对以色列经贸市场的分析与探讨

从中国公司的认知角度出发,对以色列的经济状况、中以经贸关系和劳务合作等行业进行分析和探索.对未来两国经贸发展的展望,作为我国企业到以色列开展经贸业务的参考.     

“一带一路”背景下赴以色列投资的问题与对策

作为"一带一路"沿线重要国家的以色列,因"创新的国度"而闻名于世,中国也将创新列为五大发展理念之首。中以两国发展战略相互契合,优势互补明显。近年来,伴随着"一带一路"倡议的稳步实施,中以两国经贸交流不断深入,中国企业赴以色列投资日趋升温,渐成"热潮"。本文深入分析了中国企业赴以色列投资的现状、原因和存在的问题,并提出相关建议。     

以巴冲突经济遭殃

随着一年多来以巴冲突愈演愈烈，以色列总理沙龙宣布，以色列经济已进入“困难和紧急状态”，政府２００２年将削减预算和采取严厉的经济措施以对付经济危机。他说，２００２年对以色列来说将是艰难的一年，经济不可能出现增长，而且经济形势有可能进一步恶化，因此政府将不得不采取一些严厉措施。同时，巴勒斯坦经济更是陷入了史无前例的深渊。以巴经济大流血 以巴冲突已经持续了一年多时间，不仅造成了大量的人员伤亡和财 产 损头，也使以巴双方遭受了巨大的经济损失。以色列中央统计局日前发布的统计数据显示，以色列经济２００１年出现 …     

经贸部定于今年组织全国经贸知识培训与大奖赛活动

随着我国经贸事业的飞速发展,经贸职工队伍的教育培训工作也取得了较大的发展。为进一步提高经贸行业广大职工的经贸理论和业务知识水平,并在全国经贸行业普及经贸知识,扩大对外经贸工作的宣传和影响,使更多的人了解我国对外经济贸易在整个国民经济中的地位和作用,理解和支持经贸工作,经贸部将于1991年组织并举行全国经贸知识培训与大奖赛活动。     

后疫情时代全球农业创新趋势与中以农业科技创新合作

新冠疫情全球大流行引起国际社会对未来粮食供应链安全问题的普遍担忧,部分国家奉行贸易保护主义,开始限制粮食出口,对全球粮食和食品供应产生不利影响。后疫情时代,稳定粮食供应链和食品安全成为全球关注的热点问题,以数字化技术为代表的农业新技术、新模式、新业态和新型食品技术的创新发展日益得到各国政府重视。本文对全球农业科技发展现状和后疫情时代发展趋势、以色列农业科技优势、中以农业创新合作现状以及未来推动双方农业领域创新合作的方向与路径进行了梳理、总结和思考。     

以色列的大学科学园—介绍以色列理工学院科学园

以色列有七所世界一流的大学，这些大学都建有自己的科学园，这些科学园被称为孵化器。以色列理工学院建立的科学园称为“以色列理工学院科学园”，还被称为“以色列理工学院企业家孵化器”。这是以色列最成功的大学科学园，也是以色列最大的孵化器之一。　　以色列理工学院科学园概况　　以色列理工学院 (TECHNION)是世界著名的理工科大学，以色列 70％的工程师毕业于这所大学。这所大学的科学园成立有限责任公司，对科学园独立经营和管理。公司称为“以色列理工学院企业孵化器有限责任公司 (TEIC)”。科学园百分之百属于 TECHNI…     

在扶持中小企业中发展高科技产业——中小企业发展政策国际比较之以色列经验

一、以色列中小企业发展概况以色列中小企业的定义和标准。在以色列,雇员数在50人以内或年营业额在500万美元以内的企业为小型企业;雇员数在50～100人之间     

以色列的钻石加工业

作为以色列工业支柱之一的钻石加工业在以色列国民经济中占有举足轻重的地位。1991年,以色列钻石工业的出口额达31亿美元,大抵与美国每年给以色列的经济援助额持平。其小块抛光宝石产量约占世界总产量的80％,其中大多数用于珠宝饰物镶嵌。以色列在各种规格和形状的钻石加工上占世界市场的40％,在     

以色列驻华使馆商务处官员贺立夫谈：中以经济贸易合作的潜力和前景

以色列驻华使馆商务处官员贺立夫谈：中以经济贸易合作的潜力和前景本刊记者齐国强近年来，中国同以色列的经贸合作发展很快，据以色列方面统计，去年以色列同中国的贸易额超过１．５亿美元，中国主要向以色列出口纺织品、化工产品、轻工业产品和食品，以色列主要向中国出...     

睡在以色列的小板床上

以色列位于亚、非、欧三大洲接合处。沿海为狭长平原,东部有山地和高原,属地中海型气候。世界历史上从来没有一个民族能把一种已消亡的语言重新激活,但以色列犹太民族就成功地使已经死亡的希伯来语复活。以色列文化是由犹太教和犹太人数千年以来的历史经验交织构成的,来自世界各地的移民使以色列社会丰富而多元。     

论河北省农业和农村产业结构的调整与优化

我国加入WTO后，农产品市场逐步开放，农业发展将面临更加激烈的竞争，农业中的矛盾与城乡居民收入、消费、就业结构变动结合在一起，已成为制约新阶段农业和农村经济发展的主要问题。本通过对河北省农业和农村产业结构存在问题及产业结构调整面监障碍的分析，提出了新阶段河北省农业和农村产业结构高速的思路与措施。     

Information And Communication Technology And The Measurement Of Volume Output And Final Demand - A Five-Country Study

Information and communication technology (ICT) products have undergone rapid technical change. Where quality improvements occur, they should be reflected in official price and quantity indices, otherwise there is a tendency to over-estimate price movements and under-estimate volume changes of ICT products. Statistical offices deal with this issue but the degree and nature of quality-adjustment of price indices of ICT products varies considerably between OECD countries. The present study simulates measurement effects on key economic variables (real output, private final consumption, government expenditure, investment, exports and imports) and productivity, under the assumption that the price indices of ICT products are fully quality-adjusted. The paper draws on a large selection of empirical studies to identify differences between quality-adjusted and unadjusted price changes and uses detailed information from input-output tables to assess their weights in final demand. Effects on GDP and its components are quantified for five selected OECD countries.     

Computers And Growth

The purpose of this paper is to describe the impact of investment in computers on the growth of the U.S. economy. The economic literature on computers is relatively rich in information on the decline in computer prices and the growth of computer investment. Constant quality price indices for computers have been included in the U.S. National Income and Product Accounts (NIPA) since 1986. These indices employ state of the art methodology to capture the rapid evolution of computer technology.

While the annual inflation rate for overall investment has been 3.66 percent for the period 1958 to 1992, computer prices have declined by 19.13 percent per year! Similarly, overall investment grew at 3.82 percent, while investment in computers increased at an astounding 44.34 percent! These familiar facts describe growth in the output of computers. The objective of this paper is to complete the picture by analyzing the growth of computer services as inputs.

In a pioneering paper Bresnahan (1986) has focused on pecuniary externalities arising from the rapid decline in computer prices. Griliches (1992, 1994) has emphasized the distinction between pecuniary and nonpecuniary externalities in the impact of computer investment on growth. This paper is limited to pecuniary externalities or the impact of reductions in computer prices on the substitution of computer services for other inputs. As Griliches (1992) points out, this is an essential first step in identifying nonpecuniary externalities or ‘spill-overs’ through the impact of a decline in computer prices on productivity growth. ^{* *}Brynjolfsson (1993) has proveded a detailed survey of studies of nonpecuniary externalities or ‘spill overs’. Recent studies include those of Brynjolfsson and Hitt (1994a, 1994b) and Lichtenberg (1993).

In two important papers Stephen D. Oliner (1993, 1994) has introduced a model of computer technology that greatly facilitates the measurement of computer services as inputs. In this paper we estimate computer stocks and flows of computer services for all forms of computer investment included in NIPA. We construct estimates of computer services parallel to NIPA data on computer investment by combining these data with information on computer inventories. For example, the International Data Corporation (IDC) Census of Computer Processors includes an annual inventory of processors in the U.S.

In Section 1 we present data on investment in computers and constant quality price indices from NIPA. These data incorporate important innovations in modeling computer technology stemming from a joint study by IBM and the Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA) completed in 1985. This study utilized a ‘hedonic’ methodology for constructing an econometric model of computer prices that accurately reflects rapid changes in computer technology. This methodology generates an index of computer prices that holds the quality of computers constant.

In Section 2 we present the model of computer services originated by Oliner (1993,1994). This differs in important respects from the model of capital services used in the previous studies of U.S. economic growth surveyed by Jorgenson (1989,1990). The model employed in previous studies is based on the decline in productive capacity with the chronological age of a capital good. Oliner assumes that computers maintain their productive capacity until they are retired. Decline in productive capacity occurs only through removal of used computers from the inventory through retirement.

In Section 3 we construct estimates of stocks of computers that incorporate IDC data on computer inventories and derive the implied flow of computer services. While output of computer investments has grown very rapidly, the input of computer services has grown even faster. The price of these services has declined at 23.22 percent per year over the period 1958 to 1992, while the input of these services has grown at 52.82 percent! This is prima facie evidence of an important role for computer price declines as a source of pecuniary externalities.

In Section 4 we combine computer services with the services of other types of capital to produce a measure of capital input into the U.S. economy. We link this with labor input to obtain the contributions of both inputs to U.S. economic growth, arriving at the growth of productivity as a residual. We find that the contribution of computer services to input into the U.S. economy is far more important than the contribution of computer investments to output. This is a significant step toward resolution of the Solow paradox: ‘We see computers everywhere except in the productivity statistics. ^{* *}Robert M. Solow, quoted by Brynjolfsson (1993). Declines in computer prices generate very sizable pecuniary externalities through the substitution of computer services for other inputs. By contrast Solow focuses on nonpecuniary externalities that would appear as productivity growth.

In Section 5 we conclude that information on inventories of computers is critical in quantifying the role of computer services as inputs. The constant quality price indices for computers incorporated into NIPA are also essential. A price index for computers that reflects only general trends in inflation would result in a highly distorted perspective on the growth of GDP and capital services, especially during the past decade. To capture the contribution of all forms of investment to U.S. economic growth, similar price indices should be included in NIPA for capital goods with rapidly evolving technologies, as proposed by Gordon (1990).

The long term goal should be a unified system of income. product, and wealth accounts, like that proposed by Laurits Christensen and Jorgenson (1973) and Jorgenson (1980). This incorporates capital stocks, capital services, and their prices. Achieving this goal will necessitate much greater elaboration of the accounting system described in Section 3. These accounts would incorporate data on prices and quantities of investment, stocks of assets, and capital services for all forms of capital employed in the U.S. economy.     

银行会计风险防范的具体建议与对策

防范银行会计风险是一项系统工程 ,涉及到银行工作的方方面面 ,需要按照社会主义市场经济的要求 ,认真贯彻会计的谨慎性原则 ,不断建立、健全各种防范机制 ,构建高效的会计风险监督保障系统 ,进一步加强银行会计信息的披露与揭示 ,提高信息的使用价值 ,才能有效化解目前我国商业银行潜在的和现实的会计风险     

Marshallian Externalities And The Emergence And Spatial Stability Of Technological Enclaves *

Technological dualism often is found to be associated with the geographical clustering of firms that use the same techniques. To shed further light on these localization phenomena, we analyze the long-run dynamic behavior of a system in which firms' choices among alternative production methods (each of which requires a technique-specific input) are influenced by both firm-specific random shocks and Marshallian ‘industrial neighborhood’ effects. The latter are local factor market externalities that tend to lower the relative marginal costs d those inputs that are used most extensively in the immediate locale. The model developed here focuses on labor market externalities affecting the supply conditions for workers with technology-specific skills, and their effect on the choices made by producers at various sites whose choice of technique is subject to periodic revisions. A special structure familiar in the applied theory of Markov random fields, the stochastic Ising model. provides a reduced-form representation of this dynamic spatial system. The general properties of models of this type and their application in economics are considered. Discrete time numerical simulations of the behavior of an ensemble of firms (located at the nodes of a finite lattice formed on a two-dimensional (orus) shows that positive neighborhood externalities effects do not necessarily result in the uniquitous diffusion of one of the two available technologies. Instead. this system exhibits a spatially localized form of ‘technological dualism," in which at least two technological enclaves emerge and undergo path-dependent evolution. The temporal durations of these spatial patterns in technology adoption are affected by parameters of the Ising model that can be given a straightforward economic interpretation     

Habits And Durability In Consumption And The Effects Of Exchange Rate Policies

The effects of exchange rate policies are worked out in a model in which consumption goods are durable, and money enters the utility function. The interaction of habits and durability results in a non-monotonic adjustment of consumption expenditures, and the current account. As money does not exhibit durability, its dynamics are montonic, and determined mainly by habits effects. Hence, an increase in the rate of depreciation of the domestic currency will very likely lead to a nomonotonic adjustment of consumption and the current account, while the adjustment of real money holdings will be monotonic [F31, F32, F41]     

Extraneous Alternatives And Strategy-Proofness

It is well known that the Gibbard–Satterthwaite theorem cannot be circumvented by adding extraneous alternatives that are included in the individual preference information but are never selected. We generalize this by proving that, for any domain on which every strategy-proof rule is dictatorial, the addition of extraneous alternatives will not permit the construction of a non-dictatorial and strategy-proof rule if the new domain is a product set. We show how this result, and our other theorem, can be applied to seven families of social choice situations, including those in which more than one alternative is selected.     

论社会主义与资本

资本是市场经济的一般范畴，它具有增殖价值的自然属性，但也反映特定的生产关系。在社会主义市场经济的条件下，深刻认识资本的“一般”和“特殊”，重视和充分发挥资本对社会主义的作用，利用资本理论为国有企业改革和发展服务，意义重大而深远。