Accounting and the absence of a business economics tradition in the United Kingdom

Economics was slow to emerge as a distinct academic and professional discipline in the United Kingdom. In the years around 1900, some British universities began to offer degrees in commerce, including accounting. These degrees were influenced by the contemporary emergence of business economics (betriebswirtschaftslehre) in Germany. However, there was no substantive emergence of a body of economic theory relating specifically to the business organization. Later attempts in the 1930s to apply economic argumentation to the problems of business and accounting, in the context of both profit determination and costing, centred around the Department of Business Administration and the Accounting Research Association, based at the London School of Economics. Although the activities of these groups are often viewed in terms of the influence of economics on accounting, there were reverse currents in that accounting notions helped in the formalization of macroeconomic notions such as national income and in the development of social accounting by Richard Stone and others. However, the intervention of the Second World War curtailed this interchange of ideas. In the post-war period, the rapid expansion of accounting as both an academic discipline and a professional practice was accompanied by a greater awareness of economic ideas and concepts. In financial reporting, these had an important influence on the inflation accounting debate of the 1970s and 1980s. In management accounting, economic ideas often operated as criticisms of existing practices. However, both the comparatively underdeveloped application by economists of their theories to business problems and the continuing intellectual barriers between academic and professional accountants made the practical interaction of accounting and economics a sporadic phenomenon.     

业财融合在高新技术企业中的应用研究

在我国,高新技术企业是推动国家科技发展的核心力量.在国民经济发展环境日趋复杂的今天,高新技术企业为了获取更为广阔的发展空间,必须重视业财融合的作用,通过将高新技术企业中的业务、财务相结合,促进企业经济管理的合理化.文章结合实际,对业财融合在高新技术企业中的应用提出了个人观点,希望为关注业财融合的人群提供参考.     

浅析现代环境会计的核算模式

企业的可持续发展是环境会计建立和发展的基础和前提?而环境会计的存在是企业实施可持续发展战略的客观要求。它是以自然资源耗费应如何补偿为中心而展开的会计,它试图将会计学与环境经济学相结合,通过有效的价值管理,达到协调经济发展和环境保护的目的,因此有必要对企业经营活动进行绿色核算。     

WHAT MAKES A GREAT JOURNAL GREAT IN ECONOMICS? THE SINGER NOT THE SONG

Abstract This paper analyses what makes a great journal great in economics. Alternative research assessment measures (RAM) are discussed, with an emphasis on the Thomson Reuters Institute for Scientific Information (ISI) Web of Science database. ISI RAM that are calculated annually or updated daily are defined, including the classic 2‐year impact factor (2YIF), 5‐year impact factor (5YIF), immediacy (zero‐year impact factor (0YIF)), eigenfactor score, article influence, citation performance per paper online, h‐index, Zinfluence, PI‐BETA (papers ignored ‐ by even the authors) and two new RAM measures, self‐citation threshold approval rating and impact factor inflation. The data are analysed for the most highly cited journals in economics, management, business and business–finance on the basis of 2YIF. In addition to evaluating research in the most highly cited journals in economics, management, business and business–finance, the paper evaluates alternative RAM, highlights similarities and differences in RAM criteria, finds that several RAM capture similar performance characteristics, and finds that immediacy and PI‐BETA are not highly correlated with other RAM. Harmonic mean rankings of the 12 RAM criteria are also presented. Emphasizing 2YIF to the exclusion of other useful RAM criteria can lead to a distorted evaluation of journal performance and influence.     

禀赋效应及其对经济学理论的影响

禀赋效应是行为金融学的一个理论分支,指当个人一旦拥有某项物品,那么他对该物品价值的评价要比未拥有之前大大增加。这一现象可以用“损失厌恶”理论来解释。由于禀赋效应的存在,传统经济学中的无差异曲线的性质将被修正,科斯定理的结论也受到了挑战。文章通过试验经济学的方法介绍了禀赋效应,阐述了这一现象对经济学理论的影响,分析了禀赋效应对政府决策的指导意义,并利用这一理论对一些客观经济现象进行了解释。     

Evolving densities in continuous strategy games through particle simulations

Many cases of strategic interaction between agents involve a continuous set of choices. It is natural to model these problems as continuous space games. Consequently, the population of agents playing the game will be represented with a density function defined over the continuous set of strategy choices. Simulating evolutionary dynamics on continuous strategy spaces is a challenging problem. The classic approach of discretizing the strategy space is ineffective for multidimensional strategy spaces. We present a principled approach to simulation of adaptive dynamics in continuous space games using sequential Monte Carlo methods. Sequential Monte Carlo methods use a set of weighted random samples, also named particles to represent density functions over multidimensional spaces. Sequential Monte Carlo methods provide computationally efficient ways of computing the evolution of probability density functions. We employ resampling and smoothing steps to prevent particle degeneration problem associated with particle estimates. The resulting algorithm can be interpreted as an agent based simulation with elements of natural selection, regression to mean and mutation. We illustrate the performance of the proposed simulation technique using two examples: continuous version of the repeated prisoner dilemma game and evolution of bidding functions in first-price closed-bid auctions.     

The representation problem and the efficiency of the price mechanism

It is shown in this paper that the way in which an allocation is represented (net trades, final allocation, etc.) can affect the design of any realizing mechanism or incentive compatible system. The reason is that a poor choice of representation may be imposing superfluous conditions and demands upon the realizing mechanism. So, in this paper a technique is developed to (1) find the optimal representation of an allocation, and (2) to characterize the associated, realizing mechanisms. Although this approach is designed to be applied to any smooth economic model, it is illustrated and motivated here by applying it to the price mechanism. More specifically, there are assertions in the literature by Mount and Reiter and by Hurwicz that the price mechanism is informationally efficient over the class of Pareto seeking mechanisms. These proofs are incomplete because they consider only one choice of representation for the Pareto allocations. We use this technique to (a) reassert the dimensional efficiency of the price mechanism, (b) compare mechanisms for spaces of economics with and without externalities, (c) characterize for the space of quadratic functions the other dimensionally efficient allocation concepts, and (d) characterize those two agent economics where the price mechanism is dimensionally efficient.     

重构流通经济学:基于商务经济学的视角

流通经济学研究的贫困问题不容忽视。主要原因在于学科的基本概念模糊、学科定位不准、没有一个科学的研究范式。但是,流通经济学贫困不能否定流通经济学科的存在。构建商务经济学是解决流通经济学贫困的出路,因为它拓宽了流通经济学的研究领域和研究空间,使得流通、贸易、商业等术语使用混乱的状况得到改善。商务经济学可以加速内外贸学科一体化,突出电子商务的作用。     

产业集群视角下的南京市创意产业现状分析

产业集群是经济发展中的一个重要现象,对经济布局的合理化、优化资源配置、形成区域的竞争优势和建立空间创新系统具有重要的意义。创意产业集群使创意产品的创造、生产、分销和利用得到最优化,能够显著提升创意产业的竞争力。从产业集群的视角下,对南京市的创意产业发展进行了实证分析。总结了南京市创意产业的发展现状,通过产业集群的特点概括出了南京市创意产业发展的集群模型,从纵向和横向两个维度分析了创意产业集群的效应及与产业竞争力之间的关系。     

老工业基地改造与长春市产业空间的协调

对长春市产业空间发展现状做了简单的介绍,在实地考察的基础上从不同角度提出了长春市产业空间协调发展的方向及保障措施,认为长春市在东北老工业基地改造中应发挥带动作用.     

Entrepreneurship and the prospects of development in the West Bank

The study is a survey research designed to find out how a specific group of people perceives entrepreneurship and its relationship to economic growth. The group, composed entirely of economics and business administration majors in their last semester of the undergraduate programme, represents a crucial segment of the resource pool of future entrepreneurs iri the country. Hence, their perceptions of and attitude towards entrepreneurial activity is a significant determinant in the decision to launch business ventures should the opportunity arise.

The results of the study reveal a reserved managerial perception of entrepl:eneunhip among the majority of the respondents. The general reaction indicates a lack of readiness to take risks in an uncertain environment. The implication is that a change in perception, spurred on by a re-design of the academic programme in economics and business, is called for if there is to be any serious attempt to enhance the chances of economic growth in the region.     

内城在创意产业发展中的作用

内城已成为创意产业区发展的主导区域,由此构成新经济空间。内城易形成柔性劳动力市场,吸引创意人才,且具城市文化的继承性,由此构成丰富的创意网络,再加上政府的制度激励等因素,成为创意产业区发展的主要动力。同时,创意产业的行业多维性和思维发散性促使内城形成多维发散另类空间,激发内城创新网络的形成,带来内城复兴和绅士化。此种创意产业区发展带来内城复兴的新模式,为简单拆建改造内城提供新的发展契机。     

浅析新事业单位会计制度

修订事业单位会计制度是公共财政体制至关重要的环节,是事业单位分类改革的必要条件,是适应社会经济发展需要的必行之举。新事业单位会计制度的重大修订将促使事业单位的财务状况、事业成果、预算执行情况得到更为全面、真实、合理的反映,对于促进事业单位健康可持续发展具有十分重要的意义。     

Two approaches to measuring journal quality: Application to finance journals

We analyze the tendency of a journal to publish articles that eventually become classics in their specialized fields. A simple theoretical model is developed and applied to citation data for finance journals in 1991 and 1992. Of the top ten finance journals, only four are traditional finance journals, and six are economics journals, while none are accounting journals. This illustrates the close synergies between economic research and financial research. In contrast, the linkages between accounting research and financial research are much weaker. We thank Harold Black, Philip Cooley, Esther Davis, Robert Eisenbeis, Carl Hubbard, J. Thomas Lindley, Jeff Madura, Terry Zivney, Marilyn Wiley, and an anonymous referee for very helpful comments and discussion which substantially improved earlier drafts of this paper. This does not indicate agreement by any of these individuals with the ranking system described in this article, or with the results. These items, and any errors or omissions, are the responsibility of the authors.     

VARIETY OF METHODOLOGICAL APPROACH IN ECONOMICS

Abstract.  It has been argued by some that the distinction between orthodox economics and heterodox economics does not fit the growing variety in economic theory, unified by a common methodological approach. On the other hand, it remains a central characteristic of heterodox economics that it does not share this methodological approach, but rather represents a range of alternative methodological approaches. The paper explores the evidence, and arguments, for variety in economics at different levels, and a range of issues which arise. This requires in turn a discussion of the meaning of variety in economics at the different levels of reality, methodology, method and theory. It is concluded that there is scope for more, rather than less, variety in economic methodologies, as well as within methodologies. Further, if variety is not to take the form of 'anything goes', then critical discussion by economists of different approaches to economics, and of variety itself, is required.     

The Business Cycle: A Kelsonian Analysis

Increasingly dramatic swings in economic activity are characteristic of the modern business cycle that results from the failure of Say's Law of Markets to operate. From the perspective of the banking principle of the Smithian school of classical economics, the swings of the modern business cycle are a symptom of a badly structured economic order based on inadequate or incorrect principles. The problems associated with the modern business cycle are, however, entirely solvable with the tools and techniques of binary economics as applied in a manner consistent with the principles of economic and social justice as proposed under Capital Homesteading.     

Vertical Integration,Organizational Governance,and Firm Performance: Evidence from Italian Business Groups

Assuming transaction cost economics as a normative tool, we investigate the relationship between firms' ‘observed’ vertical integration choices and their economic performance. We use a two‐stage methodology: in the first, a measure of governance misalignment is computed as a difference between the governance form (i.e., ownership or outsourcing) predicted by transaction cost economics and the form actually observed; the second stage consists of estimating a performance equation where the misalignment variable is introduced together with a set of independent variables. Compared with previous studies, we introduce two novelties: we use the business group as the unit of analysis to detect the ownership of vertically related productions; we assess the moderating role of geographic agglomeration in reducing the need of vertical integration. Our results confirm the importance of technology and price uncertainty in influencing vertical integration; moreover, the misalignment variable is significant in the case of profitability, but not in the case of growth. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Economic dynamics of reservoir sedimentation management: Optimal control with singularly perturbed equations of motion

We analyze the economic dynamics of reservoir sedimentation management using the hydrosuction-dredging sediment-removal system. System dynamics depend on two interdependent hydraulic processes evolving at different rates. The accumulation of water impounded in the reservoir evolves on a ‘fast’ time scale, while the loss of water storage capacity to trapped sediments evolves on a ‘slow’ time scale. We formulate a multidimensional optimal control problem with singularly perturbed equations of motion to accommodate the disparate time scales. We apply singular perturbation methods to approximate (via polynomial series expansion) a ‘slow’ manifold reducing multi-dimensional solution space to the single-dimensional subspace confining long-term dynamics.     

Insider perspectives on growth: Implications for a nondichotomous understanding of ‘sustainable’ and conventional entrepreneurship

The aim of this paper is to offer an alternative to a priori theorising in research on firm-level growth and environmental sustainability. We outline an approach that combines John Shotter's phenomenology with post-hoc application of the Bourdieusian concepts of habitus, practices and social capital. This is illustrated empirically through a study conducted with a small group of Finnish entrepreneurs, which examines their lived experience of growth alongside its practical application in their ventures. The entrepreneurs' responses reveal holistic perspectives on growth that extend beyond the economic to incorporate personal commitments to norms of collectivity and well-being for themselves and others. The paper offers an exploratory but empirically grounded approach, arguing that a combination of insiders' perspectives and attention to the social embedding of economic activity challenge the dichotomous distinctions between sustainable and conventional entrepreneurship and reveal a degree of commonality that would not be evident via conventional categorisations on the basis of features such as business model type.     

企业国际化经营的收益比较及模式选择

文章推导并比较了国内经营、出口贸易、水平型国际化经营和垂直型国际化经营等4种不同经营方式下的公司收益差异,定量解释了企业开展跨国经营的经济原因,阐述了企业选择不同国际化经营类型的依据。