检察机关视角的审前羁押措施实证研究与权利救济--以S省D市为样本

在侦查中心主义，惩罚犯罪的刑诉目的的影响下，“够罪即捕，一押到底“，高羁押率的现象在我国刑事诉讼审前阶段已屡见不鲜，这与我国现阶段提倡的宽严相济刑事政策、无罪推定原则和保障人权的原则严重相悖，为了克服法条的笼统模糊、限制办案人员的自由裁量权力、缓解办案人员”心理压力“、规范审前羁押措施适用，S省D市检察机关在实践的基础上建立了一系列办案指导规范并取得了部分成果。     

美国羁押替代性措施制度初探

羁押替代性措施是用以替代羁押而实现诉讼保障目的的各种非羁押方法。羁押替代性措施以满足羁押条件为前提,但与羁押存在本质区别,通过附加一定的义务规范而在审前释放被告人,及至被告人完成相应的义务,对其进行有条件的减轻或减免刑罚。美国面临世界上最高的羁押率,其在羁押替代性措施制度上的尝试,对于我国降低羁押率有着一定的借鉴意义。     

预审制度在羁押性强制措施中的价值分析与制度构建

在"侦查中心主义"的影响下,侦查机关与检察机关强势主导了整个审前追诉程序,在以审判为中心的诉讼改革时代背景下,审判力量作为中立的裁判一方不该在羁押性强制措施的适用中出现缺位.预审制度在羁押性强制措施中通过审判来牵制侦诉机关滥用限制人身自由,也是以庭审为中心的诉讼制度改革的价值蕴含之一.预审制度在羁押性强制措施中的制度构建可以从适用范围、审查内容、运作模式、司法听证程序的引入等四个维度出发.     

国际人权公约与我国的审前羁押制度

为了平衡打击犯罪与保障人权的紧张关系,联合国通过了《公民权利和政治权利国际公约》(以下简称《公约》)、《关于律师作用的基本原则》等一系列国际公约。这些国际人权公约规定了被羁押者所享有的权利。我国将批准《公约》。根据国际条约必须信守的原则,有必要以国际人权公约为视角来考察我国的审前羁押制度,以便在再修订刑事诉讼法时对其进一步完善。     

民营经济犯罪中取保候审适用问题研究——以维护民营经济正常运营为出发点

民营经济是社会主义市场经济的重要组成部分，以中小微企业为主的民营企业数量众多，可极大减轻社会就业压力，支撑着我国经济增长与发展。但民营企业大力发展的同时也带来了犯罪数量攀升，民企涉案人员审前羁押常态化等问题。依法惩处犯罪理所应当，但在后疫情时代民营企业的生产经营步履艰难，面对涉刑案件也应给予充分刑法保护。本文将着重探究民营经济涉案市场主体中非羁押强制措施适用的障碍及深层次原因，寻求扩大对涉案市场主体适用以取保候审为首的非羁押强制措施的途径，充分维护涉市场主体的诉讼权利，以维护民营企业的正常运营和稳定发展。     

捕后羁押必要性审查制度探析

捕后羁押必要性审查制度是针对逮捕后的羁押必要性审查的制度设计。这一制度具有无罪推定原则,比例原则,人权保障原则的理论根基,对限制逮捕的适用具有积极的意义,但它在审查主体,审查启动,审查方式,审查效力上存在着诸多不足,本文通过捕后羁押必要性审查的制度构建试图实现其减少羁押的立法意旨。     

未成年人羁押必要性审查的理论基础及功能分析

我国司法实践中未决羁押领域缺乏对涉罪未成年人这一特殊群体的保护,未成年人犯罪逮捕率高,解除羁押率低且得不到有效的司法救济。未成年人羁押必要性审查制度应从无罪推定、正当程序、司法审查、权利救济的理论出发,立足于维护未成年人合法权益,发挥杜绝羁押恣意化、纠正先行惩罚以及谨慎适用预防性羁押的审查功能,使得未决羁押制度回归诉讼保障的根本功能,实现对未成年人的特殊保护,切实保障未成年人权利。     

羁押必要性审查主体的分析

高羁押率是我国刑事司法实践中的"顽疾",历来受到相关各方的非议。在2012年《刑事诉讼法》修改的时候,确立了羁押必要性审查制度。明确规定了羁押必要性审查制度的审查由检察院来实施,并在最高人民检察院《人民检察院刑事诉讼规则》第617条中,明确了在不同的诉讼阶段由不同的检察部门来进行审查。对此,引发了理论界的广泛讨论,且争议不休。本文拟从法律规定的审查主体是否具有合理性的角度进行分析。以期有助于审查主体使羁押必要性制度的目的与价值得到充分地发挥。     

新民诉中审前证据交换制度有关问题评析

审前证据交换制度虽然早已在我国司法实践中被使用,但由于《民事诉讼法》中相关法规的缺失,使该制度的实施缺乏依据。新《民事诉讼法》在第133条增加了审前证据交换制度的相关内容,虽然没有就审前证据交换制度的具体规则作出规定,但也可以说是从源头上解决上述问题的一次尝试,只是立法对审前证据交换制度的认识却存在偏颇。     

浅析辩诉交易制度

辩诉交易制度是在美国发展起来的一种新的刑事诉讼模式,本文试图通过分析辩诉交易制度存在的基础,揭示辩诉交易制度在我国司法适用中的困难和前景,正确对待这一制度。     

合适成年人讯问到场的现实窘境及制度完善--以张志超案为视角

考虑到未成年被追诉人的身心不健全,我国将未成年人刑事案件诉讼程序设为特别程序,特别辅以合适成年人制度保护其合法权益。张志超案折射出我国刑事诉讼程序中合适成年人制度的立法问题及司法困境,迅速解决此类案件中出现的合适成年人通知、到场及否定性制裁等问题,对于保护未成年被追诉人的合法权益,防范冤假错案具有重要意义。     

国家诉权：在权利与权力之间行走

国家诉权是刑事诉权体系中的重要组成部分。国家诉权以刑法法益理论为基础,具有当事人权利与国家权力的双重性质。在我国刑事诉讼中,引入国家诉权理论,能够明确检察机关在刑事诉讼对抗制中的基本定位,为我国检察机关的法律监督地位提供新的解读视角。     

进出口环节侵犯知识产权犯罪入刑研究

近年来,我国对知识产权保护工作愈加重视,对侵犯知识产权行为的打击力度也大幅提升,但是进出口环节侵权现象依然严重。加强知识产权保护,进一步完善我国打击知识产权犯罪的刑事立法,将进出口环节侵权行为作为刑事犯罪予以打击已刻不容缓。     

刑事司法能动性的现实考察及其展开

刑事司法能动性在我国一度受到刑法学界的广泛关注,尽管对于司法能动性的要旨理解及其正当性尚存争议,但在当前社会转型的现实背景下,实现我国司法职业化与司法能动化的双重任务有着合理性和必要性。可以说,应在刑事法治框架之内,在法益保护与权利保障之间找到平衡点,在刑事司法之中注入人文关怀,将冷冰冰的刑法条文转变为温和的司法过程。     

刑事被追诉人财产权救济制度研究

在权利易受权力侵犯的刑事诉讼场域,建立被追诉人财产权救济制度,是有权利必有救济理论、诉讼主体理论以及人性恶预设理论的必然要求。权利救济内容不完善、救济义务主体不中立以及重要权利救济方式的缺失,是当前我国被追诉人财产权救济制度存在的主要弊端。我国应树立程序正义、救济为民的理念,在刑事诉讼中进一步完善被追诉人财产权救济内容、设置相对中立的被追诉人财产权救济义务主体以及增设财产保护令等。     

试论简易程序公诉案件法律监督制度的完善

设立简易程序,旨在节约司法资源,提高诉讼效率,使轻刑案件能够及时得到处理,从而保证司法     

The Use of Criminal Record in Employment Decisions: The Rights of Ex-offenders, Employers and the Public

The evidence suggests that employers discriminate against ex-offenders in the labour market. The problem is potentially serious as it involves a substantial proportion of the population, especially the male population. Since research has shown that most people with prior convictions stop offending by their late 20s or early 30s, the validity of selection based on criminal record remains questionable. This paper examines the need for legal protection of ex-offenders by limiting employers' access to, and use of, information on criminal background. The rights and interests of the various parties involved, employers, ex-offenders, and the general public, are discussed. Approaches to the legal protection of ex-offenders in Australia are reviewed and legislative changes proposed.     

Changing Directions in Consumer Bankruptcy Law and Practice in Europe and USA

The consumer bankruptcy or, rather, consumer debt adjustment, is a fairly recent phenomenon in continental Europe. In the nineties, a number of European countries introduced judicial institutions in order to alleviate an excessive debt burden carried by consumer debtors. In addition to the court proceedings, the European jurisdictions often provide the debtor with debt counselling services, supervision, and payment requirements. In the United States, on the other hand, discharge of debt has been an established principle of bankruptcy law since the late 19th century, and bankruptcy is frequently used by consumer debtors. However, in the US, as well as in Canada, debtors are increasingly encouraged to opt for a payment plan. There seems to be a certain convergent trend between the two different legal cultures. Paradoxically, at the same time scholars have pointed out that the variance in local cultures seems to be a main factor in explanations of how debtors choose either a direct discharge or a payment plan. This finding gives us reason to consider the interplay of counselling and other pre-trial measures and its effect upon the rights and duties of debtors.     

论人权保障与侦查制度的完善

我国侦查制度历来偏重于打击犯罪而忽视人权保障，2004年的《宪法》修正案将“国家尊重和保障人权”写入《宪法》，这为刑事诉讼领域加强人权保障提供了依据和要求。文章以“惩罚犯罪与保障人权并重”的原则对现行侦查制度的缺陷及侦查制度的改革进行了探索，希望通过具体制度的完善来促进、强化侦查制度整体的人权保障功能。     

Human Rights and the New Corporate Accountability: Learning from Recent Developments in Corporate Criminal Liability

The 3rd Report of the Special Representative of the Secretary-General of the United Nations appears to have generated significant consensus around its approach to business and human rights. This state of harmony relies mainly upon a narrow mandate limiting the endeavour largely to a mapping exercise. It also relies upon a process of ‘operationalisation’ that is yet to be undertaken despite the recent release of a 4th Report. After a brief presentation of the main parameters of the framework proposed by the 3rd Report and of its precarious advantage over other similar initiatives, this article takes a close look at the main link that needs to be operationalised: i.e. the link between corporate responsibility for human rights and the concept of legal and criminal responsibility. The article then addresses the constitutive elements of the concept of responsibility to shed light upon the responsibility of business organisations in a human rights law context. It looks at the innovative ways in which the concept of corporate criminal responsibility has been dealt with in various domestic jurisdictions and at the new paradigms of corporate agency resulting in the process. Building on this inquiry, the analysis focusses on the way in which the legal discourse acquires new dimensions of corporate responsibility by moving away from an individualistic perspective. On the basis of this, the article suggests conceptual tools that can become instrumental in the process of the operationalisation of the 3rd Report, albeit at the likely cost of rendering the consensus around it more fragile.