be true when consumers do not internalize expected, uncompensated hazard costs: (1) potentially insolvent firms may make more efficient safety and output choices than fully capitalized firms and (2), for any level of capitalization, compliance with a negligence rule—where liabilities are removed—may in fact result in less output and safety than under strict liability, where hazard costs are at least partially internalized. When consumers fully discount risks, a negligence rule dominates strict liability because it allows for less costly, credible commitments to profit- and welfare-maximizing safety investments. The analysis demonstrates that the optimal legal system—including financial responsibility requirements—is particularly sensitive to market structure and the characteristics of firms’ risk reduction technology     

The big emerging markets

During his tenure as Under Secretary of Commerce, the author was one of the architects of the Clinton administration's Big Emerging Markets policy under Secretary of Commerce Ron Brown. He is now dean of the Yale School of Management. The Clinton policy emerged out of a growing conviction that some ten markets will account for the overwhelming growth potential in world imports, not to mention commensurate growth in economic and political influence around the world. These markets include, in Asia—the Chinese Economic Area (China, Hong Kong and Taiwan), South Korea, Indonesia and India; in Africa—South Africa; in Central Europe—Poland and Turkey; and in Latin America—Mexico, Brazil and Argentina. The administration concluded that, because many of these countries still have important state sectors, and because virtually all are focusing heavily on infrastructure projects that demand the involvement of local governments, U.S. companies need the U.S. government at their side to win a fair hearing. What is more, because of the intensity of foreign competition and the capital demands on these countries, international competitors will be public/private partnerships in which foreign governments provide concessionary financing and aggressive advocacy to support their companies' efforts.This presentation is based on the author's speeches during his tenure as Under Secretary for International Trade of the U.S. Department of Commerce, June 1993 to October 1995.