视频搜索：商机还是故事

2006年,中国视频搜索市场规模将达到0.23亿元人民币。2007年将达到0.60亿元,增长160.9%。预计至2010年,视频搜索市场将达到2.80亿元     

抓住机遇,促进个人消费信贷业务快速发展

一、个贷业务的特征分析和思路转变目前制约国内个贷业务发展的主要因素多数表现为“门槛高”、“手续繁”和“无特色”,究其原因主要是因为许多商业银行没有根据个贷业务的特点制定一套适应业务发展的,有别于公司信贷业务的管理和经营模式。个贷是银行的零售业务,具有笔数多、     

Black Americans’ business ownership factors: A theoretical perspective

The black American struggle in the United States continues to occur in the political, cultural and economic spheres with some measure of success. Regarding the economic sphere as the most critical because it is the source of real power in this country, and business ownership as the ultimate manifestation of economic liberation, this article examines black Americans’ business ownership and factors facilitating it. Defining successful business ownership in terms of: (1) increasing business formations by black Americans, (2) survival/longevity of the formed businesses, (3) their creation of jobs, and, (4) their profitability, this article identifies three factors facilitating it. The facilitating factor types are: (1) individual-specific, (2) group-specific, and (3) environment-consequent. It is suggested that the complex interaction of elements of these factors at any time, most likely determines the proportion of black ownership of American businesses.     

Tourism,business linkages and small enterprise development in South Africa

Although considerable attention is given to the prospects for developing small, medium and micro-enterprises (SMMEs) in South Africa's tourism economy, very little relevant research has been undertaken in this regard. In this article, the findings are presented from over 60 detailed interviews conducted with key enterprises and entrepreneurs involved in tourism, outsourcing and small enterprise development in South Africa. The aim is to examine opportunities for outsourcing and business linkage development in South Africa's tourism economy, and to investigate the difficulties that confront the tourism SMME economy through examining the status of business linkages between large tourism enterprises and SMMEs in South Africa. The South African research is located within the context of existing works on tourism and small enterprise development in developing countries.     

Integrated rural development programmes: A historical perspective

The pervasive poverty in rural areas has represented a continuing concern of national governments and development assistance agencies. One response to pervasive poverty has been the design of local institutions to enable rural communities to mobilize their own resources to generate growth and improve the quality of life. Programmes organized under the rubric of ‘community development’ were a major focus of development assistance during the 1950s and early 1960s. During the early 1970s concern about the distributional implications of economic growth again emerged as a major theme in development thought and development policy. This concern gave rise to two new development assistance approaches — ‘integrated rural development’ and ‘basic needs’ programmes. In this paper, I attempt to trace the development, accomplishments and limitations of the community development, integrated rural development and basic needs approaches.     

Land and development at Indaleni: A historical perspective

This paper reviews the history of land allocation, land use and also some of the major attempts made over the last century to introduce change and what is now popularly referred to as development at Indaleni, a black community which is predominantly Zulu, but where there has been a strong white mission presence for over a hundred years. It is argued that the missionaries and colonial administrators of the last century were the forerunners of many of the interest groups active in the development field at Indaleni and elsewhere in KwaZulu/Natal today. Although the aims of intervention have changed, the high‐handed methods and above all the certainty with which many outsiders approach ‘development’ has not. Chronicled also are white attitudes to granting freehold land tenure to blacks in Natal and consideration is given to the reasons why the first missionaries to work at Indaleni failed to achieve their aim of not only converting local people to Christianity, but of equipping them with skills to compete with whites in an integrated social and economic community.     

The reception of resistance to development: A perspective

People sometimes react with little enthusiasm to development projects designed for them — or even resist such projects. One of the reasons for this is that development projects and modernization impose Western values and world‐views on other cultures. The search for an authentic identity based on African values is described by prominent modern African writers all over the continent This search includes, to a greater or lesser extent, the rejection of Western values and lifestyles. In this article the views of African writers on the African concept of a cosmic order and the corresponding concept of development is compared with the traditional Western concepts. Theological reflection from a Christian point of view is also included. Various ‘gaps’ that exist are discussed, as well as possibilities for reconciling the opposing values and world‐views.     

Accessibility to government resources for minority business development: A practicum

Summary This article highlights the problem of inaccessibility to available government resources designed to promote the development of minority-owned business enterprises. The problem involves an ironical situation in which an unintentionally, but artificially created, information scarcity exists which hinders minority-owned business development. Existing and prospective minority entrepreneurs are essentially unaware of the untapped resources available to them at the regional and neighborhood levels. Representatives of corporate firms are equally ignorant of available government resources that can suggest to them proper ways to “get involved” in minority business development. These individuals-the minority entrepreneur and the corporate representative-who are so in need of each other, can identify ways in which to link up. In this paper, we suggest that a scheme should be available through OMBE-supported organizations by which they are able to identify existing resources so that their ideas, intentions, and programs can be shaped into viable and profitable minority business enterprises.     

A targeted approach to informal business development: the entrepreneurial route

The present paper maintains that initiatives to promote and support small businesses need to focus on those with growth potential rather than on the small business sector as a whole, and that the human factor, especially entrepreneurial intentions and behaviour, is the overwhelming force in small business success. Empirical evidence shows that many entrepreneurs setting up businesses in the informal economy of South Africa have little business acumen. The majority of informal businesses operate as survivalist entities with limited development and growth potential. The paper suggests that only between 10 and 15 per cent of informal entrepreneurs have sufficient business skills to expand and develop their businesses. These should be the focus of policy initiatives. Separate collective support measures should be designed to make the business environment more hospitable to low-potential informal businesses.     

The development and evaluation of an andragogic training programme for small business retailers

One of the greatest challenges facing South Africa after apartheid is job creation and the development of people's skills. Small business, and retailing in particular, with its relatively low entry requirements, can help to meet this challenge. However, small business retailing suffers from a high failure rate.

It was felt that small business retailers would be more likely to succeed if they received proper training. A small business training model was therefore developed and implemented and the results were evaluated from several perspectives. This indicated that if small business retailers are effectively trained their knowledge and skills will improve and their businesses will be more likely to survive and grow. The article describes the model, the systematic approach to the training, the methods of evaluation and the lessons to be learnt from the exercise.     

Japan's elderly small business managers: Performance and succession

We investigate the effects of succession from an elderly to a nonelderly small business manager using firm-level data for Japan. The number of elderly small business managers has increased in Japan with the aging of the population; therefore, succession to younger managers has become an important policy issue. We make use of data for 2001–2015 for 188,021 small businesses, of which 77,773 at some point have a manager aged 60 or older and 8711 of these transition to a manager of under age 60. First, we investigate the relationship between firm performance and manager age. Performance is found to be lower for firms with elderly managers. Second, we estimate the determinants of succession in small businesses with elderly managers, showing that larger, less leveraged, more cash-rich, and profitable firms are more likely to transition to younger managers. Our results imply that more poorly performing firms are less likely to replace elderly managers, suggesting that such firms are not selected by young managers. Third, we examine post-succession performance using propensity score matching. Succession from elderly to young managers is shown to have positive effects on sales, employment, assets, return on assets, capital investment, and cash holdings. These results imply that succession improves firm growth. Furthermore, young successors tend to accumulate cash holdings implying that they are more risk averse and/or face tighter credit constraints than their predecessors.     

Minority business development: An international comparison

The migration of people from the developing nations to the industrialized world has created significant minority population concentrations in those industrialized countries. Invariably, the minority population (generally black, Hispanic, and/or Asian) occupies the lower end of the socioeconomic distribution spectrum because of lower levels of educational achievement and higher unemployment rates. The host countries confronted with these issues of minority inequities are exploring a variety of alternatives to alleviate the socioeconomic problems; one of which is minority business development. This article looks at the industrialized countries of Canada, France, Great Britain, Holland, West Germany, and the United States, and how they are addressing the issue of minority business development. The size and diversity of the minority population, the economic, social, and political conditions under which they migrate, and the host country recognition of their status affects the economic climate and the development success of this business sector, formed outside of their native habitats. Although conditions differ from country to country, minority businesses in general suffer from similar problems of capital access, market restrictions, and general management inadequacies. The developmental path of these business sectors are, however, affected by the host country policy and the official programs designed specifically to address their needs.     

Mining companies' role in sustainable development: The 'why' and 'how' of corporate social responsibility from a business perspective

This article - the first in a pair of articles on corporate social responsibility (CSR) - provides an overview of mining companies' role in sustainable development, from a business perspective and in the South African context. It argues that companies' social and environmental responsibilities are increasing, due to global changes in the way the role of business is perceived, South African policy developments, as well as a strong 'business case' for companies to actively support sustainable development - beyond philanthropy and impact mitigation. Partnerships between companies, the government and civil society are introduced as a potentially effective and efficient strategy for CSR. They are no panacea, however, and require a commitment to local communities' rights to informed prior consent and authentic participation. CSR hence presents mining companies with significant challenges. Given committed leadership and the right approach, it can entail important opportunities as well. Particular attention will need to be given to potential tensions between the international debate surrounding CSR, on the one hand, and local South African development challenges and companies' responses to them, on the other.     

Rural development interventions — A behavioural perspective

From their review of the literature on rural development, the authors believe that inadequate attention is paid to the behavioural bases of the intervention process and to ways of understanding complex motivational processes within communities. Two models are suggested as tools for categorizing resistances to change and pressures for change in relation to traditional communities, and as a conceptual framework for explaining motivational processes. The first area of intervention draws on Lewin's force‐field analysis model as a means of categorizing pressures for and resistances to change. The second area, that of motivation, uses Vroom's expectancy model to analyse community motivational patterns.     

The contribution of business incubators and technology stations to small enterprise development in South Africa

This paper examines the contribution of small business incubators to the development and promotion of small medium and micro enterprises. The International Labour Organization argues that small business incubators are innovative instruments that are increasingly considered to be of prime importance in developing and promoting competitive small firms. The location of technology stations at universities of technology points to the importance of these universities in the development of technology-intensive small firms.     

Utilization of minority employees in small business: A comparison of nonminority and black-owned urban enterprises

Structural changes in the urban economy are causing African-American workers in blue collar occupations to rely increasingly upon the small business sector for employment. This study finds that most of the nonminority-owned small businesses operating in large urban areas do not employ minorities. Even among the businesses physically located within minority communities, the majority of the workers in the nonminority small firms are white. Black-owned businesses, in contrast, rely largely on minority workers even when their firms are located outside of minority neighborhoods.