象征资本、合法性感知与新创企业绩效关系研究述评

新创企业面临着新创弱性和小企业弱性,缺乏足够的资源和能力采取实质性营销活动,因此一般以大企业为对象的营销理论很难适用。布迪厄从社会学角度提出的象征资本为研究新创企业营销绩效打开了全新视角。本文在分析象征资本和合法性感知概念的基础上,从理论和实证研究两方面总结认为象征资本能够向利益相关者特别是消费者以标签或符号的形式传达有关企业的积极信息,以获取合法性感知,从而对新创企业绩效产生积极影响,并指出了未来的研究方向。     

社会网络、资源获取与新创企业绩效关系研究

本文在创业资源类型和创业资源获取基本途径划分的基础上,构建了社会网络、资源获取的不同途径与新创企业绩效的关系模型并分析了变量之间的作用机理.     

企业社会资本与技术创新：基于吸收能力的实证研究

本文针对我国企业社会资本影响技术创新的机制问题展开分析,从企业社会资本的特征维度出发,引入吸收能力的视角,提出了基于吸收能力的企业社会资本与技术创新绩效的概念模型。在问卷调查的基础上,通过多元线性回归分析和结构方程模型分析,对我国企业社会资本如何影响技术创新的问题进行了实证研究。研究结果表明,在不考虑吸收能力作用的情况下,企业社会资本的结构、关系和认知等三个维度的水平对于我国企业技术创新绩效的提升均具有积极显著的作用;企业社会资本三个特征维度的水平通过提高吸收能力进而正向影响技术创新绩效;其中,认知维度在结构维度和关系维度发挥效应中承担中介变量的作用。为提高企业技术创新绩效,建议以知识的获取和利用为导向,注重企业社会资本三个维度水平的均衡提高。     

资源依赖还是战略制胜——来自非上市公司的证据

本文通过对233家中国非上市公司成长绩效的研究,揭示了战略与资源这两种因素分别对新创企业与成熟企业成长绩效的影响方式。结果显示,在新创企业中,战略对于企业成长绩效不存在直接影响,而是通过影响新创企业资源的转换效率提高其成长绩效。专用资源对新创企业成长绩效有直接作用,通用资源促进专用资源的形成,进而提高成长绩效。在成熟企业中,战略清晰度直接对成长绩效产生作用,通用资源与专用资源能够影响战略清晰度。研究结论丰富了创业理论与战略理论对于企业成长的理解,为进一步研究企业成长机制提供了新的视角。     

企业家社会资本、竞争战略选择与企业绩效--基于中国制造业上市公司的实证研究

本文把企业家社会资本分为两个维度,即企业家的制度性社会资本和企业家的市场性社会资本,并分别考察两者对企业绩效的影响效应。企业家通过利用他们在社会结构中这种特有的资源形成了企业在竞争战略层面提高企业价值的不同路径选择。本文以中国制造业上市公司数据对所提假设进行检验,结果表明,企业家制度性社会资本通过差异化战略提升企业绩效,市场性社会资本则通过低成本战略的中介效应提升企业绩效。即拥有制度性社会资本的企业家更容易从政府、科研机构获取知识、信息等优势资源而选择差异化战略,进而提高企业绩效;发展拥有更多市场性社会资本的企业家则可通过与客户供应商等良好的关系降低产品成本而选择低成本战略,实现企业的成功。     

高新技术企业社会资本与技术创新行为的关系研究

本研究以高新技术企业为研究对象,在把企业社会资本划分为结构维度、关系雏度和认知维度3个难度的基础上进行技术创新行为的关系研究,进而考察其对企业绩效的影响.本文把技术创新行为划分为内部技术创新行为和对外合作创新行为2个维度.研究结果显示,企业社会资本的3个维度和技术创新行为的两个维度之间存在着显著的正相关关系,而技术创新行为对企业绩效也具有显著影响,尤其是知识利用这一方面对企业绩效的影响程度最大.     

科技创业者创业动机与新创企业绩效的关系研究

创新创业过程中离不开创业动机的开发和创业机会的识别。本文从创新创业的视角出发, 探讨了创新创业过程中不同维度的科技创业者的创业动机和创业机会识别对新创企业绩效的影响和作用机制, 并对 282家科技新创企业的样本数据进行了实证检验。研究结果表明： 创业者创业动机中机会型动机和成就型动机对新创企业绩效具有显著正向影响, 而生存型动机对绩效的影响则不显著, 但是３ 个维度的创业动机均对创业机会识别具有积极作用; 创业机会识别完全中介了创业者创业动机与新创企业绩效之间的正向关系; 创业能力可以在创业机会识别与新创企业绩效间起正向调节作用, 创业能力越高, 创业机会识别对新创企业绩效的积极影响就会越大。研究结论对致力于取得较高创业绩效的创业者具有一定实践启示。     

组织关系视角下新创高技术企业间知识流动机理研究

在企业创新活动中, 新创高技术企业显然无法利用自身禀赋创造出全部所需的知识。因此, 新创高技术企业之间的知识流动为其获得竞争优势方面提供了有力的保障。而知识流动是在企业间知识的获取和溢出的过程中形成的。本文从组织关系视角出发, 整合了企业之间的空间、知识基础、制度差距等因素, 确定了组织关系的3个维度, 分析了空间距离、组织距离和技术距离3个方面对知识流动的影响机理, 为组织关系在正反两个方向影响新创高技术企业间知识流动效果提供理论依据。     

创新生态系统模式对新创企业创新绩效的影响研究——基于平台与产品的双重视角

本文通过对366家新创企业的中高层管理者进行问卷调查，以探索创新生态系统模式对新创企业创新绩效的影响。研究结果表明：新创企业嵌入基于平台的创新生态系统和基于产品的创新生态系统对其创新绩效具有正向影响；且规模不同的新创企业选择不同的创新生态系统模式会对其创新绩效产生差异化影响，揭示了资源阈值与新创企业创新之间的联系；验证了“创新生态系统-动态能力-创新绩效”的作用路径，并指出动态能力所扮演的中介角色；企业年龄对基于平台的创新生态系统与新创企业创新绩效间起倒U型调节作用，对基于产品的创新生态系统与新创企业创新绩效间起正向调节作用。     

网络嵌入影响企业创新绩效的概念模型与实证分析

本文有效整合社会网络、知识获取和创新绩效三个方面的理论研究,以知识获取为中间变量,构建网络嵌入影响企业创新绩效的概念模型,探究关系型嵌入和结构型嵌入影响企业外部知识获取并进而影响创新绩效的微观机理,并通过长三角地区270家本土企业的问卷调查与结构方程模型分析,结果发现:企业通过对组织网络的关系型嵌入和结构型嵌入能够有效提高外部知识的获取效应,从而对企业的创新绩效存在显著的推动作用。在此基础上,本研究试图为本土企业如何通过网络嵌入提高知识获取能力以及创新绩效提供理论指导和对策建议。     

Effects of team inputs and intrateam processes on perceptions of team viability and member satisfaction in nascent ventures

A new venture team is a particular type of top management team neglected by the literature. This study investigated the effects of team inputs and processes on team members' perceptions of team viability and satisfaction in nascent ventures. These outcomes are important as they may be antecedents of team perseverance. The study of 51 new venture teams showed that the presence of a distinct leader was positively related to team satisfaction, while member diversity in educational backgrounds was positively related to perceived team viability. Intrateam processes of social integration and open communication were positively related to both perceived team viability and member satisfaction. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

When does corporate venture capital add value for new ventures?

New ventures face a trade‐off when considering corporate venture capital (CVC) funding. Corporate investors can provide complementary assets that enhance the commercialization of new venture technologies. However, tight links with a particular corporate investor has drawbacks and may constrain new ventures from accessing complementary assets from diverse sources in an open market. Taking this trade‐off into account, we explore conditions under which CVC funding is beneficial to new ventures. Using a sample of computer, semiconductor, and wireless ventures, we find that CVC funding is particularly beneficial for new ventures when they require specialized complementary assets or operate in uncertain environments. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The role of managers' political networking and functional experience in new venture performance: Evidence from China's transition economy

Drawing upon the resource‐based view and transaction cost economics, this study aims to examine how various types of managerial resources (i.e., political networking and functional experience) can be beneficial to new ventures in a transition economy. Using survey data from a sample of new ventures in China's high‐technology industries, we demonstrate that managers' political networking and functional experience are positively related to new venture performance. We also find that the positive relationship between functional experience and new venture performance is moderated by the type of ownership of the ventures and the level of dysfunctional competition in their environments. Theoretical and managerial implications are discussed. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

创业网络推进创业成长的机制研究

现有的研究论述了创业网络对于创业活动的重要意义,但是对创业网络如何促进创业活动发展的过程却语焉不详。本文对于创业网络的经营行动和实施效果进行了探讨,同时指出基于不同的网络产出,创业者可以选择不同的战略模式以提升创业绩效,从而完整地构建了创业网络推进创业成长的作用机制链条。基于上述论证过程,本文指出创业网络的主要价值在于为新创企业的战略行动提供资源支持,因此创业过程的行动重点在于创业网络的开发和经营,创业者应当积极拓展创业网络,开发适宜的网络成长战略,以充分促进创业成长。     

New venture strategic adaptation: The interplay of belief structures and industry context

We adopt an information processing perspective to investigate how the interplay of belief structures and industry context shapes new venture strategic adaptation in a sample of 104 publicly traded new ventures founded between 1996 and 2006 in several technology‐intensive industries. Results highlight that distinct espoused belief structures attributes (complexity, centrality, proactive causal logics) and industry growth combinations predict diversity, frequency, and speed of new venture strategic actions. We contribute to prior literature on early firm strategic adaptation by providing an elaborated understanding of the role of espoused belief structures in interpreting and translating industry signals into new venture strategic action. Further, we highlight the role of belief structures in facilitating the fast, diverse, and frequent organizational actions typically associated with continuous adaptation. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

De novo venture strategy: arch incumbency at inaugural entry

By definition, de novo industry ventures do not share many market‐contact points with incumbents—itself an important source of competitive ‘stability’ through mutual forbearance. As such, these ventures are often subject to aggressive retaliation at the outset, which could threaten their very survival. In this study, the notion of an arch incumbent is developed, hypothesizing that, in general, a large market overlap with an incumbent lowers the survival odds of a de novo entrant. However, a large market overlap with the arch incumbent combined with an aggressive inaugural market entry or a different market positioning reduces the probability of retaliation by the arch incumbent (and subsequently other incumbents as well), and hence increases the probability of survival for a de novo entrant. The empirical experience of de novo ventures in the intra‐European passenger airline industry supports these hypotheses. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

创业成长中双重网络嵌入的演化规律研究——以正泰集团和温氏集团为例

新企业在创建、存活和成长过程中,需要通过嵌入社会关系网络获得资源支持,嵌入产业网络获得产业链分工协作收益。创业网络是社会网络和产业网络的有机统一体,创业成长过程同时也是对社会网络与产业网络双重嵌入的过程。基于创业网络中信任关系从情感性信任到认知性信任再到复合信任的演进,新创企业的双重网络嵌入性关系演化呈现出以下规律性:一是由社会网络嵌入向社会网络和产业网络双重嵌入演化;二是由"交易性嵌入"方式向"关系性嵌入"方式演化;三是由双重网络分离式嵌入向叠加式嵌入演化。新创企业双重网络嵌入演化对创业成长有促进作用,但同时也会形成"创业网络经营成本",政府需要对此加以重视。     

Shared and shared alike? Founders' prior shared experience and performance of newly founded banks

Research summary: Pre‐entry industry experience is a central construct in the founding team literature. Research on prior shared experience (PSE) emphasizes that founding teams face challenges integrating and acting on independent experiences, so PSE should be beneficial for new venture performance. Existing studies, however, typically study PSE in blunt terms, expecting that more is better. Instrumental variable analyses of a unique sample of 344 commercial banks founded in four U.S. states between 1996 and 2006 showed that industry‐specific PSE may be more or less beneficial, depending on several founding team characteristics. Our findings provide nuance and caution to the narrative that PSE is always beneficial. Under some circumstances, firms with founding team PSE may be no better off than those without founding team PSE, suggesting more research is necessary to understand when and why founding team experience matters to new firms. Managerial summary: Pre‐entry experience of founding teams affects new firm performance, but is hard for founders to leverage separately gained experience. Knowledge moves more readily if sets of managers leave together to start a new firm. But, it may be simplistic to conclude that prior shared experience (PSE) is always good, or better than the sum of independent experiences. In a set of banks founded in four U.S. states between 1996 and 2006, we find that PSE is not necessarily a direct pathway to better bank performance. Characteristics of the PSE, such as the part of industry the former and new banks operate in, can lower its benefit. We also found that the benefits of PSE erode as the entire founding team develops shared history after startup. Our findings have implications for entrepreneurs, investors, and policy‐makers. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Strategic repertoire variety and new venture growth: The moderating effects of origin and industry dynamism

New ventures (companies eight years or younger) face an important choice in attempting to achieve growth: Should they follow “strategic simplicity” by relying on a few similar competitive actions, or emphasize “strategic variety” by implementing multiple different competitive actions? Data from 140 new ventures in Spain suggest that new ventures benefit from pursuing strategic variety, especially when their industries are highly dynamic. Further, although new ventures in general gain from strategic variety in highly dynamic industries, independently owned ventures achieve higher growth rates than their corporate counterparts. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Unpacking functional alliance portfolios: How signals of viability affect young firms' outcomes

This article investigates how alliance portfolio composition affects young firms' outcomes. Drawing on signaling theory, we propose how alliance portfolio composition—number, functional domains (R&D, manufacturing, and marketing), and single‐purpose or multi‐purpose nature of alliances within the portfolio—may affect a firm's likelihood of achieving a liquidity event (IPO or acquisition). We study 8,600 U.S.‐based, VC‐backed firms during the period of 1990 to 2002 from 10 industry sectors. We find that alliance portfolios (to a certain extent) increase a firm's liquidity event likelihood. Further, firms with heterogeneous alliance portfolios, including portfolios emitting greater efficiency signals versus endorsement signals, are more likely to experience an IPO versus acquisition. Our findings lend support to the value of multi‐function alliances within portfolios. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.