鄂尔多斯市农地资源调查及效益评价

[目的]文章分析了2007—2016年10年来鄂尔多斯市农地数量变化情况,同时从经济、社会、生态3个维度入手,对此期间内鄂尔多斯市农地资源利用效益进行测度。[方法]建立鄂尔多斯市农地利用效益指标体系,采用极差法、熵值法确定指标权重,进而对经济效益、社会效益、生态效益及综合效益进行测算。[结果]鄂尔多斯市农地主要包括耕地、园地、林地和牧草地4种类型,占比分别为2.97%、16.23%、43.81%和31.86%;2007—2016年鄂尔多斯市农地数量逐年上升,以园地增长面积最大,耕地增长面积最小,形成以草地、园地为主,林地、耕地为辅的分布特征;10年来鄂尔多斯市经济效益、社会效益、生态效益呈上升趋势,经济效益、社会效益上升幅度大于生态效益,且经济效益、社会效益优于生态效益;除社会效益外,鄂尔多斯市农地利用综合效益、经济效益、生态效益于2012年皆处于"低谷期",但综合效益整体处于上升态势,4种效益上升斜率逐渐趋于一致,农地利用效益步入稳定上升阶段。[结论]鄂尔多斯市农地利用效率逐渐趋于协调稳定上升状态。     

基于市域尺度的东北地区农地集约利用研究

[目的]农地集约利用是提高农地利用效率、缓解人地供求矛盾,实现农业可持续发展的重要保障。研究农地集约利用时空演变及驱动力,有利于提高东北地区农地集约利用水平,提高农地利用效率,实现该地区农业可持续发展。[方法]文章在构建农地集约利用评价体系的基础上,利用GIS10.2空间分析软件对2001—2016年东北地区下辖40个市市农地集约利用水平作时空格局演变分析。并采用SPSS22.0软件利用主成分分析法研究其农地集约利用驱动力。[结果]黑龙江省集约利用水平最高的为佳木斯市,最低的为伊春市;吉林省集约利用水平最高为白城市,最低为延边市;辽宁省集约利用水平最高为盘锦市,最低为葫芦岛市;内蒙古集约利用水平最高为通辽市,最低为赤峰市。农地集约利用度在空间上由不均匀分布趋向于均匀分布。[结论](1)2001—2016年东北地区农地集约利用水平总体较低,除长春、松原、白城、盘锦、通辽、沈阳等几个市利用集约度为中度水平外,其余各市均处于粗放利用阶段;(2)东北地区集约度在空间格局上呈现出以"通辽—松原—长春—沈阳—四平"较高利用区为核心,且沿通辽和沈阳至佳木斯沿线,构成了显著的东北地区农地集约利用高值区的集聚化特征,农地集约利用低值区分布于该沿线两侧;(3)东北地区农地集约利用驱动力总体上可归纳为农地环境驱动、农地科技资金要素投入驱动、农业经济发展驱动。综上,土地集约利用是一个区域农业发展与农地利用结构相融合的复杂系统,下一步宜对各驱动因子影响的过程和作用机理进行研究,明确农地集约利用驱动机制。     

山东省耕地利用集约度时空变化及政策启示

研究目的:通过分析1993-2014年山东省耕地利用集约度总体和各投入要素集约度的时空变化特征及影响因素,进而探讨耕地利用集约度与社会经济发展水平的协调程度,并提出相应政策措施,以提高山东省耕地集约利用水平,保障区域粮食安全。研究方法:能值分析、GIS空间分析、主成分分析。研究结果:(1)1993-2014年,山东省耕地利用集约度总体呈增长态势,而劳动集约度不断下降;资本集约度中,属于省工性投入的农业机械集约度呈现出显著的线性增长特征,属于增产性投入的化肥、农药和农膜集约度均呈先升后降的趋势。(2)全省耕地集约利用水平空间差异明显,总体上呈"东西高,南北低"的特点。(3)耕地利用集约度在一定程度上受社会经济发展水平的制约,两者存在着不协调现象。研究结论:1993-2014年,山东省耕地利用集约度不断上升的同时也存在明显的区域差异,不同区域应依据当地自然和社会经济条件,采取相应措施提高耕地集约利用水平。     

基于熵值法的河北省农业用水利用效率研究

文章从需求居高不下,投入压力积聚;供给增长有限,地下水开采程度不断加深;部分地区水资源污染、浪费以及利用的低效率等方面,总结了河北省农业用水的现状及问题,进而选取水资源消耗、水资源自然条件、水资源技术条件和经济产出效益4方面的指标构建了农业用水利用效率评价指标体系,建立评价数据的时间序列矩阵,应用熵值法进行了水资源利用效率的评价,通过实证分析得到2005~2012年各年农业用水利用效率综合评价指数。研究结论:影响农业用水效率的因素中,技术条件贡献率最大,其次为产出效益、消耗程度和自然条件;农业用水综合指数近几年有所增长但呈现波动态势,技术条件指数走势与其趋同,其他影响因素对水资源效率贡献度变化较平稳。最后结合实证分析的结果在提高农业用水利用技术条件、提高投入产出率、减少水源消耗、增加供给几个方面探索了提升河北省农业用水利用效率的对策。     

基于能值理论的湖南省耕地利用集约度演变研究

研究耕地资源的高效集约利用对社会经济发展具有重要意义。采用能值理论的研究方法,运用湖南统计年鉴相关数据,从农业机械集约度、化肥集约度、农药集约度、农膜集约度和劳动力集约度等5个方面,着重分析了湖南省2003~2012年间耕地利用集约度的时空变化特征。结果表明:总体看,2003~2012年,湖南省耕地利用集约度呈增长趋势,10年间耕地利用集约度共上升了0.252 8,其中生产要素集约度共增加了0.230 2,而复种指数增加了0.018 4。从各要素看,2003~2012年湖南省的农业机械、农药、农膜、化肥集约度都呈增长趋势,研究期间农药集约度增加了0.035×10~(13)sej/hm~2;化肥增加了3.111×10~(13)sej/hm~2;农膜增长了0.01×10~(13)sej/hm~2。而劳动集约度呈下降趋势;复种指数在研究时间段内总体呈上升趋势;耕地利用集约度在生产要素集约度和复种指数的综合作用下不断上升;从区域差异看,长株潭城市群和环洞庭湖区耕地利用集约度较高,因为该区域有比较优越的地理经济区位。而化肥、机械、劳动力投入水平都比较低的山地丘陵地区,工业辅助能集约度要低于劳动集约度,耕地利用集约度低。并结合分析结果和湖南省情提出了相关建议。     

兵团批发和零售业运营绩效评价研究

文章基于兵团批发和零售业统计数据,运用主成分分析法,对兵团限额以上批发和零售企业运营绩效进行综合评价。结果表明:2004-2013年,兵团限额以上批发和零售企业总体运营绩效呈增长态势,其中,零售企业运营绩效提升幅度较大。从横向比较,兵团各师限额以上批发和零售业法人单位运营绩效普遍不高,尤其是规模较大的企业运营绩效偏低,反映出兵团批发和零售企业大而不强的典型特征,但零售业发展较快、规模较小的法人单位运营绩效反而较高。因此,促进批发企业改制,逐步走向批发和零售一体化发展;大力扶持零售企业向规模化、连锁化发展,是改善兵团批发和零售业运营绩效的主要途径。     

农地保护政策评价及建议

在简述农地保护发生机制的基础上,客观评价了农地保护政策的绩效,并针对其运行失效的现实,分析了其本身存在的缺陷,进而提出了尊重农民权利、提高农地经营收益;全面评价农地效益、适当补偿农地保护区农民等对策的建议.     

兵团农地使用权流转制约因素与对策研究

在兵团特殊的产权结构和社会保障制度的约束下,由于缺乏农地流转正式规章制度的保障、缺乏农地流转的中介组织、职工受教育程度较低等因素的制约,农地流转规模和程度远远低于地方农村的平均水平。因此必须进行产权制度和社会保障制度的改革,只有这样才能解除兵团农地流转的制约因素,进而推进兵团农地流转的进程。     

基于循环经济视角的河南省耕地利用集约度时空差异研究

提高耕地集约利用水平是保障我国粮食安全的重要途径。以粮食大省——河南省为样区,基于循环经济理念构建包含投入强度、重复利用、综合效益、持续状态等4个准则层的耕地集约利用评价指标体系,采用熵值法、变异系数法、协调度评价模型等方法对1994~2012年河南省耕地利用集约度进行时间序列评价,采用聚类分析法分析河南省耕地集约利用水平的空间差异特征,为河南省粮食安全和耕地集约节约利用提供依据。结果表明:(1)1994~2012年间,河南省耕地利用集约度总体呈上升趋势,但2003年下降。(2)耕地投入强度、重复利用、综合效益、持续状态呈增长态势。但耕地持续状态增长较为波动。(3)河南省耕地利用协调度比较协调,总体处于平稳波动状态,1994~2002年耕地利用协调度呈波动上升趋势,2002~2012年呈波动下降趋势。(4)1994~2012年河南省各地级市耕地集约利用水平呈上升趋势,并且具有明显的区域性差异。河南省西部地区耕地集约利用水平相对较低。     

西安市建设用地利用绩效的变化特征及其障碍因素研究

建设用地集约利用是实现城市可持续发展的关键。从土地利用程度、土地利用效率、生态环境影响、土地投入水平四个方面设计了建设用地利用绩效评价指标体系,运用综合指数法和障碍度模型对2006—2015年西安市建设用地利用绩效水平和障碍因素进行研究。结果表明:2006—2015年西安市建设用地利用绩效水平持续提高,综合绩效指数从2006年的0.189 9涨到了2015年的0.795 1,年均增长12.26%,土地集约利用效果显著。从影响因素看土地利用效益的绩效指数增长最为显著,生态环境影响的绩效指数增长最小。2006年土地利用效益是影响西安市建设用地利用绩效的最大阻碍的因素,障碍度达到了36.52%,到了2015年,生态环境因素变成了最大阻碍因素,障碍度达到了73.37%。研究认为控制污染物排放总量,加强生态环境建设是今后提升西安市建设用地利用绩效的关键。     

Price transmission between products at different stages of manufacturing in forest industries

The theory of demand and supply implies a positive relationship, or “price transmission” between the prices of products at different stages of manufacturing. This relationship was investigated with quarterly prices of softwood stumpage in the US South, and national prices of forest products, from 1977 to 2002. All prices, net of inflation, were found to be nonstationary and there was no evidence of co-integration between prices. Vector autogressive models, augmented by Granger causality tests and multiplier analysis showed that there was a one-to-one permanent positive response of the southern sawtimber stumpage price to a permanent change in the national lumber price. There was also a one-third permanent positive response of the national paper price to a permanent change in the national pulp price. There was no relation between regional pulpwood prices and national pulp or paper prices. When price transmission was significant, the full adjustment took about 2 years.     

Application of an ecosystem function framework to perceptions of community woodlands

Owners, local residents, government, and conservation organisations can express divergent preferences in the development and management of local woodlands. The perceptions of these four groups were examined, in the context of three community woodlands in Eastern England, using an ecosystem function framework. In a pilot study, residents were able to allocate a relative importance to woodland ecosystem services which were then related to “regulation”, “habitat”, and “production” or “information” functions. However residents also placed importance on negative services or “dis-services” associated with the woodland ecosystem. Therefore a fifth category of “dis-services” was included in the main survey which included 84 local residents, three woodland owners, three government institutions, and six representatives from conservation groups. Each of the four groups placed greatest importance on services associated with habitat (16–39% of the total importance) and information (30–50%) functions suggesting, in this example, mutual interest in the use of woodlands as a habitat or recreational resource. By contrast a potential area of difference was the particularly high importance placed by one owner on dis-services such as fly tipping. In addition the woodland owners placed higher importance (10–20%), than local residents and conservation groups (7–9%), on the productive services of the wood. This suggests a need for communication when production-related operations affect recreation. The ecosystem function framework appears to be a useful approach for highlighting potential tensions and areas of mutual interest in the management of semi-natural ecosystems.     

In Vino ‘No’ Veritas: impacts of fraud on wine imports in China

China is one of the largest wine importing countries in the world and is poised for continued import growth in the future. Increased wine purchases throughout China have given rise to persistent fraud where fake wines are packaged and sold with counterfeit contents and labels. For exporting countries like France, counterfeit wines displace market share, damage foreign brand reputation, and cause distrust in consumers who are aware of counterfeiting problems throughout the country. We examine the impact of fraudulent wine events (as measured by negative media reports) on Chinese wine demand differentiated by supplying country. We employ the Rotterdam demand system and a switching regression procedure to estimate import demand and compare results across different media variable specifications. Results consistently show that negative reports disproportionately affect French wine regardless of how the media variable is specified. This is not surprising because most fraudulent events involve French wine counterfeits.     

An evaluation framework for earthquake-responsive land administration

In recent years earthquakes and their secondary hazards have claimed the largest number of lives of all large natural disasters. Some of the world’s most earthquake-prone zones are also areas of high population density. The impact is magnified by vulnerability factors including non-enforcement of building codes, knowledge gaps, urban poverty and poor governance capacity to manage and reduce earthquake risks. Poor security of land tenure and property rights increases the vulnerability of people and affects their ability to respond to natural disasters.Earthquake recovery and reconstruction provides very significant challenges for land agencies, with these challenges differing from one country to the next due to differences in the local context. Drawing on contrasting case studies in Haiti, Nepal and New Zealand this paper identifies the common post-earthquake land administration functions and challenges that may apply to many contexts. These lessons provide land agencies and other key stakeholders with a summary of the challenges an earthquake poses for land administration at different post-disaster stages. We also discuss the policy and regulatory, institutional, operational and preparedness lessons for land administration. From these lessons we propose a framework for evaluating the earthquake-responsiveness of a land administration system. This framework can be used by a land agency in an earthquake prone region, or where an earthquake has recently occurred, to assess what challenges to land administration might occur in the event of an earthquake, and the preparedness of their land administration system.     

Agrarian Poverty,Nutrition and Economic Class – A Study of Gujarat,India

This paper analyses poverty and calorific undernourishment in the Indian state of Gujarat, where high and market‐led industrial growth has resulted in rapid economic improvement. The study is carried out through a combination of secondary and survey‐based data. We conclude that the neoliberal agenda of uncontrolled, outward‐looking growth has not resulted in significant reduction of poverty or malnourishment in rural areas. Furthermore, while land ownership is officially used as a proxy for wealth distribution, class position appears a better predictor of poverty status in the rural areas than landownership per se. At the policy level, there is a need to revive the agrarian economy and create new non‐agricultural assets, and the primary focus in the state must shift to the distribution of created assets rather than a single‐minded focus on growth.     

Does sustainable agricultural growth require a system of innovation? Evidence from Ghana and Burkina Faso

This paper tests the ‘systems of innovation’ hypothesis for a selection of crops in Ghana and Burkina Faso that have shown significant growth in production over an approximately 20-year period. The question is whether such growth can only occur if supported by a system of innovation. Using two indicators (a common understanding on objectives and priorities, and a high level of interactivity), we find little evidence for the existence of anything that might be considered a high functioning system of innovation.     

Local impacts of industrial tree plantations: An empirical analysis in Indonesia across plantation types

The values ascribed to industrial tree plantations are often controversial. Hence knowledge of their perceived impacts is important for improving their integration in rural landscapes. In 2016 we conducted household surveys with 606 respondents living in villages adjacent to acacia, teak and pine plantations across three islands in Indonesia (Java, Borneo, Sumatra). Results show that perceptions toward pine and teak plantations tend to differ from those toward acacia pulpwood plantations in several ways. Pine and teak plantations are perceived to have a higher number and variety of benefits and services, a higher number of positive impacts, a better environmental record, and to present more opportunities to local people for use of plantation land and products for improving rural livelihoods. In addition, we find that villagers around acacia pulpwood plantations tend to seek economic development and infrastructure to open up remote areas, yet their expectations were often only partially met. Recommendations from our analysis include: the role of the State in plantations must be clarified and potentially reinforced; the role of institutions as intermediaries is fundamental; and contributions by communities to design of management plans should be accommodated.     

Upstream demand for water use by new tree plantations imposes externalities on downstream irrigated agriculture and wetlands*

Large‐scale tree plantations in high rainfall upstream areas can reduce fresh water inflows to river systems, thereby imposing external costs on downstream irrigation, stock and domestic water users and wetland interests. We take the novel approach of expressing all benefits and costs of establishing plantations in terms of $ per gigalitre (GL) of water removed annually from river flows, setting upstream demands on the same basis as downstream demands. For the Macquarie Valley, a New South Wales sub‐catchment of Australia’s Murray‐Darling Basin, we project changes in land and water use and changes in economic surpluses under two policy settings: without and with a policy requiring permanent water entitlements to be purchased from downstream parties, before plantation establishment. Without the policy, and given a high stumpage value for trees ($70/m³), upstream gains in economic surplus projected from expanding plantations are $639 million; balanced against $233 million in economic losses by downstream irrigators and stock and domestic water users for a net gain of $406 million, but 345 GL lower mean annual environmental flows. With the policy, smaller gains in upstream economic surplus from trees ($192 million), added to net downstream gains ($138 million) from sale of water, result in gains of $330 million with no reduction in environmental flows. Sustaining the 345 GL flow for a $76 million (406–330) reduction in gains to economic surplus may be seen to cost only $0.22 million/GL; but this is much lower than the market value of the first units of that water to agriculture and forestry.     

土地学科的建设和发展——"土地学科发展规划研讨会"综述

中国土地科学学科发展已取得很大成就,表现为专业教育和人才培养成绩突出、初步形成学科体系、取得大批研究成果.而存在的问题主要是基础理论研究欠缺、独特的土地科学研究方法体系尚未形成、研究角度单一、学术交流质量不高和学科带头人的影响力不足.土地科学学科发展目前面临着巨大的机遇和挑战,应明确土地科学学科发展的基本思路、发展目标及2010-2020年的主要建设任务和保障措施.     

Underpayment of Small Producers of Coffee and Cocoa in Sierra Leone

Fieldwork shows that many Sierra Leonean producers do not receive the official producer price for their coffee and cocoa, due to the concentration of buying stations, credit relations, the small quantities offered for sale, and the lack of marketing knowledge of the numerous and unorganized farmers. To the traders underpayment may seem economically justifiable to a certain extent, but to the farmers it means poverty and debt. A new village marketing centre project aims at remedying this situation and has already led to higher prices. Although no longer allowed to take their "just" share from the producers, traders are still willing to deal with the new centres.