以企业为龙头 促进林桨纸一体化和林板一体化进程——广西壮族自治区林业局黎梅松局长访谈

2004年,广西林业出现了前所未有的发展好势头,预测实现林业总产值210亿元,同比增长7%,比2000年增加近60亿元。其中林产工业发展尤其蓬勃,人造板生产能力在上年250万m3的基础上,将新增110万m3,预计全年全区人造板产量可突破200万m3,比上年增长30%。木浆造纸略有增长,松脂、松香、松节油等林化产品生产保持稳定,松香松节油深加工产量预计达到5.5万吨,比上年增长22%。作为广西林业的经济支柱,林产工业起到了越来越重要的作用。为此,记者采访了广西壮族自治区林业局黎梅松局长:记者:广西的林产工业近年有了长足的进步,形成了基地与企业同时发展…     

2007年全国林业经济运行情况

2007年我国林业经济运行情况良好,完成荒山荒地造林390.77万hm3,比2006年增加1.87万hm2;林业重点工程完成造林面积268.16万hm2,比2006年减少13.56%;林种结构进一步优化,非公有经济造林成为林业建设的重要力量;林业产业总产值达到1.25万亿元,比2006年增加1881.20亿元,增长17.66%;木材产量为6976.65万m3,为近10年历史最高水平,国内木材供给能力显著增强;林业建设资金实际到位793.68亿元,比2006年增长25.78%,资金到位率为93.15%;全部林业投资完成额达到645.75亿元,比2006年增长30.25%。     

以企业为龙头促进林桨纸一体化和林板一体化进程--广西壮族自治区林业局黎梅松局长访谈

2004年,广西林业出现了前所未有的发展好势头,预测实现林业总产值210亿元,同比增长7%,比2000年增加近60亿元.其中林产工业发展尤其蓬勃,人造板生产能力在上年250万m3的基础上,将新增110万m3,预计全年全区人造板产量可突破200万m3,比上年增长30%.     

“九五”期间我国林业发展状况分析

全面介绍了我国林业发展水平、“九五”计划执行情况及主要成就,分析了“九五”林业发展的主要特点及存在问题,对“九五”林业发展作了初步展望。我国现有林地总面积26329.5万 hm~2,其中森林面积15894.1万 hm~2,森林覆盖率16.55%;现有活立木蓄积量124.9亿 m~3,其中森林蓄积量112.7亿 m~3。“九五”期间,预计完成造林面积2456.6万 hm~2,义务植树96.8亿株,完成绿色通道建设里程12.6万 km;完成木材产量29037万m~3,竹材产量26.5亿根,人造板产量6143万 m~3,主要林产品产量1445万吨;全社会固定资产投资完成452.8亿元;林业第一、第二产业增加值4216.77亿元;年进口额379.77亿美元,原木进口量3261万 m~3,出口额303.98亿美元;林业科技贡献率由“八五”时期的21%提高到“九五”时期的27.3%。     

实施结构调整 强化管理服务 为实现新世纪林业跨越式发展提供有力保障

一、“九五”林业计划财务工作简要回顾“九五”期间,是我国林业发展史上一个极不平凡的时期,林业建设步伐明显加快,支持保障能力显著增强。全国累计造林面积2455万 hm~2,完成计划的107.4%;森林覆盖率提高到16.55%;东北内蒙古国有林区和长江上游黄河上中游地区木材产量3年调减了57%;“九五”期间林业产业总产值达到12946亿元,其中2000年达到3405亿     

适应市场经济 加快产业发展

1．林业产业发展概况河南位于南北气候过渡地带，全省总面积16．7万km2，平原占44．3％，山区占55．7％。改革开放以来，在林业部和河南省委、省政府的领导下，紧紧围绕建立“林业两大体系”的奋斗目标，一手抓资源培育，一手抓产业发展，使全省林业生产走上了持续、快速、健康的发展轨道。平原绿化在1991年全省达标的基础上得到了完善和提高，山区灭荒规划任务基本完成。全省活立木蓄积量达到1．17亿m3，经济林产品达到25．5亿kg。产业建设以种、养、加为突破口，工、商、建、运、服全面发展。到“八五”期末，全省林业系统创办经济实体130…     

黑龙江地方国有林场发展中存在的问题和对策

一、我省地方林业基本情况黑龙江省是林业大省，森林资源丰富，有林地面积和木材产量均居全国首位，是国家重点林区之一。我省地方林业系统经营面积1100多万hm2，占全省林业经营总面积的37．5％，年产商品材160万m3，森林覆盖率46．9％，森林蓄积4．6亿m3。2008年创林业产值250亿元，完成人工造林119万亩，封山育林61万亩。实施林业重点工程以来，国家累计投入40亿元。     

黑龙江地方国有林场发展中存在的问题和对策

一、我省地方林业基本情况黑龙江省是林业大省，森林资源丰富，有林地面积和木材产量均居全国首位，是国家重点林区之一。我省地方林业系统经营面积1100多万hm2，占全省林业经营总面积的37．5％，年产商品材160万m3，森林覆盖率46．9％，森林蓄积4．6亿m3。2008年创林业产值250亿元，完成人工造林119万亩，封山育林61万亩。实施林业重点工程以来，国家累计投入40亿元。     

天上银河 地上金河——内蒙古森工集团金河森工公司转型崛起新跨越

金河森工公司位于内蒙古大兴安岭西北坡根河市境内,行政管理隶属内蒙古大兴安岭林业森工集团始建于1958年,1990年晋升为国家二级企业,是集采运、营林、管护于一体的的国家大型森工企业。森林经营总面积51.723万hm2,活立木总蓄积3811万m3,森林蓄积3609万m3,森林覆盖率90%。现有林业总人口12585人,在岗职工3180人,离退休职工3893人。有18个基层单位,24个职能机构和部门。年木材产量9.97万m3,有40余种原木产品,     

夯实基础 提高水平 为全面推进现代林业建设提供坚实保障

2006年林业计划财务工作取得新的进展,达到了为争取并落实“十一五”开好头、起好步的目标。主要表现在规划突出了亮点,改革和资金落实突出重点,在保障改革、完善制度、加强引导、扩大开放、提高质量等方面有新的举措。2007年林业建设和经济发展的目标与任务是:营造林面积508万hm2,木材产量达10422万m3,实现林业产值10500亿元,主要林产品出口总额达540亿美元。2007年林业计财工作的重点达:组织编制好林业发展规划,做好相关政策的争取和落实工作,统筹安排生产建设计划和各项资金,切实强化项目管理和预算等工程监管,做好林业统计工作,等等。     

Price transmission between products at different stages of manufacturing in forest industries

The theory of demand and supply implies a positive relationship, or “price transmission” between the prices of products at different stages of manufacturing. This relationship was investigated with quarterly prices of softwood stumpage in the US South, and national prices of forest products, from 1977 to 2002. All prices, net of inflation, were found to be nonstationary and there was no evidence of co-integration between prices. Vector autogressive models, augmented by Granger causality tests and multiplier analysis showed that there was a one-to-one permanent positive response of the southern sawtimber stumpage price to a permanent change in the national lumber price. There was also a one-third permanent positive response of the national paper price to a permanent change in the national pulp price. There was no relation between regional pulpwood prices and national pulp or paper prices. When price transmission was significant, the full adjustment took about 2 years.     

Application of an ecosystem function framework to perceptions of community woodlands

Owners, local residents, government, and conservation organisations can express divergent preferences in the development and management of local woodlands. The perceptions of these four groups were examined, in the context of three community woodlands in Eastern England, using an ecosystem function framework. In a pilot study, residents were able to allocate a relative importance to woodland ecosystem services which were then related to “regulation”, “habitat”, and “production” or “information” functions. However residents also placed importance on negative services or “dis-services” associated with the woodland ecosystem. Therefore a fifth category of “dis-services” was included in the main survey which included 84 local residents, three woodland owners, three government institutions, and six representatives from conservation groups. Each of the four groups placed greatest importance on services associated with habitat (16–39% of the total importance) and information (30–50%) functions suggesting, in this example, mutual interest in the use of woodlands as a habitat or recreational resource. By contrast a potential area of difference was the particularly high importance placed by one owner on dis-services such as fly tipping. In addition the woodland owners placed higher importance (10–20%), than local residents and conservation groups (7–9%), on the productive services of the wood. This suggests a need for communication when production-related operations affect recreation. The ecosystem function framework appears to be a useful approach for highlighting potential tensions and areas of mutual interest in the management of semi-natural ecosystems.     

In Vino ‘No’ Veritas: impacts of fraud on wine imports in China

China is one of the largest wine importing countries in the world and is poised for continued import growth in the future. Increased wine purchases throughout China have given rise to persistent fraud where fake wines are packaged and sold with counterfeit contents and labels. For exporting countries like France, counterfeit wines displace market share, damage foreign brand reputation, and cause distrust in consumers who are aware of counterfeiting problems throughout the country. We examine the impact of fraudulent wine events (as measured by negative media reports) on Chinese wine demand differentiated by supplying country. We employ the Rotterdam demand system and a switching regression procedure to estimate import demand and compare results across different media variable specifications. Results consistently show that negative reports disproportionately affect French wine regardless of how the media variable is specified. This is not surprising because most fraudulent events involve French wine counterfeits.     

An evaluation framework for earthquake-responsive land administration

In recent years earthquakes and their secondary hazards have claimed the largest number of lives of all large natural disasters. Some of the world’s most earthquake-prone zones are also areas of high population density. The impact is magnified by vulnerability factors including non-enforcement of building codes, knowledge gaps, urban poverty and poor governance capacity to manage and reduce earthquake risks. Poor security of land tenure and property rights increases the vulnerability of people and affects their ability to respond to natural disasters.Earthquake recovery and reconstruction provides very significant challenges for land agencies, with these challenges differing from one country to the next due to differences in the local context. Drawing on contrasting case studies in Haiti, Nepal and New Zealand this paper identifies the common post-earthquake land administration functions and challenges that may apply to many contexts. These lessons provide land agencies and other key stakeholders with a summary of the challenges an earthquake poses for land administration at different post-disaster stages. We also discuss the policy and regulatory, institutional, operational and preparedness lessons for land administration. From these lessons we propose a framework for evaluating the earthquake-responsiveness of a land administration system. This framework can be used by a land agency in an earthquake prone region, or where an earthquake has recently occurred, to assess what challenges to land administration might occur in the event of an earthquake, and the preparedness of their land administration system.     

Agrarian Poverty,Nutrition and Economic Class – A Study of Gujarat,India

This paper analyses poverty and calorific undernourishment in the Indian state of Gujarat, where high and market‐led industrial growth has resulted in rapid economic improvement. The study is carried out through a combination of secondary and survey‐based data. We conclude that the neoliberal agenda of uncontrolled, outward‐looking growth has not resulted in significant reduction of poverty or malnourishment in rural areas. Furthermore, while land ownership is officially used as a proxy for wealth distribution, class position appears a better predictor of poverty status in the rural areas than landownership per se. At the policy level, there is a need to revive the agrarian economy and create new non‐agricultural assets, and the primary focus in the state must shift to the distribution of created assets rather than a single‐minded focus on growth.     

Does sustainable agricultural growth require a system of innovation? Evidence from Ghana and Burkina Faso

This paper tests the ‘systems of innovation’ hypothesis for a selection of crops in Ghana and Burkina Faso that have shown significant growth in production over an approximately 20-year period. The question is whether such growth can only occur if supported by a system of innovation. Using two indicators (a common understanding on objectives and priorities, and a high level of interactivity), we find little evidence for the existence of anything that might be considered a high functioning system of innovation.     

Local impacts of industrial tree plantations: An empirical analysis in Indonesia across plantation types

The values ascribed to industrial tree plantations are often controversial. Hence knowledge of their perceived impacts is important for improving their integration in rural landscapes. In 2016 we conducted household surveys with 606 respondents living in villages adjacent to acacia, teak and pine plantations across three islands in Indonesia (Java, Borneo, Sumatra). Results show that perceptions toward pine and teak plantations tend to differ from those toward acacia pulpwood plantations in several ways. Pine and teak plantations are perceived to have a higher number and variety of benefits and services, a higher number of positive impacts, a better environmental record, and to present more opportunities to local people for use of plantation land and products for improving rural livelihoods. In addition, we find that villagers around acacia pulpwood plantations tend to seek economic development and infrastructure to open up remote areas, yet their expectations were often only partially met. Recommendations from our analysis include: the role of the State in plantations must be clarified and potentially reinforced; the role of institutions as intermediaries is fundamental; and contributions by communities to design of management plans should be accommodated.     

Upstream demand for water use by new tree plantations imposes externalities on downstream irrigated agriculture and wetlands*

Large‐scale tree plantations in high rainfall upstream areas can reduce fresh water inflows to river systems, thereby imposing external costs on downstream irrigation, stock and domestic water users and wetland interests. We take the novel approach of expressing all benefits and costs of establishing plantations in terms of $ per gigalitre (GL) of water removed annually from river flows, setting upstream demands on the same basis as downstream demands. For the Macquarie Valley, a New South Wales sub‐catchment of Australia’s Murray‐Darling Basin, we project changes in land and water use and changes in economic surpluses under two policy settings: without and with a policy requiring permanent water entitlements to be purchased from downstream parties, before plantation establishment. Without the policy, and given a high stumpage value for trees ($70/m³), upstream gains in economic surplus projected from expanding plantations are $639 million; balanced against $233 million in economic losses by downstream irrigators and stock and domestic water users for a net gain of $406 million, but 345 GL lower mean annual environmental flows. With the policy, smaller gains in upstream economic surplus from trees ($192 million), added to net downstream gains ($138 million) from sale of water, result in gains of $330 million with no reduction in environmental flows. Sustaining the 345 GL flow for a $76 million (406–330) reduction in gains to economic surplus may be seen to cost only $0.22 million/GL; but this is much lower than the market value of the first units of that water to agriculture and forestry.     

Underpayment of Small Producers of Coffee and Cocoa in Sierra Leone

Fieldwork shows that many Sierra Leonean producers do not receive the official producer price for their coffee and cocoa, due to the concentration of buying stations, credit relations, the small quantities offered for sale, and the lack of marketing knowledge of the numerous and unorganized farmers. To the traders underpayment may seem economically justifiable to a certain extent, but to the farmers it means poverty and debt. A new village marketing centre project aims at remedying this situation and has already led to higher prices. Although no longer allowed to take their "just" share from the producers, traders are still willing to deal with the new centres.     

Malaria incidence and agricultural efficiency in Uganda

The cost of accessing healthcare can be a major determinant of disease prevalence, which in turn has short‐ and long‐term welfare implications on poor households. In response, governments in developing countries often resort to subsidizing the cost of drugs, which, while perhaps easier to administer, may not always be the most effective way of addressing healthcare cost. In this regard, we analyze the impact of different types of household level health expenses on disease incidence and agricultural production efficiency. We use data from the 2006 Uganda National Household Survey, which covered approximately 7,400 households. The results suggest that a 10% increase in consultation, medicine, and hospitalization expenses would reduce malaria incidence respectively by 35.6%, 20.5%, and 21.3 %, which translates into a 1.1%, 0.6%, and 0.6 % decrease in agricultural inefficiency, respectively. The results indicate that helping poor households meet expenses for consultation through subsidies or eliminating consultation fees has a larger impact on malaria incidence and agricultural productivity among poor rural households than subsidizing the cost of medical drugs, the most common avenue chosen by developing country governments in the fight against the disease.