村级土地利用规划编制

研究目的：研究村级土地利用规划编制的问题。研究方法：归纳综合法。研究结果：村级土地利用规划的编制有利于村内产业发展、生产管理、经营管理和土地利用管理的有机结合,有利于各类规划的相互协调;村级土地利用规划中划分土地利用片,为土地灵活经营管理,落实上级规划控制指标,科学形成土地利用分区,解决土地规划中的刚性、弹性问题,实现土地利用精细化管理,有效落实土地用途管制创造了有利的条件。研究结论：村级土地利用规划编制不但是对中国现行土地利用总体规划体系的延伸和完善,而且也是适应村域经济发展对土地利用规划管理的要求。     

关于村级土地利用规划编制基本问题的探讨

研究目的:探讨村级土地利用规划的基本属性和编制方法。研究方法:依据投入产出分析原理,借助表上作业法,完成村级土地利用规划方案的编制。在各类用地规模和区位确定之后,规定每块土地的用途,开展各类用地内部规划设计。研究结果:开展村级土地利用规划,实施土地用途管制,可提高土地利用综合效益。研究结论:村级土地利用规划是中国土地利用规划体系的完善和深化;村级土地利用规划的开展,有利于土地资源优化配置,有利于土地资源管理各项政策的落实,有利于区域社会、经济、资源、环境的协调与可持续发展。     

村土地利用规划编制内容探索研究——以和林格尔县台格斗村为例

以和林格尔县台格斗村为例,采用定性和定量分析相结合的方法,探究村土地利用规划编制的主要内容架构。提出土地资源利用现状与需求分析、土地利用结构和产业布局调整、土地用途区细化、中心村庄建设用地规划和体系规划、规划实施保障措施等是村土地利用规划的主要内容。村土地利用规划的编制不仅要有利于村产业发展、生产管理和土地利用管理,同时要与各级各类规划相互协调,做到真正的"多规合一",为有效解决"三农"问题提供用地需求,更好地节约集约利用土地资源。     

西部县级新一轮土地利用总体规划实施管控影响因素研究——以新疆伊宁市为例

我国正在实行第三轮县级土地利用总体规划,新一轮土地利用规划编制技术方法等方面都更加科学规范合理。在西部县市规划实施管控方面,由于人员、技术及相关政策等方面因素,制约着西部县市新一轮土地利用总体规划落实,影响土地资源科学高效利用。以新疆伊宁市为研究区,通过实地问卷调查,建立实施管控指标体系,进行定性定量相结合分析方法,揭示县级土地利用总体规划3年来实施管控问题及影响因素,并提出相应对策建议。研究证明,应该建立统一的土地利用规划实施管控运行机制,深入开展相关土地利用总体规划管控科学研究,揭示科学合理的土地管控影响因素,遵循集约节约用地模式,实现县域土地资源社会经济生态效益相统一。     

县级土地整治规划编制探讨

当前全国土地整治规划已通过并实施,大力推进县级土地整治和加快高标准基本农田建设成为当务之急。为科学合理地完善县级土地整治规划编制,运用归纳总结法,通过对全国县级土地整治试点规划编制工作的归纳和总结,探讨了县级土地整治规划编制的有关问题和做法,阐述了新时期县级土地整治规划的定位和新需求及一些注意事项。研究结果表明县级土地整治规划编制应抓住本轮规划的本质目的和紧紧围绕规划的可实施性。     

中国土地规划管理工作的回顾与展望

研究目的：通过对中国不同时期土地利用规划发展状况进行回顾和比较,探索新时期土地利用规划的方向及土地利用规划的任务和编制方法。研究方法：综合分析法,比较法。研究结论：中国土地利用规划的发展过程与不同时期经济体制紧密相连。现阶段土地利用规划机遇和挑战并存,既承担着综合平衡各业用地需求的责任,又承担着参与宏观调控的任务。土地利用规划将向地位强化、体系科学化、编制方法现代化、编制实施过程公开化和规划管理法制化方向发展。     

关于土地利用规划本质、功能和战略导向的思考

研究目的:对土地利用规划本质、功能进行科学认知,对规划战略导向进行理性定位,有利于促进土地利用规划编制、实施和管理水平的进一步提高,实现有限土地空间的可持续利用。研究方法:文献资料法,归纳总结法。研究结果:从6个方面诠释了土地利用规划的本质,用优化模型表达了土地利用规划的功能,提出了新时期土地利用规划调控的战略导向。研究结论:规划本质从历史上看是人类文明用地的产物,从权利上看是对土地发展权的分配,从行政上看是对土地市场失灵的一种纠正,从宗旨上看是对未来土地利用的控制,从技术上看是对土地利用系统时空的优化,从管理上看是提高土地利用决策科学性的手段;土地利用规划最核心的功能是其对未来土地利用时空的导向,目前需要从单功能目标规划向多功能目标规划的导向转型;规划战略需要不断创新完善,即要明确3个基本判断和3个"兼顾"。     

存量土地利用规划的思考与探索——基于上海的实践

正土地利用规划的核心是在用途管制制度基础上,对城市土地空间资源的规模、结构、布局和时序进行统筹和优化配置。当城市发展从空间扩张走向存量提升阶段,增量土地利用规划编制与管理方式已难以适应。因此,研究针对存量土地利用的规划问题,探索存量土地利用规划的内涵、特征、编制思路与政策机制,完善存量土地利用规划管理体系,很有必要。上海在存量土地优化方面一直走在全国前列,中心城区"退二进三"、"三个集中"、     

从增量扩张到存量调整的国土空间规划模式转变研究——基于珠三角高强度开发地区的实践探索

研究目的：基于珠三角等存量地区当下规划管理面临的困境,探讨增量扩张与存量调整两种导向下规划模式的差异,为生态文明时代存量调整型规划的编制与实施提供参考。研究方法：文献研究法和案例归纳法。研究结果：（1）在存量地区,传统的规划管理模式与内涵式优化、市场配置资源、多元主体治理等空间逻辑不相适应渐渐显现;（2）珠三角作为高强度开发典型地区,规划模式正发生从“增量扩张”到“存量调整”的转变,在规划编制各环节关注土地产权与土地价值协调,将规划与土地管理相融合,在推动存量调整优化中注重全链条政策支撑;（3）提出在“总体规划—专项规划—详细规划”的体系内推动存量空间调整的规划策略,形成“时空统筹+空间腾挪+土地连片整备+权益价值再平衡”等促进存量调整实施的政策支撑机制。研究结论：生态文明时代,以存量调整为主的高强度开发地区需把握建立国土空间规划体系的契机,探索动态治理的存量调整型国土空间规划模式,在编制和实施中关注规划对空间权益的分配与再分配及土地价值再平衡,重视存量空间调整实施过程中政策机制的支撑与保障。     

城市发展概念规划对中国土地利用战略研究的启示和借鉴

研究目的:总结城市发展概念规划的内涵与特性,在编制土地利用总体规划的土地利用战略研究环节,引入城市发展概念规划的理念与方法.研究方法:文献资料法、归纳分析法、比较分析法.研究结果:城市发展概念规划理念与方法的引入,强化了土地利用战略研究功能;引导土地利用空间分区,促使土地利用总体规划指标由刚性变为弹性;提高了规划编制的透明度和公众参与度.研究结论:城市发展概念规划理念与方法在土地利用战略研究中的应用,进一步完善了规划的编制程序和方法,为探索土地利用总体规划的编制模式提供了新思路.     

Application of an ecosystem function framework to perceptions of community woodlands

Owners, local residents, government, and conservation organisations can express divergent preferences in the development and management of local woodlands. The perceptions of these four groups were examined, in the context of three community woodlands in Eastern England, using an ecosystem function framework. In a pilot study, residents were able to allocate a relative importance to woodland ecosystem services which were then related to “regulation”, “habitat”, and “production” or “information” functions. However residents also placed importance on negative services or “dis-services” associated with the woodland ecosystem. Therefore a fifth category of “dis-services” was included in the main survey which included 84 local residents, three woodland owners, three government institutions, and six representatives from conservation groups. Each of the four groups placed greatest importance on services associated with habitat (16–39% of the total importance) and information (30–50%) functions suggesting, in this example, mutual interest in the use of woodlands as a habitat or recreational resource. By contrast a potential area of difference was the particularly high importance placed by one owner on dis-services such as fly tipping. In addition the woodland owners placed higher importance (10–20%), than local residents and conservation groups (7–9%), on the productive services of the wood. This suggests a need for communication when production-related operations affect recreation. The ecosystem function framework appears to be a useful approach for highlighting potential tensions and areas of mutual interest in the management of semi-natural ecosystems.     

An evaluation framework for earthquake-responsive land administration

In recent years earthquakes and their secondary hazards have claimed the largest number of lives of all large natural disasters. Some of the world’s most earthquake-prone zones are also areas of high population density. The impact is magnified by vulnerability factors including non-enforcement of building codes, knowledge gaps, urban poverty and poor governance capacity to manage and reduce earthquake risks. Poor security of land tenure and property rights increases the vulnerability of people and affects their ability to respond to natural disasters.Earthquake recovery and reconstruction provides very significant challenges for land agencies, with these challenges differing from one country to the next due to differences in the local context. Drawing on contrasting case studies in Haiti, Nepal and New Zealand this paper identifies the common post-earthquake land administration functions and challenges that may apply to many contexts. These lessons provide land agencies and other key stakeholders with a summary of the challenges an earthquake poses for land administration at different post-disaster stages. We also discuss the policy and regulatory, institutional, operational and preparedness lessons for land administration. From these lessons we propose a framework for evaluating the earthquake-responsiveness of a land administration system. This framework can be used by a land agency in an earthquake prone region, or where an earthquake has recently occurred, to assess what challenges to land administration might occur in the event of an earthquake, and the preparedness of their land administration system.     

Agrarian Poverty,Nutrition and Economic Class – A Study of Gujarat,India

This paper analyses poverty and calorific undernourishment in the Indian state of Gujarat, where high and market‐led industrial growth has resulted in rapid economic improvement. The study is carried out through a combination of secondary and survey‐based data. We conclude that the neoliberal agenda of uncontrolled, outward‐looking growth has not resulted in significant reduction of poverty or malnourishment in rural areas. Furthermore, while land ownership is officially used as a proxy for wealth distribution, class position appears a better predictor of poverty status in the rural areas than landownership per se. At the policy level, there is a need to revive the agrarian economy and create new non‐agricultural assets, and the primary focus in the state must shift to the distribution of created assets rather than a single‐minded focus on growth.     

Does sustainable agricultural growth require a system of innovation? Evidence from Ghana and Burkina Faso

This paper tests the ‘systems of innovation’ hypothesis for a selection of crops in Ghana and Burkina Faso that have shown significant growth in production over an approximately 20-year period. The question is whether such growth can only occur if supported by a system of innovation. Using two indicators (a common understanding on objectives and priorities, and a high level of interactivity), we find little evidence for the existence of anything that might be considered a high functioning system of innovation.     

Local impacts of industrial tree plantations: An empirical analysis in Indonesia across plantation types

The values ascribed to industrial tree plantations are often controversial. Hence knowledge of their perceived impacts is important for improving their integration in rural landscapes. In 2016 we conducted household surveys with 606 respondents living in villages adjacent to acacia, teak and pine plantations across three islands in Indonesia (Java, Borneo, Sumatra). Results show that perceptions toward pine and teak plantations tend to differ from those toward acacia pulpwood plantations in several ways. Pine and teak plantations are perceived to have a higher number and variety of benefits and services, a higher number of positive impacts, a better environmental record, and to present more opportunities to local people for use of plantation land and products for improving rural livelihoods. In addition, we find that villagers around acacia pulpwood plantations tend to seek economic development and infrastructure to open up remote areas, yet their expectations were often only partially met. Recommendations from our analysis include: the role of the State in plantations must be clarified and potentially reinforced; the role of institutions as intermediaries is fundamental; and contributions by communities to design of management plans should be accommodated.     

Upstream demand for water use by new tree plantations imposes externalities on downstream irrigated agriculture and wetlands*

Large‐scale tree plantations in high rainfall upstream areas can reduce fresh water inflows to river systems, thereby imposing external costs on downstream irrigation, stock and domestic water users and wetland interests. We take the novel approach of expressing all benefits and costs of establishing plantations in terms of $ per gigalitre (GL) of water removed annually from river flows, setting upstream demands on the same basis as downstream demands. For the Macquarie Valley, a New South Wales sub‐catchment of Australia’s Murray‐Darling Basin, we project changes in land and water use and changes in economic surpluses under two policy settings: without and with a policy requiring permanent water entitlements to be purchased from downstream parties, before plantation establishment. Without the policy, and given a high stumpage value for trees ($70/m³), upstream gains in economic surplus projected from expanding plantations are $639 million; balanced against $233 million in economic losses by downstream irrigators and stock and domestic water users for a net gain of $406 million, but 345 GL lower mean annual environmental flows. With the policy, smaller gains in upstream economic surplus from trees ($192 million), added to net downstream gains ($138 million) from sale of water, result in gains of $330 million with no reduction in environmental flows. Sustaining the 345 GL flow for a $76 million (406–330) reduction in gains to economic surplus may be seen to cost only $0.22 million/GL; but this is much lower than the market value of the first units of that water to agriculture and forestry.     

Malaria incidence and agricultural efficiency in Uganda

The cost of accessing healthcare can be a major determinant of disease prevalence, which in turn has short‐ and long‐term welfare implications on poor households. In response, governments in developing countries often resort to subsidizing the cost of drugs, which, while perhaps easier to administer, may not always be the most effective way of addressing healthcare cost. In this regard, we analyze the impact of different types of household level health expenses on disease incidence and agricultural production efficiency. We use data from the 2006 Uganda National Household Survey, which covered approximately 7,400 households. The results suggest that a 10% increase in consultation, medicine, and hospitalization expenses would reduce malaria incidence respectively by 35.6%, 20.5%, and 21.3 %, which translates into a 1.1%, 0.6%, and 0.6 % decrease in agricultural inefficiency, respectively. The results indicate that helping poor households meet expenses for consultation through subsidies or eliminating consultation fees has a larger impact on malaria incidence and agricultural productivity among poor rural households than subsidizing the cost of medical drugs, the most common avenue chosen by developing country governments in the fight against the disease.     

国土资源行政管理的若干应用基础理论问题（上）——自然资源属性分析

从自然属性、技术属性、经济属性三个角度分析入手 ,建立了自然资源的科学分类体系。     

实施全球资源战略 保障资源供应安全

实施全球资源战略是经济全球化趋势的客观要求,而经济全球化在为发展中国家提供发展机遇的同时,又对国家安全提出了严峻挑战.本文在阐述我国实施全球资源战略客观性、必要性的基础上,提出了我国实施全球资源战略中防范和抵御全球化负面影响、保障资源供应安全的措施建议.     

重构乡村基层社会生活的实态--一个值得深入考察的徽州古村落宅坦

古村落宅坦位于绩溪西部的崇山峻岭之中 ,胡氏宗族在生存条件极为恶劣的情况下 ,组织族人改造环境 ,使之成为人与自然和谐相处的乡村社会。千百年来 ,在特定的时空条件下 ,经过一系列的社会变迁 ,古村落已形成宗族组织、文化科举和商业的良性互动 ,从而创造了古村落的文明。三者之间宗族居于核心地位。传统中国社会的动乱也会在这里引起反响 ,但是由于宗族聚居的格局使古村落乃至徽州社会具有特殊的应变力 ,直至近代仍保持自身的稳定。宅坦村有着丰富的资料遗存 ,为我们在宅坦从事田野考察、重构古村落的实态 ,提供了必要的前提。可以预见 ,宅坦必将以其丰富的人文内涵为世人所瞩目