数字科技伦理监管的澳大利亚实践与启示

随着科技与社会的不断进步,数字科技逐渐成为了民众日常生活中不可或缺的一部分,相应地,在数字科技发展过程中所引发的科技伦理问题也愈发明显。作为较早的践行者,澳大利亚数字科技伦理监管的发展历程和实践经验能为我国数字科技伦理监管提供一定的启示和借鉴。本文对澳大利亚政府、行业组织与协会、大学与研究机构、社会媒体、企业五大监管主体在数字科技伦理监管体系中发挥的作用进行分析,解构了澳大利亚对数字科技伦理监管中用户隐私保护、信息获取自由与消费者数据权利、人工智能道德与负责任人工智能研发三大重点议题的政策布局。在此基础上,概括出澳大利亚数字科技伦理监管的四大制度安排,即制定战略目标、完善法律法规、加强资源建设能力、建立多方合作机制。最后借鉴澳大利亚的经验,对中国数字科技伦理监管提出四个方面的建议,包括构建多层次的治理框架、明确伦理监重点、强制性与自愿性相结合、重视数字科技伦理教育。     

大数据与监视型资本主义

本文首先介绍了监视型资本主义的概念,描述信息时代的资本是如何通过收集个人数据,无视私隐,筛选用户,在不受法律监控的情况下进行帝国式扩展的。进而,本文提出数据的附身性和数码资本错位这两个特征,用以分析技术如何在数据收集和应用上激活数据的私人财产属性,以及资本如何利用价值错位和技术优势去诱使用户参与这一资本增值的进程。数据的附身性揭示了个体如何被卷入大数据时代的生产关系,数码资本错位揭示了资本具体实现监视型资本主义的技术。这两个概念将完善监视型资本主义这一理论体系,进一步展现这个时代隐蔽的不平等状况。     

Capital account liberalization and dynamic price discovery: evidence from Chinese cross-listed stocks

We analyse the effects of a recent financial reform (Shanghai-Hong Kong Stock Connect) that enables cross-market investment between Hong Kong and Shanghai stock exchanges. Using a VECM, we find that the reform announcement considerably narrows the equilibrium level of price disparity and strengthens the price comovement of shares that are cross-listed in both markets. The estimated equilibrium relationship is in support of the relative law of one price. We find that both markets adjust in response to a disequilibrium in price disparity, leading to a sizeable error correction activity. The Shanghai market contributes to approximately two-thirds of the price discovery process. Competition and informativeness of trading affect the relative role of price discovery in each market. Finally, the reform implementation reinforces the long-run cointegration relationship and strengthens the short-run price comovements of cross-listed stocks despite the widening price disparity during the period.     

英国刑法对隐私权的保护及其评析

隐私权是现代社会最重要的新兴基本人权之一,英国是普通法系的代表性国家,但长期以来英国法律不承认独立的隐私权,因此造成英国隐私权法律制度发展严重滞后。英国在隐私权刑法保护方面不但条文稀少,且相对零散,难以对隐私法益形成有效保护。但英国隐私权刑法保护并非一无是处,英国刑法独特的责任制度和刑罚制度在对隐私权刑法保护中别具一格,值得予以高度评价和特别关注。     

Regulatory Disequilibrium and Inefficiency: The Case of Interstate Trucking

Economic regulation is characterized as (1) an effort by special interests to influence the allocation of property rights, in (2) a continuous path-dependent spontaneous evolution (as apposed to a static equilibrium), driven by (3) market, political, and bureaucratic entrepreneurship in an ongoing discovery process. The implications of the model are illustrated by an examination of the evolution of regulation in interstate trucking. The model is also used to explain that the Chicago School's political-regulatory efficiency conclusions are incorrect, and that the inefficiencies arising from rent seeking are even greater than the Public Choice approach implies.     

中国近代证券市场监管的历史考察——基于立法与执法视角

虽然中国近代证券市场的发展不够成熟与完善,经历了多次金融风潮与危机,但其证券监管制度体系及特点,仍值得我们深入研究,其中的一些经验与教训对于当前金融监管体制的建设也有借鉴意义。本文以中国近代证券市场监管为研究对象,力求从立法和执法两个维度揭示出近代证券市场监管的特点和存在的主要问题。     

算法合谋的反垄断规制及工具创新研究

在数字经济领域,数字商务企业采用算法定价会明显提高合谋的可能性和可实施性,具有较大的价格合谋风险,因而成为反垄断法关注的重点。学理上,尚待明确的问题有:算法定价促进合谋的内在机理和类型化机制;如何创新反垄断执法体制以有效规制自主学习算法;在反垄断事后执法无效情况下,是否需要以及如何实行事前规制等。研究表明:算法合谋的反垄断规制宜坚持分类治理原则,采取事后反垄断禁止为主并辅之以事前规制的政策组合,反垄断政策工具创新应主要针对自主学习算法合谋。算法合谋反垄断规制政策需重新界定构成非法合谋的"协议"要件,明确当事企业的主体责任,重在采取以"软执法"为主的反垄断执法体制。事前规制政策应坚持"基于设计来遵守法律"的原则,强化算法审查机制和审查能力建设,并将提升算法透明度和可问责性作为重点。     

中国期货市场:过度供给和过度需求下的监管选择

监管经济学认为,监管是受基本供求关系影响的一种产品。我国的金融管制目标、期货市场内生性、法律不完备性、投资者非理性等造成过度监管供给,对期货的负面意识、对微观基础不信任等造成过度监管需求。供给和需求的双重影响决定了我国期货市场的从严监管导向。因此,自1999年以来,我国期货市场的监管一直侧重于规范,而不是发展。     

论经济法在构建和谐社会中的作用

建设和谐社会是社会主义的本质要求。经济法作为一部"社会本位法",从市场主体准入、市场秩序、宏观调控和社会保障方面,对和谐社会的构建发挥着特有的作用:经济法有助于社会主体的权责平衡;经济法创建市场和国家诚信、安定的经济社会秩序;经济法保护弱势群体,实现实质的公平正义。     

Digital Privacy: GDPR and Its Lessons for Australia

Australia's Privacy Act 1988 is under review with a view to bringing Australia's privacy laws into the digital era, more in line with the European Union's General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR). This article discusses how the GDPR can be refined and standardised to be more effective in protecting privacy in the digital era while not adversely affecting the digital economy that relies heavily on data. We argue that an ideal data policy should be informative and transparent about potential privacy costs while giving consumers a menu of opt-in choices into which they can self-select.     

数据要素市场培育：法律难题、域外经验与中国方案

数字经济时代,数据继土地、劳动力、资本、技术之后成为第五大生产要素。目前我国数据权属确定的法律制度不够完善,数据要素市场交易的法律制度尚未建立,数据要素市场监管的法律制度不够健全,这都制约了我国数据要素市场发展。为了培育数据要素市场,应以数据生产者与数据处理者为划分标准,建立“数据生产者（扩展权利)—数据处理者（有限产权)”的数据产权制度;以“降低制度成本—减少交易成本”的思路完善数据要素市场交易相关规则;以“事前预防与事后规制相结合”的方式完善数据要素市场监管法律制度。     

Employee benefit plans need to protect privacy of participant information

Employee benefit plans need to examine their privacy policies and practices. Three areas of privacy compliance plan administrators should review are the HIPAA privacy regulations, state law claims against employee benefit plans for invasion of privacy and Web site privacy policies.     

Moore's law and price trends of digital products: the case of smartphones

ABSTRACT

Since the introduction of the iPhone by Apple in 2007 and Google's Android platform in 2009, the two systems have accounted for a total of 90% of the U.S. smartphone market. Apple, however, reaps most of the profit in the industry. In the second quarter of 2016, for example, Apple's iPhone gets 104% of the sector's profit. This suggests that the smartphone market resembles a Stackelberg leadership model. Despite Apple's strong market power, we investigate if the market leader is under pressure to be price competitive. We calculate a quality-adjusted price index for smartphones from 2007 to 2016. Our results show that the average price declines at an average rate of over 27% per year. The price trend is similar to other digit products such as computers, cameras, and portable music players. We observe that the large price decline reflects the effect of Moore's law, which predicts that the capacity of integrated circuits undergoes an exponential growth. The effect of Moore's law is incorporated into the Stackelberg model. We also observe that price trends of other digital products also follow a similar pattern. This suggest that the long-run price trends of digital consumer goods are somewhat independent of the market structures.     

Explicating the market dimension in the study of digital innovation: a management framework for digital innovation

Digital innovation is gaining momentum among academics and business practitioners. Featuring increasingly cross-industry and multi-actor innovation processes, digital innovation reveals the inherent technology bias in the dominant perspectives on innovation. This study aims to transfer the focus from technology-centred ideas of digital innovation to a more balanced concept in which digital innovation is conceptualised as a combination of multiple needs and solutions linked to various actors and their behaviours. The study builds on a longitudinal case study. The article contributes by providing a partial response to the explicit calls for strategic frameworks that capture the process of digital innovation. Furthermore, the article explicates the market dimension of digital innovation and extends the analysis of the market dimension from a limited view of customer information and user knowledge to further include needs, actions, and behaviours of market actors directly or indirectly using, complementing, or substituting the digital innovation and innovation process.     

沪铜期货市场价格发现的动态贡献——基于状态空间模型的实证研究

商品期货价格与现货价格的相互关系一直是学术界研究的热点,但大都基于静态的模型。本文从期货定价的持有成本理论出发,通过误差修正方程构建状态空间模型,利用卡尔曼滤波算法从动态的角度研究了2004-2012年期间我国沪铜期货市场价格发现的贡献。实证结果显示:2004-2012年,我国沪铜期货市场价格发现的贡献随着时间的变化而变化。2004-2008年逐步增强;2008年金融危机后,逐步下滑,到2010年,落后于现货市场;之后又有回升趋势。总体来看,沪铜期货市场在价格发现中处于主导地位,但具有明显的波动性。     

个人信用征信与保护的冲突与平衡

个人征信行业和制度的发展是市场经济发展的必然,是市场交易安全的保障,其本质要求个人信用信息的开放和共享,而个人信用信息的私密性的特征决定了个人信用征信机制的构建与个人隐私权保护的冲突不可避免。可以说,个人信用隐私权的适度限制与个人征信信息的适当公开,二者的平衡与协调是个人征信体系建立成败的关键问题。在个人信用信息的征集、管理及使用过程中,都应注重个人信用信息保护的平衡。     

从自由竞争权到公平竞争权——市场主体竞争权的现代性话语

市场主体的竞争权经历了从自由竞争权到公平竞争权的发展历程。公平竞争权是指市场主体在经济竞争过程中所享有的开展自由、公平竞争的权利,它是竞争自由与竞争公平的统一体,是竞争法的基石范畴,是一项具有社会法性质的权利。由于我国现阶段市场主体公平竞争权缺失,为了实现竞争权的成功转型,需要由竞争法明确赋予市场主体以公平竞争权。     

A close eye on the invisible hand

The paper shows how, and under what minimal information supply conditions, a market finds its competitive equilibrium price and thus solves the so-called tatonnement process, without sellers and buyers knowing the equilibrium price in advance. The information premises must be understood as a basic first approach, and do not necessarily mimic the real market process. Demonstration of a discovery process under these information handling conditions is an important finding for an evolutionary market theory. Additional information-processing elements should augment the efficiency of the discovery process. The results of the simulated market process set out above raise new questions. The role of institutional elements (such as the relevance of demand flexibility or “certainty” of knowledge in the learning process, etc.) is discussed further outside the context of the simulation model, providing new insight into the market process.     

Military Expenditures and Industrialization in Africa

My purpose here is to strengthen Karl Polanyi’s work through critique of and extension to abductive processes. Polanyi presented history woven into a new paradigm for analysis of socioeconomic systems, demonstrated discovery similar to abductive processes, and extended abduction into a holistic context. One of Polanyi’s most important contributions to socioeconomic analysis is the explanation of three integrated network models of socioeconomic reciprocity. They are coadjuvancy, redistribution, and market exchange. Polanyi extended abductive reasoning in two ways. First, he extended it beyond the cognitive logic of a person to inferences and societal belief changes of institutions. Second, he showed that, in the real world, beliefs are not only fixed like an abductive process, they are fixed in law. Throughout Polanyi’s historical presentation, market beliefs are being revised, thus serving as a demonstration of the abductive process. I make both positive and negative critique of a number of Polanyi’s concepts, with special attention to reciprocity, the double movement, and freedom. This critique and abduction extension strengthens Polanyi’s paradigm for future socioeconomic analysis with his integrative network models.     

官员隐私权与公众知情权博弈视角下的官员财产公示制度

官员财产公示制度是一种成本低却高效率的预防性、警诫性廉政机制,不仅可以很大程度地节省政府为廉政而花费的巨额行政费用,督促官员奉公守法,防止其谋取不当利益,而且通过财产信息公开,从根源上遏制腐败,维护社会的公平正义。从公共利益优先的角度可以折射出官员隐私权的有限性。官员的一些已经与其行使公共权力产生了联系的隐私行为已不再是民法所保护的隐私,而成了国家政治的一部分。为了社会政治及公共利益的需要,我们不得不对这部分隐私加以限制。但是,其不涉及公共利益的个人隐私依然神圣不可侵犯。在财产公示制度实行的过程中,要妥善处理好官员的隐私权与公众的知情权之间的矛盾。