Impacts of education policies on intergenerational education mobility in China

This paper used the CHIP 2013 dataset to investigate the effects of two important education policies in China on intergenerational education mobility, including the Compulsory Education Law implemented in 1986 and college expansion policy (CEP) started from 1999. In general, our results reflect a relatively optimistic picture in urban China, but a less favorable pattern in rural areas. For the urban sample, both the Compulsory Education Law (CEL) and college expansion policy increase the probability of upward mobility at lower parental education level, and the college expansion policy further increases the intergenerational education mobility in urban China. In contrast, each of the two policies indeed reduces the intergenerational education mobility for the rural sample, and the effects found on upward mobility in urban China are non-existent for the rural sample. The unfavorable results in rural China can be attributed to poor enforcement of the policy or the lack of demand-side education reforms.     

中国农村内部的收入流动性：位移效应和增长效应

本文基于中国健康和营养调查（CHNS）的农户收入数据对中国农村家庭从1989年到2006年间的收入流动性进行了测算和分解。测算结果表明,收入流动对收入分配的短期不均等有缓解作用,但这种作用在短期中因流动性的下降而正在弱化。分解结果则说明,相对收入位序的改变虽然仍是农村内部收入流动的主导因素,但收入增长的作用正在增加。这是因为农村内部的收入分层化现象的长期化趋势正导致位移效应的作用下降,且在低收入家庭中已开始出现“阶层锁定”现象。     

Determinants of Household Income Mobility in Rural China

This article uses multivariate regression and decomposition analyses to assess household income mobility determinants and their contributions to income mobility in rural China from 1989 to 2006. The findings indicate that households with lower initial income level, higher share of wage income, higher educational level of household members, larger number of non-agricultural employed household members and younger heads are more mobile. Moreover, besides initial income, change in the share of wage income, change in the share of non-agricultural employed household members, and change in average year of education of household members are the most important factors that account for income mobility. These findings necessitate more emphasis on policies that promote non-agricultural employment and education to enhance household income mobility in rural China.     

农村土地制度变迁中的问题与对策

当前我国农村土地制度中存在的经营规模小、土地流转机动性不强、劳动力利用不充分、农户的法人资格不具备、农村中介组织缺乏、农业投入不足等问题,是制约农村经济进一步发展及“家庭联产承包责任制”更好发挥作用的核心和关键。因此,进一步明确土地产权主体、土地使用权的市场化、土地流转的灵活性及保障土地经营的稳定性是解决我国当前农村土地制度中存在问题的基本对策。     

我国城镇化进程中农村收入阶层经济地位演化分析

文章运用CHNS数据库,从收入流动性视角,通过反事实计量和数值模拟方法,从众多影响因素中分解出城镇化因子对收入流动性的净效应,进而研究城镇化对我国农村收入阶层经济地位变化的影响。研究发现,农村虽存在较高收入流动性,但底层居民向上流动的机会并不大,且阶层联动结果证实了农村收入分布存在极化效应。在这一过程中,城镇化效应引起的农村收入流动性并不高,主要是引起相邻收入阶层之间经济地位转换;同时,从城镇化导致的阶层联动看,既有促进较高收入阶层和较低收入阶层向两极分化的作用,又有抑制中等收入阶层规模变小的作用。总体表明,城镇化对农村中等收入以上阶层经济地位提高更有利。     

农村居民多维收入流动、税费负担及政策效应——基于面板数据PSM-DID方法的研究

收入流动性是从动态视角衡量居民收入分配公平与否的重要指标,其变动程度受到税收等因素的影响。文章基于2001年至2014年季度和年度面板数据,依据多维收入流动指标,测算出了地区之间农村居民绝对和相对收入流动程度,并利用双重差分倾向得分匹配法（PSM-DID）和工具变量估计法研究了农村税费改革及其他经济社会因素对农村居民收入流动性的影响。研究发现：（1）农村税费改革的政策效应非常显著,实施农业税费减免政策的地区,其农民的绝对收入流动性显著高于未改革地区;（2）税费负担对绝对收入流动性的影响呈现出"倒U型"特征,即当税费负担率为0.167%时,绝对收入流动性达到最大值,若进一步增加税费负担,收入流动性则呈现下降趋势;（3）税费支出变动对相对收入流动性的影响也通过了5%的显著性检验;（4）农村劳动力文化结构、工资收入比重等家庭特征因素对收入流动性的影响具有较大的地区异质性。有鉴于此,在进一步完善税费征收项目监管的同时,依据家庭及地区特征实施差异化的支农惠农政策,切实减轻农民负担,增强农村居民收入流动,实现地区间收入分配均衡。     

Social Mobility in Nineteenth Century Rural Sweden – A Micro Level Analysis

Abstract

Pre-industrial rural societies have often been pictured as stationary and immobile both in geographical and social terms. In the last decades this image has begun to change, especially as regards geographical mobility, while our knowledge of social mobility of rural pre-industrial Europe is still rudimentary. This study focuses on social attainment and mobility in a rural community of nineteenth-century southern Sweden, making use of high quality micro-level demographic and socioeconomic data. We show that intergenerational social mobility was quite frequent. Downward mobility was more prevalent than upward, and also increased over time. Social attainment and mobility were determined by a combination of inherited factors and individual agency. Social origin was of major importance, and so was the social origin of the spouse, which points to the crucial role played by partner selection in determining individual social outcome. Availability of networks as measured by place of birth also played a role in social achievement.     

People＇s Mobility and Guanxi Networks： A Case Study

The increase in the movement of people from rural to urban areas since the mid-1980s represents the largest labor migration ever experienced in China. Because migration is a process of selection, it is imperative that the major dynamics determining the selection are studied. What are the critical characteristics of migrants that help them to realize their mobility from rural areas to urban areas？ While educational attainment, gender, age, marital status and personal skills are important variables in the selection process, the present paper examines how social networks （guanxi connections） play a significant role in the process of migration selection in China. A case study from one of the northern villages in rural China is used to explore how social networks have shaped and given meaning to migration. The present paper elaborates on how people＇s social mobility has coincided with and been reinforced by people＇s physical mobility.     

人口流动对农户环境治理支付意愿的影响——基于双栏模型

农村环境治理关乎乡村振兴的成效，农户的参与与否及其参与程度直接影响着农村环境治理的成效。基于农村人口流动的现状，对福建、安徽、陕西三省的529位农户进行了调查，采用双栏模型检验家庭人口流动对农户环境治理支付意愿及其支付额度的影响程度。结果表明，人口流动对农户环境治理支付意愿有显著的负向作用，而对农户环境治理支付额度有显著的正向作用。此外，不同省份区域人口流动对环境治理支付意愿的影响机制不同。     

长江中游地区农村人力资本评价及优化策略研究

采用因子分析法,从教育、健康、劳动力结构、劳动力流动4个层面选取9个指标分析湖南、湖北、江西3省38个市州2010—2020年的数据,再根据各指标权重及主成分表达式计算各市州的综合得分并进行排名。分析认为,教育对长江中游地区农村人力资本的提升起基础性作用,健康、劳动力流动、劳动力结构等因素的作用也应受到重视。对此,各市州政府应该加大对教育的投入、推进医疗基础设施建设、调整产业结构、改善乡村创业就业环境。     

构建城乡人口双向流动与融合的制度保障体系——从权利开放理论到村庄开放实践的分析线索

现有文献多关注以城市为主导的人口双向流动与融合,而研究以乡村发展为目标的双向流动与融合却付之阙如。改革开放以来,农村居民向城市的流动与融入经历了从小范围、小规模的就地、就近为主向大范围、大规模的跨省、跨区域为主的历史转变,农村居民的迁徙权和居住权也呈现出从权利限制向权利开放的转变趋势。不过,当前城乡之间的人口流动依然是农村居民从乡村到城市的单向流动与融入为主,城市居民流向乡村并融入乡村的相对较少,且主要表现为人才下乡、资本下乡和市民下乡。为了深入推进以乡村发展为目标的城乡人口的双向流动与融合,未来有必要促进乡村从打开进城渠道向全面开放村庄转变,深化农村户籍制度改革、农村土地制度改革、农业经营制度改革和乡村建设制度改革,推动进城农民市民化、下乡市民村民化、农业经营职业化和乡村经营市场化,让乡村出得去、进得来、留得住,并成为各类主体创业的大舞台。     

Labor mobility and technology diffusion: A new concept and its application to rural Southeast Asia

We develop a new concept of rural technology diffusion influenced by labor mobility and business relations. The technology gain effect of labor mobility increases technology diffusion, whereas the technology drain effect decreases it. The concept is applied to survey data from the Mekong region, a new geographic area in this context. In the econometric analysis, which takes spatial correlation and geographic variables into account, technology is measured in the form of the number of mobile phones per village. The results support the technology gain and drain effects and show that labor mobility and business relations can help overcome geographic obstacles to rural development.     

On Government Behavior and Rural Labor Mobility：The Case of Pengyang County in China

The relationship between government and market is one of the leading issues in modem economics. The author presents a case study of rural labor mobility in Pengyang, located in the mountainous south of the Ningxia Autonomous Region. He finds that the local government has incentives to minimize labor mobility costs when faced with a weak labor market. By organizing governmental intermediaries in the labor market, the local government can increase both rural labor incomes and long-term employment probabilities.     

交通基础设施、要素流动与城乡收入差距

大规模的基础设施建设，尤其是以铁路提速为代表的交通基础设施质量升级，是否会影响收入分配?通过将始于1997年的铁路提速事件视为交通基础设施质量提升的准自然实验，文章基于要素流动视角，运用双重差分方法实证检验了铁路提速对城乡收入分配的影响。机制分析表明，铁路提速通过促进劳动力、资本和技术等要素在城乡之间的流动，从而缩小城乡收入差距。实证分析表明，铁路提速显著缩小了城乡收入差距，缩小了大约5%-7%。铁路提速缩小城乡收入差距的作用主要来自于促进了人的流动、物的流动和技术流动，从而证实了要素流动机制。从城乡收入分配的角度而言，铁路提速显著有利于农村居民收入增加，从而缩小了城乡收入差距。动态效应表明，铁路提速初期缩小了城乡收入差距，但缩小作用递减；在2003年之后，铁路提速扩大了城乡收入差距。在这一过程中，2003年之前城乡收入差距缩小主要在于农村居民收入增长快于城市居民，从而城乡收入差距缩小；2003年之后，城市居民收入增幅大于农村居民，城乡收入差距开始扩大。这一动态效应的背后主要是由要素流动机制所致。基于多种稳健性检验，文章结论依然十分稳健。文章结论为提升交通基础设施质量、打破地区分割促进要素流动、提升农村地区要素集聚能力等政策提供了直接证据。     

Social exclusion and rural transport: Gender aspects of a road improvement project in Tshitwe,Northern Province

This article presents a case for a reorientation of the way in which rural transport needs are perceived, planned and provided for, with a view to improved targeting of interventions, particularly with regard to addressing the mobility and accessibility needs of rural women. In addition, it seeks to critically appraise the sustainability of poverty alleviation properties attributed to the labour-based road works, especially in respect of their impact on women. It also explores the role that non-motorised modes of transport could play in reducing the transport burden of the Tshitwe community.     

Trading places. Case studies of the labour market experience of women in rural in-migrant households

This paper reports on some of the findings of a recent study on the employment impact of moving to a rural area. A case study approach is used to elucidate the choices/constraints/compromises encountered by women in in-migrant households to rural and semi-rural parts of the East Midlands, Great Britain. Rural labour markets are quantitatively and qualitatively different from urban labour markets and, while some of the surveyed in-migrant women managed to find jobs following their move, they often experienced downward occupational mobility; others withdrew from the labour market. A number of policy recommendations are also made to improve labour market access.     

The effects of China's higher education expansion on urban and rural intergenerational mobility

This study examines the heterogeneous effect of higher education on intergenerational mobility of rural and urban residents before and after China's higher education expansion (CHEE). Drawing on data from seven waves of the China General Social Survey (CGSS), we find that, although the overall effect of higher education decreases on alleviating intergenerational persistence after CHEE, undergraduate or postgraduate education can still significantly promote rural intergenerational mobility in terms of occupational-socioeconomic status. However, higher education appears to have changed from assisting social mobility to advancing intergenerational persistence in urban areas after CHEE. The propensity score matching method was used to mitigate sample selection bias, and all the findings were validated by several robustness checks, including placebo and Oster's (2019) omitted-variable tests.     

The Impact of the Crisis on Internal Population Movement in Indonesia

One of the ways in which Indonesians have adapted to economic change over recent decades is through permanent and temporary movement within and outside the country. This paper focuses on the effects which the crisis that started in 1997 has had upon population mobility among different groups and in different areas within the country. It begins by summarising the employment effects of the crisis, as indicated by the 1997 and 1998 National Labour Force Surveys. It then uses results from a number of surveys to identify the changes that have occurred in population mobility in Indonesia during the crisis. In particular it looks at the extent and nature of urban to rural movement, and at patterns of movement between Java and the Outer Islands. Although comprehensive data are lacking, it is argued that population mobility has become an important coping mechanism for confronting the crisis.     

户籍歧视对劳动报酬差异的影响

在我国，户籍歧视是形成劳动力市场分割的重要原因，它不但通过阻碍劳动力流动造成城乡收入差异，也会促成农民工和城镇工人之间劳动报酬的差异。本文利用中国健康与营养调查（CHNS）多年的数据，对我国户籍歧视影响劳动报酬差异的程度进行计算和分析。结论表明，近几年户籍歧视现象并没有明显改观，政府在制定相应政策时，仍需关注这方面的问题。     

论中国区域城镇化协调发展的路径

中国是农业大国,城乡人口流动规模大,存在城乡二元结构。要促进城乡融合,需推动乡村产业结构升级,走特色区域城镇化道路。区域城镇化包括城乡城镇化和不同区域城镇化。要实现区域城镇化的协调发展一要消除城乡二元结构,立足于当地经济水平、历史文化传统、生态环境等提高城乡建设效益,引导村镇建设走入正轨,建立社会主义新农村;二要大力推动就地城镇化,提高乡镇企业规模,就近吸引农村剩余劳动力,促进各类城市协调发展;三要统筹城乡发展,选择合适的城镇化道路,发挥市场和政府的联合作用,合理配置城乡资源,实现乡村振兴。