新新贸易理论“新”在何处——异质性企业贸易理论剖析

传统贸易理论和新贸易理论都是基于企业同质化的前提假定.分析国际贸易产生的原因及其影响.然而,近年来以Melitz为代表的一些经济学家通过理论与实证研究发现.同一产业内部企业之间在其规模、生产率以及工人的工资上都存在着显著差异.从而提出了异质性企业贸易理论,又称为新新贸易理论,其研究视角从传统的国家和产业层面转向企业和产品层面,以生产率差异作为企业主要特征,从微观层面详细剖析了企业的出口、投资以及国际化生产组织行为,为国际贸易的利益来源提供了新的解释.     

国际新创企业国际化程度与绩效关联性研究

伴随经济全球化趋势的加强,异于传统的跨国企业的新型国际企业组织——国际新创企业产生和逐步发展。国际新创企业在成立之初就开始走国际化路线,形成了新创企业国际化独有的虽企业规模小、资源匮乏但却已经涉足国际市场的新奇现象。使之成为国内外学术界研究的热点和焦点。本文试图对国际新创企业的兴起与发展及与其相关的主要理论内容进行梳理和评述,希冀能为后续学者进行相关问题的研究提供一个理论研究框架,并为我国新创企业的持续发展提供理论参考。     

国际商务理论在新兴经济体研究中的应用与发展

新兴市场经济体企业国际化的蓬勃发展,成为全球外商直接投资中不可忽视的重要力量。新兴市场经济体企业国际化行为成为目前国际商务领域研究的热点,但目前研究中所采用的理论大多起源于西方发达国家,学者们对这些传统理论在新兴经济体企业国际化行为的解释力上存在不同的看法。因此,本文将首先对新兴经济体及其企业国际化的独特情境进行分析,并对目前应用于新兴经济体企业国际化研究的传统理论进行介绍与论述,并分析目前新兴经济体企业国际化理论应用所面临的困境。而后将介绍目前新兴经济体企业国际化理论的新发展,并在此基础上提出一些新兴经济体企业国际化理论发展值得进一步深入思考的问题。     

企业“天生全球化”文献综述与理论整合

传统理论认为,企业国际化是一个逐步开拓国际市场的过程.然而在过去的十多年内,越来越多的中小企业在成立不久就活跃在全球市场中并取得了较好的发展.这种现象展示了一种企业迅速国际化的发展道路,形成了企业国际化的特殊现象.本文通过文献梳理和整合,对这些新型国际化企业在概念、特征和动因上进行了分析.     

制度理论视角下企业国际化优势诠释

以新兴经济体国家企业的国际化优势为研究议题,介绍了制度理论,详细解析了制度理论对企业国际化优势的诠释,实质上是将制度理论融入国际生产折衷理论,从制度所有权优势、制度区位优势、制度内部化优势解释了企业的国际化优势。最后给出了制度理论对企业国际化优势解释的研究展望。     

跨国企业进入模式理论的新发展

进入模式选择在国际化研究中占据了重要的地位,企业国际化进入模式决定了企业今后的成本和绩效。归纳并总结了跨国企业进入模式理论领域的新研究,主要包括资源基础观理论、不确定性、文化距离的新发展。     

基于捆绑模型的中国企业国际化探讨:企业资源的视角

在以中国为代表的新兴经济体跨国企业快速崛起的情况下,国际商务领域掀起了对该类企业国际化的讨论.部分学者认为基于发达市场跨国企业发展而来的传统国际化理论,并不符合新兴经济体跨国企业的发展实际,尤其是该类企业在国际化初期并不具备传统理论所强调的所有权优势.在此背景下,国际商务领域著名学者Hennart教授提出针对新兴市场跨国企业的捆绑模型,指出来自于中国等新兴市场的跨国企业同样具备不易在市场上进行交易的互补性资源.本文从企业资源的视角,先探讨传统企业国际化理论中企业资源与企业国际化的关系,在此基础上基于捆绑模型提出中国企业国际化的分析框架,以期为研究中国企业国际化提出新的视角.     

企业异质性与企业内贸易:新新贸易理论

自20世纪末开始,国际分工和国际贸易表现出若干新的特点。为了解释新的贸易现象,基于企业异质性和企业内贸易的第三代贸易理论,新新贸易理论出现并成为当前贸易理论研究最活跃的领域。本文简要回顾了第三代贸易理论的基本文献和最新发展,在此基础上总结了新新贸易理论的主要贡献和目前面临的问题。最后,对新新贸易理论的可能发展方向作了简单概括。     

小企业国际化研究:一个概念模型

早期的国际化理论认为企业规模是影响企业国际化的关键因素,并认为企业的国际化过程是顺序的、渐进的.但是小企业的国际化参与,以及瞬间国际化、国际化新投机企业和天生全球化企业等新现象的出现使得传统的国际化理论的现实解释力极大地被削弱.最新的一些研究发现,将企业家理论引入到对小企业国际化过程的研究当中将能够比较好地对小企业国际化现象作出解释,因此,文章在对相关研究进行回顾的基础上,借鉴其他研究领域的相关成果发展出一个新的小企业国际化过程概念模型.     

异质性企业理论综述与启示

异质性企业理论是在评判的继承传统贸易理论和新贸易理论的基础上形成的,其解释了异质性因素对企业贸易模式的影响,本文对异质性企业理论的基本模型和理论发展进行了归纳和评述,最后分析了其对我国对外贸易的几点启示.     

Extending the international new venture phenomenon to digital platform providers: A longitudinal case study

People increasingly interact with services enabled by digital platforms. This has been a consequence of the digitalization of artifacts, which has transmuted traditional businesses into digital forms. With the increasing digitalization and modularization of services, digital platforms have given many digital service providers possibilities to scale globally, and to rapidly transcend national borders by serving multi-sided markets. However, we still know very little about how digital platform providers actually internationalize their services, or how they make their platforms available for global markets. In this paper, we contribute to the increasing literature on digital-based INVs, examining how firms of this type internationalize their services, and more specifically, how recent technological developments have shaped the firms’ internationalization processes. Drawing on concepts from the network approach to internationalization, resource dependency theory, and INV theory, we extend the scope of INV theory via a model that encompasses the internationalization process of digital platform providers. We report on a longitudinal case study of a digital platform provider (covering the period 2000–2017), which allowed us to gain in-depth insight into the INV phenomenon.     

Navigating liminality in new venture internationalization

Prior research describes international expansion as a series of discrete steps and notes that taking them threatens new ventures' survival, especially due to unexpected setbacks. Seen through the lens of social science, the source of such threat becomes clearer. In this paper, we argue that internationalization in new ventures involves what social anthropologists call a liminal transition – a betwixt-and-between period lying between the intent to internationalize and the realization of a stable internationalized state. The ambiguous and transitory nature of this liminal transition has the potential to increase the odds of overreach (e.g. a high-cost market entry without sufficient resources). Avoiding the negative influence of liminality – and instead harnessing its positive effect – relies on three sources of support that we refer to as opportunity scaffolding: self-reflective learning, peer learning and consultative learning. We argue that entrepreneurs with personality profiles high in levels of core self-evaluation (CSE) are more likely to utilize the scaffolding like that available in business incubators effectively. This leads to the development of a more reflective mindset, making capability learning more likely, preventing decisions that lead to overreach and reducing the threat to INV survival. However we also strike a note of caution in that at excessive (hyper) levels of CSE, the internationalizing new venture could become the victim of hubris. Emboldened with unrealistically high self-confidence, hubristic entrepreneurs are more likely to rebuff use of scaffolding, leading to a more reactive mindset, increasing the probability of liminal overreach and threatening INV survival.

Learning in international new ventures: A systematic review

The present paper reports the findings of a systematic review on learning among International New Ventures (INVs). Learning has been studied fairly extensively by scholars in the field of organization theory. Learning is a prerequisite for internationalization, and the behavior of individuals working in INVs seems to indicate a strong predisposition or aptness to learning. In spite of this, research on learning among INVs has been limited and fragmented up to the present time. In seeking to advance the research niche of INV learning, we conducted a systematic review of articles published on learning within INVs. Our contributions are related to: (i) providing a review of current knowledge of learning among INVs; (ii) relating the findings of our review to the organizational learning theory proposed by March (1991); and (iii) a future research agenda.     

A double-edged sword? Founder Teams' Prior International Experience and INV International Scale-up

We examine the effect of international new ventures’ (INVs) congenital knowledge inherited from their founding teams vs. their experiential knowledge gained through learning by doing on the initiation vs. continuation of their international growth. Data from 144 technology INVs show that the effect of congenital knowledge fades as experiential knowledge accrues over time and fuels sustained international growth. The relationships are moderated by whether founder teams’ work experience is in the same or a different industry as the INV as well as the level of external funding received by the INV. Our study and results contribute to the literature on INVs’ post-entry internationalization.     

国际贸易理论演进与农业发展

从国际贸易的理论演进来看,国际贸易可以分为绝对优势理论和相对优势理论,相对优势理论又分为外生相对优势理论和内生相对优势理论。外生相对优势理论虽能解释国际贸易存在的原因,但不能解释国际贸易的扩张与增长。内生相对优势理论不仅能解释国际贸易的存在,而且也能说明国际贸易的扩张与增长。内生相对优势理论更能说明国际贸易的本质,从内生相对优势理论出发,农业发展的国际化趋向成为必然。     

企业国际化研究新视角 ——战略控制力

本文针对现有企业国际化理论缺乏战略因素综合考虑的研究现状,从战略控制力的视角对企业国际化问题进行研究,剖析了企业国际化战略控制力的内涵与特征,并提出了国际化战略控制力五要素,指出国际化战略控制力是维持企业国际化持续发展和优胜地位的根源,同时对中国大企业国际化战略控制力的构建问题进行了有益探讨。     

Crowdsourced translation for rapid internationalization in cyberspace: A learning perspective

This paper explores how Facebook effectively used crowdsourced translation to accelerate its rapid internationalization. We apply the learning perspective of internationalization theory to unpack what the firm learned in order to mobilize crowd-based knowledge to facilitate internationalization in the virtual context, and how it did so. Increasingly, global activities are conducted in virtual space and virtual markets and thus the paper offers insights into successful expansion in this new terrain. The findings highlight two key points: (1) the firm used cognitive/explicit learning to acquire external and codified knowledge, rather than the experiential knowledge traditionally suggested in the literature on the process of internationalization, and (2) the firm's success rested on its ability to use virtual learning tools and incentive systems to acquire, articulate and integrate knowledge from communities of internationally dispersed users – the “crowd” – to accelerate its internationalization in cyberspace. This empirical study extends internationalization theory regarding knowledge and organizational learning.     

Role of opportunity creation between reconfiguration and innovation: Insights from emerging market international new ventures

There exists a need to further examine capabilities that enable emerging market international new ventures (INVs) to create innovation offerings that drive performance. Although conceptual studies highlight the importance of reconfiguration capability towards innovation and performance, such relationships in the emerging market INV context require further empirical analysis. Moreover, there is a conflict in the literature as to whether reconfiguration capability supports innovation and performance directly or indirectly. As the pursuit of opportunities beyond domestic borders is central to INV research, opportunity creation is a key inquiry to advance our understanding of how reconfiguration capability facilitates innovation and performance in the emerging market INV context. Drawing on dynamic capabilities theory and creation theory, we empirically examine the interplay between reconfiguration capability, opportunity creation, innovation, and international performance. In addition, we study opportunity creation as a mediator between reconfiguration capability towards innovation and performance, respectively. The findings reveal reconfiguration capability does not directly support innovation but does shape innovation through opportunity creation. Reconfiguration capability directly supports performance objectives of emerging market INVs, and indirectly through opportunity creation.     

Explaining the formation of international new ventures: The limits of theories from international business research

International new ventures (INVs) represent a growing and important type of start-up. An INV is defined as a business organization that, from inception, seeks to derive significant competitive advantage from the use of resources and the sale of outputs in multiple countries (Oviatt and McDougall 1994). Their increasing prevalence and important role in international competition indicates a need for greater understanding of these new ventures (Oviatt and McDougall 1994).Logitech, as described in a case study by Alahuhta (1990), is a vivid example of an INV. Its founders were from two different countries and had a global vision for the company from its inception. The venture, which produces peripheral devices for personal computers, established headquarters in both Switzerland and the U.S. Manufacturing and R&D were split between the U.S. and Switzerland, and then quickly spread to Taiwan and Ireland. The venture's first commercial contract was with a Japanese company.Using 24 case studies of INVs, we found that their formation process is not explained by existing theories from the field of international business. Specifically, neither monopolistic advantage theory, product cycle theory, stage theory of internationalization, oligopolistic reaction theory, nor internalization theory can explain the formation process of INVs. These theories fail because they assume that firms become international long after they have been formed, and they therefore highlight large, mature firms. They also focus too much on the firm level and largely ignore the individual and small group level of analysis (i.e., the entrepreneur and his or her network of business alliances).We propose that an explanation for the formation process of INVs must answer three questions: (1) who are the founders of INVs? (2) why do these entrepreneurs choose to compete internationally rather than just in their home countries? and (3) what form do their international business activities take?Who are the founders of INVs? We argue that founders of INVs are individuals who see opportunities from establishing ventures that operate across national borders. They are “alert” to the possibilities of combining resources from different national markets because of the competencies (networks, knowledge, and background) that they have developed from their earlier activities. Following the logic of the resource-based view of the firm, we argue that the possession of these competencies is not matched by other entrepreneurs. Only the entrepreneur possessing these competencies is able to combine a particular set of resources across national borders and form a given INV.Why do these entrepreneurs choose to compete internationally rather than just in their home countries? The founders of INVs recognize they must create international business competencies from the time of venture formation. Otherwise, the venture may become path-dependent on the development of domestic competencies and the entrepreneur will find it difficult to change strategic direction when international expansion eventually becomes necessary. As the founder of one INV explained, “The advantage of starting internationally is that you establish an international spirit from the very beginning” (Mamis 1989:38).What form do their international business activities take? Founders of INVs prefer to use hybrid structures (i.e., strategic alliances and networks) for their international activities as a way to overcome the usual poverty of resources at the time of start-up.This study has important implications for the practice of management. In financing decisions relating to INVs, venture capitalists and other venture financiers should look for entrepreneurs who have a global vision, international business competence, and an established international network. When entrepreneurs start INVs they should create hybrid structures to preserve scarce resources. Finally, given the path-dependence of competence development, founders of new ventures should consider whether establishing a domestic new venture with plans to later internationalize will be as successful a strategy as establishing a new venture that is international from inception.     

The resource dynamics of international new venture networks

Building on network theory and the resource-based view of the firm, this paper uses three case studies to explore how networks facilitate resource development in the international new venture. Set in the context of the conception, commercialization and growth stages of venture development, four propositions are advanced. These pertain to the dynamics of organizational, human, physical, financial and social capital, and the nature of these resource flows as they pertain to the INV network. Implications for research and INV management are discussed.