丛生福禄考扦插繁殖技术及园林应用

以丛生福禄考(Phlox subulata)为材料,采用不同配比的7种基质,选用NAA、IBA 2种外源激素,研究不同扦插季节、不同基质和不同浓度外源激素对丛生福禄考扦插生根的影响.结果表明,4月份适宜扦插生根;珍珠岩:草炭=1:1的生根率最高;1000 mg·L-1 IBA处理生根快,且生根率达100％.     

比久及多效唑对锥花福禄考观赏性状的影响

以比久和多效唑作为生长调节剂对锥花福禄考的观赏性状进行研究,得到了两种生长调节剂对于锥花福禄考的株高,叶长,叶宽,茎宽及花径都有一定的抑制作用,并且在对于锥花福禄考株高的动态影响调查中发现,多效唑3.0 g·L-1可以作为对锥花福禄考植株株高抑制的最佳浓度。     

皇竹草及其栽培技术

正皇竹草为多年生、直立丛生的禾本科植物,外型及生长类似甘蔗。每窝皇竹草在第2~3年大多数有30~50株,多的可达100多株。地表上部植株直立丛生,高大粗壮可称之为草中之皇帝,且形如小斑竹,故名皇竹草。皇竹草为多年生,直立丛生的禾本科植物,是一种高产优质的刈割型饲草,可用于饲喂牛、羊、猪、鹅、兔等草食畜禽和草鱼,还可代替稻草成为栽培食用菌的原料。养牛:一亩皇竹草可以养3~8头牛,如果种植十亩皇竹草则可饲养30头牛,如果是催肥菜牛,     

温州蜜柑盛果期的修剪

一、春、夏、秋梢的修剪 (一)春梢修剪:温州蜜柑春梢多,生长旺,极性强,营养好,上部芽易萌发。早熟温州蜜柑春梢易成丛生状,对强壮丛生枝宜采取去弱留强疏剪;对衰弱丛生枝应从基部剪除或剪至基部强壮部分处,促发强健枝或直接从基部枝条上抽带叶花果枝;对强壮直立的春梢营养枝留5～6叶摘心,促发夏梢。     

黑龙江哈拉海湿地自然保护区

哈拉海湿地自然保护区位于松嫩平原的西北端、大兴安岭南麓、黑龙江省龙江县西北部，该湿地芦苇丛生，鱼肥鸟众，湖泊纵横，是我国境内唯一有湖泊的原始湿地。2007年批建为省级自然保护区，保护区批复总面积为16564公顷。     

能源草

能源草并不是新的植物品种，而是一系列可以作为燃料使用的草本植物的统称，一般是禾本科多年生高大的丛生草本植物，如芦竹、象草、柳枝稷、草芦等。能源草被认为是最有发展前途的生物质能源资源之一。目前国外已经开始一定程度的应用。     

积极发展农村非营利组织

“三农”问题丛生．根源之一是政府对“三农”的一元化行政管理模式。在“全球结社革命”的时代背景下．和谐治理“三农”问题．必须依托和发挥农村非营利组织的力量。     

树状月季如何嫁接修剪

正自然界的月季一般都是丛生灌木,没有主干。如果培养出有主干的小乔木状的树状月季,使其枝繁叶茂,花大,色艳,而且花期较长,必定给观赏园林增添绚丽的色彩。砧木的培养。砧木品种可选用花旗藤、粉团蔷薇等。要用2年生以上的大砧木,要求生长旺盛,根系发达,无病虫害。冬前平茬后,待第二年萌生出几条粗壮的枝条,作为嫁接用。嫁接与管理。嫁接方式:(1)在丛生枝条中选一根生长旺盛的     

农作物保护地栽培技术

保护地栽培技术是指应用覆盖材料对农作物生长环境进行覆盖保护的栽培技术，它主要包括农用塑料覆盖栽培和玻璃温室栽培。在生产实践中，以农用塑料覆盖栽培为主。农用塑料覆盖主要包括农、地膜覆盖、遮阳网和防虫网应用。农、地膜覆盖主要包括地膜，小、中、大棚，日光温室覆盖栽培，暖棚养殖等。农作物采用保护地栽培，重点要注意以下几点：     

猴头菇畸形的原因与防治

——珊瑚丛生型。子实体丛基部分枝,每个分枝又不规则地多次分枝,成珊瑚丛集状。这是因营养不良和二氧化碳浓度过高所致。因此培养料中不要混入含松、杉、柏、樟树的锯末,在培养时注意通风换气。     

Price transmission between products at different stages of manufacturing in forest industries

The theory of demand and supply implies a positive relationship, or “price transmission” between the prices of products at different stages of manufacturing. This relationship was investigated with quarterly prices of softwood stumpage in the US South, and national prices of forest products, from 1977 to 2002. All prices, net of inflation, were found to be nonstationary and there was no evidence of co-integration between prices. Vector autogressive models, augmented by Granger causality tests and multiplier analysis showed that there was a one-to-one permanent positive response of the southern sawtimber stumpage price to a permanent change in the national lumber price. There was also a one-third permanent positive response of the national paper price to a permanent change in the national pulp price. There was no relation between regional pulpwood prices and national pulp or paper prices. When price transmission was significant, the full adjustment took about 2 years.     

Application of an ecosystem function framework to perceptions of community woodlands

Owners, local residents, government, and conservation organisations can express divergent preferences in the development and management of local woodlands. The perceptions of these four groups were examined, in the context of three community woodlands in Eastern England, using an ecosystem function framework. In a pilot study, residents were able to allocate a relative importance to woodland ecosystem services which were then related to “regulation”, “habitat”, and “production” or “information” functions. However residents also placed importance on negative services or “dis-services” associated with the woodland ecosystem. Therefore a fifth category of “dis-services” was included in the main survey which included 84 local residents, three woodland owners, three government institutions, and six representatives from conservation groups. Each of the four groups placed greatest importance on services associated with habitat (16–39% of the total importance) and information (30–50%) functions suggesting, in this example, mutual interest in the use of woodlands as a habitat or recreational resource. By contrast a potential area of difference was the particularly high importance placed by one owner on dis-services such as fly tipping. In addition the woodland owners placed higher importance (10–20%), than local residents and conservation groups (7–9%), on the productive services of the wood. This suggests a need for communication when production-related operations affect recreation. The ecosystem function framework appears to be a useful approach for highlighting potential tensions and areas of mutual interest in the management of semi-natural ecosystems.     

In Vino ‘No’ Veritas: impacts of fraud on wine imports in China

China is one of the largest wine importing countries in the world and is poised for continued import growth in the future. Increased wine purchases throughout China have given rise to persistent fraud where fake wines are packaged and sold with counterfeit contents and labels. For exporting countries like France, counterfeit wines displace market share, damage foreign brand reputation, and cause distrust in consumers who are aware of counterfeiting problems throughout the country. We examine the impact of fraudulent wine events (as measured by negative media reports) on Chinese wine demand differentiated by supplying country. We employ the Rotterdam demand system and a switching regression procedure to estimate import demand and compare results across different media variable specifications. Results consistently show that negative reports disproportionately affect French wine regardless of how the media variable is specified. This is not surprising because most fraudulent events involve French wine counterfeits.     

An evaluation framework for earthquake-responsive land administration

In recent years earthquakes and their secondary hazards have claimed the largest number of lives of all large natural disasters. Some of the world’s most earthquake-prone zones are also areas of high population density. The impact is magnified by vulnerability factors including non-enforcement of building codes, knowledge gaps, urban poverty and poor governance capacity to manage and reduce earthquake risks. Poor security of land tenure and property rights increases the vulnerability of people and affects their ability to respond to natural disasters.Earthquake recovery and reconstruction provides very significant challenges for land agencies, with these challenges differing from one country to the next due to differences in the local context. Drawing on contrasting case studies in Haiti, Nepal and New Zealand this paper identifies the common post-earthquake land administration functions and challenges that may apply to many contexts. These lessons provide land agencies and other key stakeholders with a summary of the challenges an earthquake poses for land administration at different post-disaster stages. We also discuss the policy and regulatory, institutional, operational and preparedness lessons for land administration. From these lessons we propose a framework for evaluating the earthquake-responsiveness of a land administration system. This framework can be used by a land agency in an earthquake prone region, or where an earthquake has recently occurred, to assess what challenges to land administration might occur in the event of an earthquake, and the preparedness of their land administration system.     

Agrarian Poverty,Nutrition and Economic Class – A Study of Gujarat,India

This paper analyses poverty and calorific undernourishment in the Indian state of Gujarat, where high and market‐led industrial growth has resulted in rapid economic improvement. The study is carried out through a combination of secondary and survey‐based data. We conclude that the neoliberal agenda of uncontrolled, outward‐looking growth has not resulted in significant reduction of poverty or malnourishment in rural areas. Furthermore, while land ownership is officially used as a proxy for wealth distribution, class position appears a better predictor of poverty status in the rural areas than landownership per se. At the policy level, there is a need to revive the agrarian economy and create new non‐agricultural assets, and the primary focus in the state must shift to the distribution of created assets rather than a single‐minded focus on growth.     

Does sustainable agricultural growth require a system of innovation? Evidence from Ghana and Burkina Faso

This paper tests the ‘systems of innovation’ hypothesis for a selection of crops in Ghana and Burkina Faso that have shown significant growth in production over an approximately 20-year period. The question is whether such growth can only occur if supported by a system of innovation. Using two indicators (a common understanding on objectives and priorities, and a high level of interactivity), we find little evidence for the existence of anything that might be considered a high functioning system of innovation.     

Local impacts of industrial tree plantations: An empirical analysis in Indonesia across plantation types

The values ascribed to industrial tree plantations are often controversial. Hence knowledge of their perceived impacts is important for improving their integration in rural landscapes. In 2016 we conducted household surveys with 606 respondents living in villages adjacent to acacia, teak and pine plantations across three islands in Indonesia (Java, Borneo, Sumatra). Results show that perceptions toward pine and teak plantations tend to differ from those toward acacia pulpwood plantations in several ways. Pine and teak plantations are perceived to have a higher number and variety of benefits and services, a higher number of positive impacts, a better environmental record, and to present more opportunities to local people for use of plantation land and products for improving rural livelihoods. In addition, we find that villagers around acacia pulpwood plantations tend to seek economic development and infrastructure to open up remote areas, yet their expectations were often only partially met. Recommendations from our analysis include: the role of the State in plantations must be clarified and potentially reinforced; the role of institutions as intermediaries is fundamental; and contributions by communities to design of management plans should be accommodated.     

Upstream demand for water use by new tree plantations imposes externalities on downstream irrigated agriculture and wetlands*

Large‐scale tree plantations in high rainfall upstream areas can reduce fresh water inflows to river systems, thereby imposing external costs on downstream irrigation, stock and domestic water users and wetland interests. We take the novel approach of expressing all benefits and costs of establishing plantations in terms of $ per gigalitre (GL) of water removed annually from river flows, setting upstream demands on the same basis as downstream demands. For the Macquarie Valley, a New South Wales sub‐catchment of Australia’s Murray‐Darling Basin, we project changes in land and water use and changes in economic surpluses under two policy settings: without and with a policy requiring permanent water entitlements to be purchased from downstream parties, before plantation establishment. Without the policy, and given a high stumpage value for trees ($70/m³), upstream gains in economic surplus projected from expanding plantations are $639 million; balanced against $233 million in economic losses by downstream irrigators and stock and domestic water users for a net gain of $406 million, but 345 GL lower mean annual environmental flows. With the policy, smaller gains in upstream economic surplus from trees ($192 million), added to net downstream gains ($138 million) from sale of water, result in gains of $330 million with no reduction in environmental flows. Sustaining the 345 GL flow for a $76 million (406–330) reduction in gains to economic surplus may be seen to cost only $0.22 million/GL; but this is much lower than the market value of the first units of that water to agriculture and forestry.     

Underpayment of Small Producers of Coffee and Cocoa in Sierra Leone

Fieldwork shows that many Sierra Leonean producers do not receive the official producer price for their coffee and cocoa, due to the concentration of buying stations, credit relations, the small quantities offered for sale, and the lack of marketing knowledge of the numerous and unorganized farmers. To the traders underpayment may seem economically justifiable to a certain extent, but to the farmers it means poverty and debt. A new village marketing centre project aims at remedying this situation and has already led to higher prices. Although no longer allowed to take their "just" share from the producers, traders are still willing to deal with the new centres.     

Malaria incidence and agricultural efficiency in Uganda

The cost of accessing healthcare can be a major determinant of disease prevalence, which in turn has short‐ and long‐term welfare implications on poor households. In response, governments in developing countries often resort to subsidizing the cost of drugs, which, while perhaps easier to administer, may not always be the most effective way of addressing healthcare cost. In this regard, we analyze the impact of different types of household level health expenses on disease incidence and agricultural production efficiency. We use data from the 2006 Uganda National Household Survey, which covered approximately 7,400 households. The results suggest that a 10% increase in consultation, medicine, and hospitalization expenses would reduce malaria incidence respectively by 35.6%, 20.5%, and 21.3 %, which translates into a 1.1%, 0.6%, and 0.6 % decrease in agricultural inefficiency, respectively. The results indicate that helping poor households meet expenses for consultation through subsidies or eliminating consultation fees has a larger impact on malaria incidence and agricultural productivity among poor rural households than subsidizing the cost of medical drugs, the most common avenue chosen by developing country governments in the fight against the disease.