农户参与契约农业项目的障碍分析及其社会效应研究——以生猪养殖项目为例

本研究通过对生猪养殖契约农业项目的实证调查分析了农户在参与高附加值农业生产时所遇到的主要障碍以及契约农业项目在农村实施的社会效应。经过调查发现农户在参与契约农业项目时主要的障碍是缺乏资金、技术以及市场信息。参与契约农业项目在解决农户资金匮乏和帮助农户规避市场风险方面的作用有限,但是在企业不对参与项目的农户进行筛选的前提下契约农业项目能够帮助农户学习新的农业生产技术。同时契约农业项目能够帮助农村劳动力实现有效就业。     

Contracting Out Solutions: Political Economy of Contract Farming in the Indian Punjab

This paper examines the rationale, practice, and problems of contract farming in vegetable crops in the agriculturally developed Indian Punjab which has faced the problem of sustainability of growth since the early 1980s. It is found that agribusiness firms deal with relatively large producers and their contracts, which are biased against the farmer, perpetuate the existing problems of the farm sector such as high chemical input intensity, and social differentiation. Contracting has however, led to higher farm incomes and more employment for labor. There seems to be an inherent contradiction in the objectives of the contracting parties and those of the local economy.     

Wages for Wives: Renegotiating Gender and Production Relations in Contract Farming in the Dominican Republic

This study analyzes the intersection of gender and production relations in small-scale contracting in nontraditional agriculture. The case of the processing tomato industry in the Dominican Republic exemplifies patterns found throughout the region. Building on a critique of unitary household models, I analyze the gendered relations mobilizing resources for contract farming. As appears common, contracting has heightened demand for women's farm labor. Contracting has simultaneously provided women with openings for contesting the appropriation of their unpaid labor and many women are claiming payment for work in contract farming. This case demonstrates the importance of gender issues in informing contract farming debates and policy interventions.     

Contract Farming in Mozambique: Implications for Gender Inequalities Within and Across Rural Households

This paper analyses the implications of contract farming for gender inequalities in rural Mozambique. Contract farming is often considered one of the major tools of agribusiness development. It broadly includes those arrangements under which producers commit to providing cash crop to a buyer firm. This paper exploits a panel dataset (2002–2005) collected by the Mozambican Ministry of Agriculture among a nationally representative sample of rural households to explore contracts’ implications for gender equality both across and within households. We look at both the participation of female‐headed households in contracts and the impact of establishing a contract on a set of intra‐household women empowerment indicators. Concerning the first, our results confirm a (small though significant) effect of selection out of contracts of households where a woman is the household’s head. With regard to the second, we expect contrasting effects to be at work: on the one hand, increased income may relax budget constraints improving women’s living conditions, and on the other, we may expect a shift in favour of men of the control over the household’s assets. We find different results according to the indicator used; after controlling for selection bias, we find no effect on control over land but a negative effect on women’s access to extension services.     

Contract Options and Performance: The Case of Major League Baseball

Atlantic Economic Journal - This study looks to understand whether the inclusion of optional years on Major League Baseball player contracts impacts player performance. Contract options are a...     

Contract Farming,Smallholders, and Rural Development in Latin America: The Organization of Agroprocessing Firms and the Scale of Outgrower Production

This paper demonstrates how contract farming functions as an economic institution and explores the causes of the observed variation in the scale of outgrower production in Latin America. We outline how market imperfections and transaction costs influence the decision of agroprocessing firms to contract-out, vertically integrate, or use spot markets to obtain raw product. The paper demonstrates how market conditions are likely to be associated with particular outgrower characteristics under contract farming. An analysis of the Mexican frozen vegetable industry illustrates determinants of successful and unsuccessful small-scale contracting and suggests alternative policies to promote contract farming with smallholders.     

社会网络关系对风险投资行为的影响及经济后果研究——基于地理学视角的实证分析

本文基于地理学视角实证检验中国风险投资市场上联合投资网络对风险投资行为的影响及经济后果,研究发现:风投机构拥有的良好网络关系不仅有助于拓展其投资的地域范围,而且对远程风险投资的退出绩效具有明显的提升作用。具体来讲,风投机构越是处在网络的中心位置,其投资的地域范围越广,远距离投资成功退出的可能性越大,从投资到成功退出所需的时间越短。进一步研究显示,网络关系的正向影响是"项目选择功能"和"价值增加功能"共同作用的结果;与联合投资网络类似,本次投资是否采取联合投资策略也会影响风投机构的投资行为和绩效。综合本文研究结果,VC机构可通过加强与同行之间的关系联结、改善在联合投资网络中的位置来降低对地域的敏感程度,增强向外部省份或更远地区拓展自身投资范围的"软实力",从而有效缓解风险投资过于集中、地区竞争压力过大的问题。     

Impact of Contract Farming on Income: Linking Small Farmers, Packers, and Supermarkets in China

This study compares contract and non-contract growers of apples and green onions in Shandong Province, China in order to explore the constraints on participation and the impact of contract farming on income. We find little evidence that firms prefer to work with larger farms, though all farms in the area are quite small. Using a Heckman selection–correction model, we find that contract farming raises income even after controlling for observable and unobservable household characteristics. These results suggest that contract farming can help raise small-farm income, though questions remain regarding the number of farmers that can be brought into such schemes.     

马尔可夫完美均衡的计算方法研究

产业组织（IO）问题中的马尔可夫完美均衡（Markov Perfect Equilibrium）于近年来无论从理论上还是从计算均衡点的方法上都有了很大的突破。本文简要回顾了近年来的研究成果，以Ericson与Pakes（1995）所描述的产业结构模型为基础，分别对在位者（Incumbent）与进入者（entrant）的均衡策略进行考察，在理论上沿用Richarel Ericson等人（1995）提出的EP均衡，证明了它即为MPE（Markov Perfect Equilibrium）。进一步，本文在对目前产业组织理论里均衡厂商数目的模拟算法进行了全面比较的基础上，提出一种新的随机算法；比较了各种算法的优劣，给出各种算法的模拟结果并加以对比分析。模拟的结果显示本文提出的算法具有计算上的显著优势，从而为产业组织理论的实际应用做出了一定的贡献。     

A Distributional Analysis of the FairTax Plan: Annual and Lifetime Income Considerations

Dissatisfaction with the current federal tax system is fostering serious interest in the FairTax Plan, which would replace most of the federal taxes with a national retail sales tax. The FairTax is promoted as being progressive, but there is considerable skepticism of this claim. We examine the distributional effects of the FairTax, as well as the current system it intends to replace, under both annual income and lifetime income approaches. Global measures of progressivity suggest that the current federal tax system is progressive while the FairTax is regressive. Our results are also robust to different assumptions used for estimation.     

非股权离岸服务贸易产生的原因分析

本文考察非股权离岸服务贸易市场的离岸外包与承包之间均衡的决定,分析了最终服务生产商是否外包、外包多少以及服务承包商是否承包标准化的中间服务这一问题。本文的分析表明,这一均衡状态由生产标准化的中间服务的服务外包商和承包商的生产成本、交易成本、管理成本、两国的劳动力价格以及服务外包商的垄断定价能力等决定。     

Macroeconomic Consequences of Outsourcing: An Analysis of Growth, Welfare, and Product Variety

Outsourcing of non-core activities is nowadays a common business strategy. Declining transaction and transportation costs caused by the advent of Information and Communication Technology are a potentially important driving force behind this development. This paper provides a theoretical framework for analysing a firm's incentive to follow such a strategy of outsourcing and its consequences for macroeconomic variables like growth and product variety. We divide production activities into core and non-core activities. Non-core activities can be performed within the firm or can be mediated by the market. We derive conditions under which outsourcing occurs, and under which outsourcing is socially desirable. These conditions do not necessarily coincide. Outsourcing may hence be a profitable strategy for firms, while it is socially suboptimal. Crucial parameters in the model are the relative scale of core versus non-core activities, management costs, transaction costs and love for variety of consumers.     

Poverty Effects of the Philippines’ Tariff Reduction Program: Insights from a Computable General Equilibrium Analysis*

A computable general equilibrium micro‐simulation model is used to assess the economic and poverty impacts of tariff reduction in the Philippines. Tariff reduction induces consumers to substitute cheaper imported agricultural products for domestic goods, thereby resulting in a contraction in agricultural output. In contrast, tariff reduction reduces the domestic cost of production, benefiting the outward‐oriented and import‐dependent industrial sector. The national poverty headcount decreases marginally as lower consumer prices outweigh the nominal income reduction experienced by the majority of households. However, both the poverty gap and severity of poverty worsens, implying that the poorest of the poor become even poorer.     

甘肃与浙江区际经济合作的博弈分析

贸易开放下,不均质大国经济在面对外部合作的同时,由于内部各地区有着不同的利益,欠发达地区与发达地区之间的区际合作受到一定限制。本文选取两类地区中的典型省份甘肃与浙江,立足各自比较优势,采用博弈论方法分析了两省区际经济合作的福利损益和合作机制,认为东西部区际经济合作对于区域经济发展具有重要意义。