国际审计准则580号 管理当局声明

该准则旨在为审计人员收集管理当局声明书作为审计证据,评价和记录管理当局声明书应采用的审计程序以及当管理当局拒绝提供声明书时应采取的措施提供指导。审计人员应获取明确管理当局承担会计报表按适当的财务报告框架编制和批准责任方面的审计证据。针对重大会计报表事项,其他充分、适当的审计证据无法合理取得的情况下,审计人员应获取管理当局的书面声明。管理当局声明书的作用主要在于:(a)明确被审计单位管理当局对设计和实施内部控制防止与发现错误的责任;(b)有管理当局确认审计期间所发现的未调整差异事项单独地或汇总后对会计报表整…     

国际审计准则500《审计证据》

该国际审计准则明确了财务报表审计中审计证据的种类、审计证据的数量和质量，指导审计人员为获取审计证据而应采取的程序。     

国际审计准则505号：函证

该准则旨在为审计人员采用函证法获取审计证据提供指导。     

国际审计准则520号 分析性复核

本准则旨在为审计人员在审计过程中运用分析性复核建立标准并提供指导。     

国际审计准则560号 期后事项

该准则旨在为期后事项审计中的审计人员应承担的责任提供准则和指导。在本准则中,期后事项是指资产负债表日至审计报告日发生的,以及审计报告日至会计报表公布日发生的对会计报表产生影响的事项。 1、审计报告日前发生的期后事项     

国际审计准则570号 持续经营

审计人员的责任在于考虑管理当局在编制财务报告时使用持续经营假设的适当性,以及被审计单位是否存在需要披露的影响持续经营的重要不确定事项,即使编制财务报告所依据的财务报告框架没有明确要求管理当局对持续经营能力做具体的评估。在实施审计程序的整个审计过程中,审计人员始终要关注影响被审计单位持续经营能力的事项、条件和相关企业风险的证据。如果迹象确实存在,那么审计人员除了实施审计程序之外还要考虑这些迹象是否会影响他们对重大错报漏报风险的评估水平。当确认了影响被审计单位持续经营能力的因素以后,审计人员应当:(a)复核…     

国际审计实务准则（IAPS）——银行财务报表审计

预期固有和控制风险的评价４３．由于银行运营的特点审计人员可能无法单独通过实质性测试将审计风险降到一个可以接受的低水平。这是因为：＊IT以及EFT系统的广泛运用意味着大量审计证据仅以电子形式存在且仅由审计银行的IT系统提供。＊银行的大交易量造成完全依赖实质性测试不现实的问题。＊银行业的广泛地理分布造成达到充分审计覆盖面的困难。＊很难设计出有效的审计复杂交易的实质性测试程序。除非管理机构建立起内控系统并让审计人员评价其固有风险和控制风险为较低，否则在大多数情况下审计人员无法将审计风险降到一个可以接受的低…     

浅析审计准则的国际协调

随着全球经济一体化进程的纵深发展，审计职业开始走出国界，走向世界。为了能够减少逻辑上的冲突并；改进国家问财务信息的可比性，审计准则的国际协调则显得极为必要和迫切。     

THE ECONOMICS OF HEALTH AND SAFETY AT WORK: AN INTERDICIPLINARY REVIEW OF THE THEORY AND POLICY

Abstract This paper engages in an interdisciplinary survey of the current state of knowledge related to the theory, determinants and consequences of occupational safety and health (OSH). It first describes the fundamental theoretical construct of compensating wage differentials, which is used by economists to understand the optimal provision of OSH in a perfectly competitive labour market. The plethora of incentives faced by workers and firms in job and insurance markets that determine the ultimate level of OSH are discussed in detail. The extensive empirical evidence from the hedonic wage and stated choice approaches used to assess the value of OSH is reviewed. The causes of inefficiency and inequity in the market for OSH, such as externalities, moral hazard in compensation insurance, systematic biases in individual risk perception/well‐being and labour market segregation are subsequently examined. The implications of government intervention and regulation for tackling the aforementioned inefficiencies in OSH are then considered. Finally, the survey identifies areas of future research interests and suggests indicators and priorities for policy initiatives that can improve the health and safety of workers in modern job markets.     

ASSESSING THE IMPACT OF DISTRIBUTIVE POLICIES ON THE BRAZILIAN ECONOMY USING AN SCGE MODEL

This study investigates the impact of macroeconomic policies on the Brazilian economy. We present a two-sector, open-economy, Structuralist Computable General Equilibrium model that distinguishes among three economic classes and assumes no financial sector. The Social Accounting Matrix for Brazil in 2006 serves as a benchmark for our model. We compare the medium-run effects of five experiments: an income transfer towards formal workers, a transfer to informal labour, an investment shock, an exchange rate depreciation, and a policy mix that combines (exchange rate) depreciation with income transfer towards modern (sector) workers. The policy measures reinforce each other in terms of their potential to enhance growth. Our findings underscore the importance of redistributive policies to foster economic expansion.     

AN INVESTIGATION OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE, MANAGERIAL ROLE EXPECTATIONS AND MANAGERS' WORK ACTIVITIES

Having demonstrated the absence in the literature of an adequate conceptual treatment or empirical examination of the substantive relationship between managerial work, managers' role expectations and forms of organizational structure, the paper reports the findings of a multimethod comparative case study of this relationship in four organizations from the hotel and retail sectors in Zimbabwe. Focusing on the differences between centralized organizations where unit operations are tightly regulated and decentralized organizations where unit operating autonomy is coupled with performance controls, the findings indicate that organizational structure impinges primarily upon the formal management division of labour, more weakly upon the role expectations surrounding unit managers and in only limited ways upon their work activities, with the effect of organizational differences co-existing with and refracted by common work characteristics and inter-industry differences. Although decentralization gave rise to unit manager jobs with more formal autonomy, broader responsibilities, greater pressure to attend to unit performance rather than monitoring work processes, and an obligation to operate in more complex networks, managers were no more free of constraints than were those in more centralized organizations and operated in similar ways, with an emphasis on day-to-day administration and routine staffing matters.