调整平原农区林业经济结构问题初探

70年代末期以来,我国的平原林业建设跨入了一个全新的发展时期,并已经产生了广泛的影响。林业的发展,为农牧业生产创造了优良的生态条件,使农田(牧场)小气候向着有利于农(牧)作物生长的方向转化,提高了农(牧)业生产力。为了解决平原林业与农(牧)业发展争夺土地的矛盾,农区广大群众和科技人员进行了多方面探索与尝试,通过合     

决策参考

国家统计局已做出规定:农业生产单位可划分为国有经济、集体经济和私有经济等经济成分。该局新近制定的《关于统计上经济成分的推算办法》,将我国从事农、林、牧、渔业生产活动的单位分为农场和农户两类。办法规定:凡从事农、林、牧、渔业的农场,不论其经营力式如何,如果其使用的土地(含水面)为国家所有,一律以农场为单位列为"国有";为集体所有的,列为"集体"。办法规定:凡主要使用属于集体所有的土地(含水面),从事的农、林、牧、渔业生产活动,均列入"集体经济";此外列入"私有经济"。按照这一规定,农户所从事的农、林、牧、渔业生产活动     

论三江平原地区井灌水稻的优势

井灌水稻,是三江平原地区合理利用土地资源和农业生产结构调整(由外延型转变为内涵型道路)的有效途径。即对全部土地资源按照宜农则农、宜林则林、宜牧则牧、宜渔则渔的原则进行用地结构的再分配,做到以农为主,农林牧副渔全面发展。     

规划很严肃,调整需谨慎——黑龙江农垦土地调规问题与对策分析

黑龙江农垦土地调规管理现状黑龙江省垦区地域辽阔,总面积5.26万平方公里,占全省土地总面积的12.2%。黑龙江农垦总局下辖9个管理局和114个国营农(牧)场,垦区总人口158.6万人,人均耕地面积1.93平方公里,是全省人均耕地的6.4倍。近十年来,随着各项工作职能的不断完善,农垦国土资源局以土地利用总体规划为龙头,引导、服务垦区各项建设,积极落实国家土地政     

农业逐步专业化土地逐步向种田能手集中

截止1984年10月,辽宁省营口县已有50多个村(占全县总村数的17％)实行专业承包,农、林、牧、副、渔、工、商各部门,粮、棉、油、菜、果等各项作物,以家庭(或小组)为承包单位,实现了家庭(或小组)经营专业化,没有实行专业承包的村,土地按人口平均承包到户以后,由于有些职工家庭无力经营土地和有些农户要求离开土地去     

试论农业适度规模经营中的几个问题

农业规模经营是指在一定的经济实体内和一定生产力水平条件下,某一行业(农、林、牧、渔)、每个劳动力为获得最佳经济效果而应承包的土地面积、牲畜头数和水面。适度的经营规模能够合理利用资源,充分发挥劳动者的才能,不断提高劳动生产率,得到高额的产品和良好的经济效益。     

应正确使用“农民”概念

“农民”这个称呼,在落后的农业国,它的概念是很清楚的,就是指家住农村,从事农业(包括农、林、牧、渔、副)生产,主要生活来源靠农业收入的人。党的十一届三中全会后,我国农村产业结构发生了很大变化,有许多“农民”离开了土地,去从事     

分清家庭农场与承包组的概念

自全国农垦系统兴办家庭农场后出现了一些概念上的错误认识。有些人把承包经营农场土地的小组也叫做家庭农场,我认为这是不合适的。家庭农场,顾名思义,应当是以家庭为单位,经营农业或林、牧、渔业,凡不是实行家庭承包经营,而是实行小组(或大组)承包的,     

抓住西部开发机遇 加快牧区经济发展

(一 )牧区概况牧区系指利用天然草原 ,采取放牧方式 ,经营畜牧业取得产品为主业的地区。中国牧区主要分布在东北平原西部、内蒙古高原、黄土高原北部、青藏高原、祁连山以西、黄河以北的广大地区。我国牧区 (包括半农半牧区 )除内蒙古、新疆、西藏、青海、四川 (阿坝、甘孜、凉山三州 )、甘肃六大牧区外 ,还包括宁夏、黑龙江、吉林、辽宁、河北、山西的一些地方 ,共有牧业县 (旗 ) 1 1 9个 ,半农半牧业县 (旗 ) 1 4 7个。牧区面积 360万平方公里 ,约占全国土地总面积的 37%。改革开放以来 ,我国牧区坚持“以牧为主、草业先行、多种经营、全…     

怎样利用好一亿亩耕地和五亿亩非耕地

土地在农业生产中占有特殊重要的地位。在农业中,土地既是劳动对象,又是不可替代的劳动手段。因此,合理开发利用好一亿亩耕地和五亿亩非耕地是四川农业发展战略的一个重大问题。四川省耕地和非耕地利用都很差。1982年,每亩耕地平均种植产值153.32元(按1980年不变价计算),在全国各省市中居第七位;每亩非耕地的林、牧、副、渔业产值10.76元(按1980年不变价计算),在各省市中第十七位。今后,我省农业的发展,应进一步利用好耕地和加强对非耕地的开发利用。二者应统筹兼顾,才能实现农、林、牧、副、渔业全面发展,使省内丰富的土地资源得以充分利用,过剩的劳力能找到出路,也     

广西农用地结构、特征及合理利用

分析了广西农用土地利用结构；讨论了农用地的4个基本特征：人均耕地面积少，农业后备资源不足；利用不充分，低产面积比重大；利用不合理，生态环境受破坏；资源优势没有得到充分发挥；进行了资源比较优势分析，提出了合理开发利用的基本途径：一是因地制宜调整农用地结构；二是发挥资源优势，大力发展亚热带特色农业；三是努力提高农用地经营效益；四是加强资源利用的生态保护。     

Is Passive Farming A Problem for Agriculture in the EU?

We address a new agricultural policy concern following the decoupling of CAP direct payments in 2005: passive farming, whereby landowners maintain their agricultural area to collect payments without producing commodities. It is claimed that passive farming is hindering agricultural development by ‘blocking’ access to farmland for expanding farmers. We evaluate the links between the EU's Single Payment Scheme (SPS), passive farming, land use and agricultural development. Following identification of the rational landowners’ optimal land‐use choice, we evaluate the effects of the SPS using a spatial, agent‐based model that simulates farmers’ competition for land in a case‐study region of Sweden. We show that passive farming does not constrain land from being used in production; on the contrary more land is used than would be the case without the SPS. We conclude that passive farming is not a problem for agriculture, but provides public goods that would otherwise be under provided: preservation of marginal farmland and future food security. However SPS payments on highly productive land inflate land values (capitalisation) and slow structural change, which hinder agricultural development. Consequently CAP goals could be better served by targeting payments on marginal land and phasing out payments to highly productive land.     

Land and contract farming: Changes in the distribution and meanings of land in Kilombero,Tanzania

In the context of contract farming of sugarcane in an outgrower scheme in Tanzania, this paper explores how the scheme has fundamentally altered people's relationships with the land over the last 50 years, in particular, since 1999, when, after three decades, the sugar parastatal was privatized. The paper reviews the literature on the mutual relationship between contract farming and land ownership and examines the scheme with a focus on long-term changes in the forms of land acquisitions and land use. We argue that the meaning and importance of landownership in contract farming schemes needs to be reassessed if participation in contract farming entails a departure from previous forms of acquiring land, generates new spatial patterns of agricultural production, and necessitates additional economic and social resources in order to transform land into an economic asset.     

Conditions for the adoption of agro-ecological farming practices: a holistic framework illustrated with the case of almond farming in Andalusia

Agricultural landscapes offer unique habitats for many species. Because agriculture is a major land use worldwide, changes in farming practices can have major repercussions for biodiversity. Particularly in Western Europe, ongoing intensification and scale enlargement but also land abandonment and poor agricultural practices leading to land degradation form a major threat to agrobiodiversity. Agro-ecological farming practices are suggested as an alternative way of farming in order to conserve and enhance biodiversity. Yet knowledge about what factors explain farmers’ adoption of agro-ecological farming practices is fragmented and incomplete. In this paper, we offer a holistic framework that specifies these factors and how they are interconnected. The framework is illustrated and refined by means of a case study analysis of almond farming in Andalusia. The chosen case represents a specific localized farming practice that currently negatively impacts biodiversity but for which agro-ecology forms an attractive alternative regarding biodiversity. The case study demonstrates that our framework offers a useful tool to systematically identify the different factors that affect agro-ecological farming adoption, interlinkages between factors and particularly the more structural barriers to agro-ecology.     

Rural development and the role of game farming in the Eastern Cape,South Africa

The analysis of game farming is set in the Eastern Cape, South Africa. Game farming reorders the use, meaning and value of land and animal species. However, what it means for rural development processes in the immediate region and beyond is not well accounted for. We perceive game farming as an assemblage that brings together new actors, new forms of land use and new discourses. We argue that although game farming has generated new opportunities and new forms of added value to the available resources (e.g. eco-tourism, trophy hunting, game-meat production), situated in the history and contemporary context of the Eastern Cape, it is a contested, and from a development point of view, problematic land-use practice. We argue that game farming constrains land and agrarian reforms: the distribution of land and income remains skewed; ‘poaching’ occurs and game farms do not, or only minimally, generate new and badly needed employment opportunities. The game farm has emerged as an exclusive, globally well-connected space. The nature of the relationships this space maintains with the surrounding communities is, however, such that the overall contribution to rural development in South Africa is questionable.     

基于贴近度的农用地定级模糊聚类分析

本文将基于贴近度的模糊聚类分析用于农用地定级工作中，以数学模型方法来处理复杂问题，进而采用计算机智能化进行农用地定级，并用计算机手段分析结果的合理性。最后以广州市番禺区为例进行了结果分析。     

农地非农化的经济学分析

农地非农化是城市化和工业化发展的必然产物，本文在分析农地非农化实质的基础上，探讨了农地转用价格过低的原因，认为要充分考虑到农地的生态价值、社会价值、选择价值以及产权意义上的价值，把农地的正外部效应充分内化，修正扭曲的农地资源价格体系，在一定程度上可以抑制非农用地的数量。并且运用农地非农化土地一级市场的模型，认为存在农转非市场失灵，政府要在多目标决策的前提下进行干预，通过提高价格来降低农地市场供给曲线的弹性，从而起到控制农地非农化的数量。     

宁夏扬黄灌区耕地现状遥感调查及分析

利用3S技术对扬黄灌区耕地进行调查,调查结果,土地总面积251426hm2,其中耕地(净面积,下同)127427 hm2,园地5040hm2,林地3714hm2,其他用地114580hm2;耕地中,水浇地94514hm2,旱地32707 hm2,菜地147hm2;调查结果准确、翔实,具有创新性和实用性.     

Land tenure systems and agricultural innovation: The case of alley farming in Nigeria

Alley farming is an agroforestry technology which requires access to land and the rights to plant, own and utilize trees. This paper considers the implications of land tenure systems in south-west and south-east Nigeria for the acceptability and viability of alley farming. Considerable variation in the rules governing the use and control of land is seen to exist within and between the two regions, and any one tenure system may include a number of categories of land to which different patterns of use and tenure apply. Broadly speaking, tenants in parts of south-west Nigeria may be disadvantaged as their rights over hired land do not necessarily include the right to plant trees. In the south-east, the existence of communal systems of landownership and management on some categories of land undermines the ability to plant trees and the incentive to invest labour in the maintenance of soil fertility.     

The evolution of global farming land: facts and interpretations

Although land plays a crucially important role in economic development and structural transformation, the causes and consequences of the evolution of farming land have received scant attention in recent decades. In this article, I document global and regional changes in aggregate agricultural land use, per capita land use, and average farm sizes. The spatial distribution of global farming land has changed dramatically, with developed countries substantially reducing their share of global agricultural land, and land‐abundant developing countries substantially increasing their share. In per capita terms, we see a rather different pattern, with average farm sizes increasing in rich and more commercialized agricultural systems, and generally declining or staying constant in poorer and less commercialized systems. These outcomes are the result of complex processes that are not always well understood. I conclude the article by suggesting new, or neglected, areas of research that would facilitate a better understanding of these critically important developments.