浅谈职业教育经费投入问题研究——基于经济学视角的分析

随着国民生产总值的不断增长以及教育事业改革的不断深入,我国的职业教育力度不断加大,经费有所增加.本文主要从经济学的角度对云南省职业教育机构经费投入的现状和问题进行探讨与分析,并提出经费投入需要加强和改进的具体措施,为今后职业教育经费的投入提供了理论和实践依据.     

英国基础研究投入和特点

英国拥有世界一流的基础研究。它以世界１％的人口，投入了世界４．５％的科技经费，产出了世界８％的科技论文，占据了世界９％论文引用，在过去的一个世纪里获得了大约１０％世界承认的国际奖，其研究质量和数量仅次于美国。英国在基础研究方面之所以能取得如此值得骄傲的成就，与其对基础研究长期稳定的投入密不可分。基础研究的含义在英国科技统计中，使用科学工程和技术的分类来进行统计，通常简称为科学工程和技术（SET）统计。SET统计与传统的研究与开发（R＆D）统计有所不同，它所包含的范围更广。英国政府在进行SET统计的同时…     

中国企业研发经费投入现状及国际比较

企业是开展创新活动的重要主体,加强企业研发经费投入对提升企业技术创新能力至关重要。本文基于《欧盟产业研发投资记分牌(2019)》和调研数据,从研发经费投入及结构视角分析了我国企业创新活动现状,并与世界主要创新型国家进行了国际比较分析。研究发现:我国企业研发经费投入规模不断扩大,企业已经是研发经费投入主体和执行主体;相比国有企业,民营企业更具研发投资动力,是企业研发经费投入主体;我国企业研发经费投入增速较高,但研发经费投资规模和强度低于世界主要创新型国家;我国企业科学研究经费布局明显低于世界主要创新型国家,严重制约企业自主创新能力提升;我国企业基础研究占比偏低与创新特性、企业使命、发展阶段、企业能力、体制机制等因素有关,新时代应重点引导和激励更多企业向"爱迪生象限"和"巴斯德象限"跃升。     

美国联邦政府基础研究经费配置及对我国的启示

一直以来,美国联邦政府高度重视基础研究。正是联邦政府对基础研究的持续稳定投入,为其科技发展长期处于世界领先地位奠定了重要基础。本文基于最新数据,分析研究美国联邦政府对基础研究的资助规模、资助对象以及资助领域等,为在建设创新型国家和世界科技强国大背景下,进一步完善我国基础研究资助体系提供参考和借鉴。     

我国研究开发经费投入状况

2003年,我国研究与开发(R&D)经费总支出额为1539.6亿元,比2002年增加252亿元,增长19.6%。1995年以来,我国R&D经费投入占国内生产总值(GDP)的比重连续8年保持增长,这一比重已从1995年的0.60%上升到2003年的1.31%。1.我国R&D经费投入已进入较快增长阶段1991至2003年,我国R&D经费(即国内R&D经费总支出,下同)由150.8亿元增加到1539.6亿元,按可比价和同口径计算,即按GDP的缩减指数和相同的调查范围计算,年均增长速度为13.4%。“八五”期间(1991至1995年),为我国R&D经费的缓慢增长期。这一时期我国R&D经费虽然持续增长,年均增长速度也达到…     

我国高校经费投入问题分析与对策研究

教育经费短缺严重制约着高校科学的发展。1993年公布的《中国教育改革和发展纲要》和2010年公布的《国家中长期教育改革和发展规划纲要(2010—2020年)》均明确提出要提高国家财政性教育经费支出,达到国民生产总值的4%。这个10多年都未能达到的目标,近年能否如期实现,社会各界均高度关注。文章对市场经济条件下,高等教育经费投入不足的原因进行系统的分析,提出解决经费投入不足问题的建议与对策,以更好地促进我国高等教育的科学发展。     

江苏省科技经费投入状况分析与经济增长的相关分析

经济增长是一个国家、地区永恒的目标 ,经济增长与社会发展是密不可分的 ,没有增长的发展是不可思议的。本世纪以来 ,随着科学技术的迅猛发展和经济的日益“软化” ,传统的经济增长理论已难以解释世界各国的经济增长现象 ,80年代后期 ,以罗默和卢卡斯为代表的一批经济学家审时度势 ,在对新古典经济增长理论重新思考的基础上 ,提出了新经济增长理论。新经济增长理论 ,又称内生增长理论 ,把当今世界的经济增长归结为来自知识和人力资本的增长 ,将技术进步作为经济系统的内生变量 ,从生产率和技术进步方面研究经济增长。新经济增长理论认为 :知…     

Public infrastructure provision and ethnic favouritism: Evidence from South Africa

Does coethnicity with the President affect public infrastructure provision in South Africa? Using municipal-level data for 52 district municipalities from 1996 to 2016, we find that municipalities coethnic with the President are associated with higher water infrastructure provision relative to non-coethnic municipalities. Taking into account various political considerations, results show that ethnic favouritism occurs due to ethnic altruism. Our findings remain robust to different specifications of coethnicity thresholds and are applicable to electricity infrastructure provision. Results suggest that in order to minimise ethnic favouritism, politically independent institutions should oversee the allocation of funding and provision of infrastructure.     

Financial systems and economic growth in South Africa: a dynamic complementarity test

This study examines the relationship between banks, stock markets and economic growth in South Africa. The study attempts to answer one critical question: are stock markets and banks complementary to one another in the process of enhancing economic growth? The complementarity between the stock markets and banks is examined by including a set of interactive terms in a standard growth model, alongside bank development and stock market development proxies. In order to test the robustness of the results, three proxies of stock market development have been used, namely stock market capitalization, stock market traded value and stock market turnover – against the ratio of bank credit to the private sector, a proxy for bank-based financial development. The economic growth is, however, proxied by real GDP per capita. Using the ARDL-Bounds testing procedure, the study finds that the complementarity between stock market development and bank-based financial development is weak and sensitive to the proxy used to measure stock market development.     

Legacy and credit scores in South Africa

This paper assesses the impact of legacy and credit scores on access to bank credit in South Africa. Typically, credit data focuses on socio-economic information. However legacy variables, factors beyond the control of individuals, have not been well considered. We find that although credit scores clearly influence access to credit, legacy has a statistically significant impact on credit scores and on the amount of credit granted. While these results can be interpreted as bias against those with negative legacy, they can also be explained in terms of information asymmetry and the relative ability to enforce contracts with clients who have positive legacy.     

Earnings inequality and unemployment in South Africa

Unemployment and earnings inequality have moved together remarkably closely in South Africa in recent years. This article explores the relationship between unemployment and earnings inequality in South Africa, investigating the extent to which changes in unemployment can account for changes in earnings inequality. Static and dynamic decompositions of earnings inequality by employment status reveal the centrality of unemployment in accounting for the both level and trend of earnings inequality. The distribution of employment in the formal and informal sectors is found to be of lesser importance in explaining earnings inequality, as is wage dispersion within each of these categories. The findings point to the central importance of reducing unemployment in South Africa if the extremely high levels of inequality are to be reduced.     

Inflation and growth in South Africa

This paper studies the relationship between inflation and growthin South Africa. Two main issues are addressed: do tests ofthe South African data support the findings of cross-sectionstudies that inflation has a negative effect on growth overthe longer term? and, can higher growth be gained at the costof higher inflation in the short run? The findings are thatinflation drags down growth in South Africa over the longerterm, and that, in the short run, growth above its trend requiresaccelerating inflation. Thus, for growth to be pulled substantiallyabove its present low trend, inflation targeting in South Africawould have to be abandoned. However, this would be counterproductiveover the longer term, once the negative relationship betweeninflation and growth manifests itself.     

A cost function analysis of import demand and growth in South Africa

This study investigates the substitutability relationships among capital, labor, and imported inputs for South Africa, utilizing the estimates obtained from an aggregate cost function. Our results are consistent with the hypothesis that capital is a substitute for both domestic labor and imports, but that labor and imports are complementary inputs. This latter result suggests that relaxing South African trade restrictions may have a positive impact, in both the long and the short run, on the demand for domestic labor. Other results suggest that the reduction of market impediments may also positively impact the production of investment goods and economic growth.     

南非政府科研资助战略服务于知识经济建设

本文介绍分析了南非国家研究基金会2008—2015年愿景（战略规划）。今后7年,南政府科研资助将实现从需求驱动型向战略推动型的功能性重大转变,以促进本国向知识经济转型。值得我们借鉴的如建设具备国际竞争力的科技创新体系、保持世界级的科研工作声誉和经费资助体系、加强前沿科技和创新平台建设等方面。     

The political economy of high-tech industries in developing countries: aerospace in Brazil, Indonesia and South Africa

This paper explores the dynamics of high-tech industrialisationin three emerging countries with sub-regional power ambitionsin the peculiar case of aerospace. The focus of the analysisis on the interaction between economic and political factors,at both the domestic and the international levels. The three(initially) state-owned firms show diverging fortunes that reflectdifferences in the ability to align the ownership structureto the financial requirements of technological upgrading, toadopt modern management practices, to participate actively inthe internationalisation of global supply chains, and to garnerthe support of domestic interest groups.     

南非国家公园资金保障机制及其对 中国的启示

建立完善的资金保障机制是国家公园运营管理的关 键,决定了国家公园保护目标能否实现。对南非国家公园资金 保障机制的形成原因、特点及其保护绩效进行梳理后发现,其 市场化特征显著,形成了以市场渠道为主、财政渠道与社会渠 道为补充的资金保障机制。在多元化资金支持下,南非国家公 园维持了较为完整的生态系统,为游客提供了高质量的服务, 为社区转型作出了贡献,但也存在生物多样性保护不力和环境 破坏的问题。根据中国国家公园试点情况,同时借鉴南非国家 公园资金保障机制的经验和教训,我国应根据国家公园建设阶 段的不同实行不同的资金模式;合理确定资金使用结构;在不 损害保护目标的前提下,开展特许经营、生态旅游业务。     

Wealth differentiation in household use and trade in non-timber forest products in South Africa

Findings from southern Africa and internationally indicate the local use and trade of NTFPs to be significant however most present a composite picture, failing to account for intra-community socio-economic differences. These differences may have implications for policy and practice related to poverty alleviation and sustainable use. This paper reports on a study in South Africa which explored the relationship between household wealth and the use, procurement and sale of NTFPs in two villages. There was no influence of wealth on the proportion of households using or purchasing most of the NTFPs, or the number used. However, wealthier households bought significantly more resources per household, and poor households (at one village) sold significantly more. These results are discussed within the context of local conditions and poverty alleviation debates.