浅谈我国城镇居民收入分配差距对消费的影响

收入分配差距与消费需求的关系问题一直是社会所关注的热点问题。随着改革开放进程不断推进,我国经济经历了三十余年的快速增长,但收入分配差距却呈现出了扩大的趋势,进而直接或间接地影响我国居民的消费需求,使我国居民消费率长期处于较低水平。本文以消费理论研究为基础,深入研究收入分配差距对消费需求的影响,探寻缩小收入分配差距与提升消费需求的政策建议,具有一定的理论与现实意义。本文通过分析城镇居民收入差距对中低收入组居民的消费行为和消费倾向的影响,指出由于收入差距扩大,导致中低收入组居民的收入预期下降,支出预期上升,从而得出我国经济增长应更多地依靠缩小城镇居民收入差距,刺激消费需求扩大的结论。     

浅谈我国城镇居民收入分配差距对消费的影响

收入分配差距与消费需求的关系问题一直是社会所关注的热点问题。随着改革开放进程不断推进,我国经济经历了三十余年的快速增长,但收入分配差距却呈现出了扩大的趋势,进而直接或间接地影响我国居民的消费需求,使我国居民消费率长期处于较低水平。本文以消费理论研究为基础,深入研究收入分配差距对消费需求的影响,探寻缩小收入分配差距与提升消费需求的政策建议,具有一定的理论与现实意义。本文通过分析城镇居民收入差距对中低收入组居民的消费行为和消费倾向的影响,指出由于收入差距扩大,导致中低收入组居民的收入预期下降,支出预期上升,从而得出我国经济增长应更多地依靠缩小城镇居民收入差距,刺激消费需求扩大的结论。     

调整工资对市场和消费的影响初探

1997年以来,我国经济增长速度放慢,城乡居民收入增长趋缓,城镇居民收入差距拉大,加上居民对支出预期的增加,使我国内需萎缩,消费下滑。1998年12月中央经济工作会议明确提出,1999年要“把扩大国内需求     

对山东省居民消费状况分析与建议

2001年山东省城镇居民消费支出平稳增长,但消费需求持续增长的支撑力度不足,需要加以引导。一是规范居民收入分配机制,切实调节收入差距;二是培植居民消费的主导产品;三是提高产品质量,稳定居民健康的消费心态。     

动态耦合视角下的收入分配与消费需求

改革开放至今,我国经济持续快速增长。居民整体生活水平不断提高,但同时收入分配不平等的问题也越来越突出。收入差距主要包含城乡收入差距、行业间收入差距、所有制下收入差距和地区间收入差距,本文将从上述四个维度度对收入差距与消费需求的关联度进行计算、分析。从我国整体收入差距来看,2010年我国基尼系数已经达到了0.438。从城乡收入差距来看,2015年我国城乡居民收入比达到了2.73:1,而国际上的最高标准为2。我国居民收入差距将作用于收入分配制度同时也受到收入分配制度的影响,我国居民收入差距的扩大使得城乡居民消费差距增大,抑制总消费,导致内需严重不足。我国拉动经济增长的三驾马车分别是消费需求、投资、出口,而消费需求占据主导位置,决定着一个国家经济发展的速度。因此,本文将从城乡收入差距、地区收入差距、所有制收入差距和行业收入差距等角度分析收入差距与消费需求的关系,以及二者之间的关系将如何影响我国经济增长,并解释目前我国经济高速增长与收入差距并存的原因。     

居民收入差距与经济增长关系的实证研究

居民收入差距和经济增长的关系,一直是中国学术界研究的重点。文章主要基于1978～2010年的数据,对中国的居民收入差距与经济增长之间的关系做实证分析。作者认为:城乡居民收入差距和农村居民收入差距的扩大对中国的经济增长有抑制作用,城镇居民收入差距的扩大对经济增长有促进作用,且都存在长期协整关系。进而提出缩小居民收入差距的相应措施,减少其对经济增长的抑制作用,推动经济合理快速增长。     

居民收入差距与经济增长关系的实证研究

居民收入差距和经济增长的关系,一直是中国学术界研究的重点。文章主要基于1978～2010年的数据,对中国的居民收入差距与经济增长之间的关系做实证分析。作者认为:城乡居民收入差距和农村居民收入差距的扩大对中国的经济增长有抑制作用,城镇居民收入差距的扩大对经济增长有促进作用,且都存在长期协整关系。进而提出缩小居民收入差距的相应措施,减少其对经济增长的抑制作用,推动经济合理快速增长。     

对韩城市城镇居民消费需求变化和支出预期的调查分析

韩城市城镇居民消费需求变化与支出预期特征是,消费倾向稳中趋降,储蓄意愿稳中有升;居民消费心态稳定;即期消费档次不断提高;未来支出预期结构发生了变化;不同收入水平的居民消费意向不同。影响城镇居民消费的主要因素是,收入水平仍显偏低;收入差距较大;未来消费预期不确定,居民即期消费能力削弱。增加居民收入,刺激消费需求增长;优化消费品供给结构,创造良好的消费环境;完善社会保障体系,建立城镇居民小额保险制度;鼓励和推行新的消费方式,提升居民消费品位;拓展消费信贷,促使消费增长应成为努力方向。     

广西居民收入与保险需求关系实证分析

运用广西自治区1991-2010年的经济数据,对广西城镇居民收入、农村居民收入及城乡收入差距与保险密度四个变量进行协整分析,并对其建立误差修正模型。实证分析的结果表明城镇居民收入的增加对保险需求具有促进作用,而广西居民收入差距和农村居民的收入却和保险需求具有反向变动关系。所以必须全面提高全区居民生活水平,降低城乡收入差距,才能促进广西保险业的健康发展。     

我国居民收入差距分析及运用税收调节个人收入的思考

改革开放二十多年来，随着经济建设的快速发展和综合国力的显增强，我国人民生活也发生了历史性的巨大变化。21年里，城镇居民人均可支配收入实际增长2．6倍，农村居民人均纯收入实际增长3．7倍，居民储蓄存款增长282倍，消费环境和消费结构明显改善，消费水平和消费质量显提高。但是，在居民整体生活水平提高的同时，由于多种因素的作用，我国居民收入差距明显扩大且有进一步拉大的趋势。最突出的问题是，城乡之间收入、消费差距过大，城乡居民内部之间收入贫富悬殊问题逐步明显，应采取切实措施，加强宏观调控，调节收入分配，防止因贫富差距的无限扩大而偏离、危害共同富裕的目标。     

Bayesian Premium Rating with Latent Structure

We propose a fully Bayesian approach to non-life risk premium rating, based on hierarchical models with latent variables for both claim frequency and claim size. Inference is based on the joint posterior distribution and is performed by Markov Chain Monte Carlo. Rather than plug-in point estimates of all unknown parameters, we take into account all sources of uncertainty simultaneously when the model is used to predict claims and estimate risk premiums. Several models are fitted to both a simulated dataset and a small portfolio regarding theft from cars. We show that interaction among latent variables can improve predictions significantly. We also investigate when interaction is not necessary. We compare our results with those obtained under a standard generalized linear model and show through numerical simulation that geographically located and spatially interacting latent variables can successfully compensate for missing covariates. However, when applied to the real portfolio data, the proposed models are not better than standard models due to the lack of spatial structure in the data.     

The development of the group accounts disclosure system in Japan

The Japanese disclosure system of consolidated statements was introduced in 1977 and extensively revised in 1997. The role of the bureaucracy has been significant in these developments and seems to be part of Japan's closed culture. However, other explanations could also be applied. In particular, although Japanese firms opposed such disclosures on the basis of preparation costs, the Japanese government had to modernize the disclosure system, including consolidation, in order to develop the securities market regardless of an individual company's interests.     

Moments of Compound Mixed Poisson Distributions

Recursive formulae are derived for the evaluation of the moments and the descending factorial moments about a point n of mixed Poisson and compound mixed Poisson distributions, in the case where the derivative of the logarithm of the mixing density can be written as a ratio of polynomials. As byproduct, we also obtain recursive formulae for the evaluation of the moments about the origin, central moments, descending and ascending factorial moments of these distributions. Examples are also presented for a number of mixing densities.     

The designing of corporate accounting law in Japan after the Second World War

After the Second World War, during the neutralization of the controlled economy of wartime Japan, a design for a Corporate Accounting Law was elaborated by the Investigation Committee on the Business Accounting System. The Investigation Committee tried to establish not only new business accounting standards but also a central and independent administrative organ of corporate accounting regulation on the basis of the Corporate Accounting Law. The Corporate Accounting Law was expected to lay the legal foundation of the new corporate accounting regulation regime in Japan. Nevertheless, even though the original design of the fundamental accounting law was never realized, it should be considered the starting point for our understanding of external accounting history in post-war Japan.     

The deliberation around accounting techniques: accounting for depreciation and foreign exchange in an Indian jute company, 1870-1900

This paper examines the way two accounting techniques, namely depreciation and foreign exchange, were deliberated on, between 1870 and 1900, in an Indian jute company whose shareholders resided in the UK. The arena for these deliberations was the conflictual relationship between controlling and non-controlling shareholders as to how best to account for depreciation and foreign exchange especially when the particular accountings affected distributional issues such as the dividend decision. The purpose of this paper is to analyse and explain the processes by which a company's accounting practices emerge and develop as a contest between different interests. Accounting framed the parameters of the deliberations and provided the language of power and dissent. The paper uses a rich archive that includes narrative and accounting material.     

Pricing Dynamic Insurance Risks Using the Principle of Equivalent Utility

We introduce an expected utility approach to price insurance risks in a dynamic financial market setting. The valuation method is based on comparing the maximal expected utility functions with and without incorporating the insurance product, as in the classical principle of equivalent utility. The pricing mechanism relies heavily on risk preferences and yields two reservation prices - one each for the underwriter and buyer of the contract. The framework is rather general and applies to a number of applications that we extensively analyze.     

Guidelines for Manuscripts Submitted to The China Journal of Accounting Research

正The China Journal of Accounting Research"CJAR"(ISSN 1755-3091)publishes quarterly.It contains peer-reviewed articles and commentaries on accounting,auditing and corporate governance issues that relate to the greater China region.We welcome the submission of both theoretical and empirical research papers pertinent to researchers,regulators and practitioners.Authors should note:1 Submissions must be original     

International harmonization of Japanese accounting standards

Historically, Japanese accounting standards have been quite distinct from International Accounting Standards (IASs) which have been perceived as being modelled on British-American accounting standards. However, in the 1990s, after the publication of E32 in 1989 and the IASC-IOSCO Agreement in 1995, the Business Accounting Deliberation Committee (BADC), the standards-setting body in Japan, has pursued a policy of harmonization with IASs. Accounting standards relating to consolidated financial statements of companies that make cross-border offerings of securities or operate worldwide are being revised drastically. This paper focuses on the development of international accounting harmonization and its impact on Japan.     

Commodity financialization and sector ETFs: Evidence from crude oil futures

We investigate the diversification benefits of energy assets in the setting of commodity financialization using data on crude oil futures and Sector ETFs (SPDRs). Correlations between commodities and financial assets increased during the post-Commodity Futures Modernization Act (CFMA)/commodity bull cycle period, resulting in lower benefits of diversification. However, we find that conditional correlations between crude oil futures and sector ETFs meaningfully increased only since the 2008–09 financial crisis. The results therefore suggest that the financial crisis, rather than CFMA regulation, explains changes in the diversification benefits of commodities. Moreover, we find that oil futures returns are less correlated with SPDRs than with the S&P index. Thus, energy futures, and crude oil in particular, offer the potential for diversification benefits in sector-style investing.     

Dutch accounting in Japan 1609-1850: isolation or observation?

The trading station or factory maintained by the Dutch East India Company (VOC) was Japan's sole window on the Western world during most of the Tokugawa period (1600-1868). While many aspects of the factory's role in Dutch/Japanese cultural exchange have been researched little is known in the West of the accounting at the factory. This paper considers the possibility that double-entry bookkeeping employed by the Dutch may have been diffused to the Japanese. The available evidence is synthesized after considering the accounting system in the Dutch factory.