城郊休闲农业景观地游憩价值估算——以武汉市石榴红农场为例

研究目的:以石榴红农场为例,对城郊休闲农业景观地的游憩价值进行估算。研究方法:在对样本游客及农庄调查的基础上,应用TCM的两种基本模型ZTCM和ITCM进行估算。研究结果:(1)ITCM和ZTCM两种模型对环境资源游憩效益的估算存在一定差异。本案例中,ZTCM估算的游憩价值界于ITCM线性需求函数和半对数需求函数的估计值之间,其中ITCM线性需求函数的估计值低于ZTCM的估算值,仅是后者的68.81%;而半对数旅游需求函数对游憩效益的估计值则高于ZTCM的估计值,两者的比值为1.55∶1。(2)同一模型(ITCM)中,不同旅游需求函数设定下所估算出的游憩效益显著不同,需求函数的选择直接关系估计值的高低。本研究中,ITCM的半对数旅游需求函数估算出的消费者剩余是4345.4元/人,高于线性需求函数的估算值,是线性需求函数估计值的2.25倍。(3)取估算均值为准,可粗略地估算出石榴红农场2006年总的消费者剩余在5453.33万元,游客人均消费者剩余(consumer surplus,CS)3029.63元,农业景观地年均游憩价值361078元/hm2。研究结论:农业景观地年均游憩效益是传统种植收益的15.7倍,是休闲农场目前土地经营性收入的6倍,农业景观地的游憩价值远远高于其通过市场显现的经济产值,是农地资源价值构成中无法忽略的重要组成部分。     

自然河流和休闲渔业的水景设计在居住小区的应用探析——以芜湖市都宝花园水景应用为例

随着人们生活质量的不断提高和对环境问题的日益重视,人们不再仅仅满足于有树木和草坪的居住环境,需要更为丰富的景观元素。水体造景运用,愈来愈受到人们的喜爱。本文在对水体景观类型、运用原则进行全面阐述的基础上,以芜湖市都宝花园水景应用为例,重点介绍了居住小区自然水景的设计和应用,并对存在的问题和解决的对策加以分析探讨。     

Reshaping the global agricultural landscape: perspectives from Brazil

This article highlights the main changes observed in Brazilian agriculture and analyzes the connections of the observed changes in global agriculture. My approach to the analysis focuses the main drivers of changes, where institutions play a central role. Three driving forces are are considered: first, the effects of global demand for food, fiber, and energy; second, the sustainability debate; and third, the bio‐energy paradigm. Each driver presents both local as well as global effects. The article does not emphasize the impact changes in Brazil had on the global agricultural landscape but argues that the impacts run from local and global changes, which cannot be discussed separately.     

农用地分等在基本农田划分中的应用研究

目前,我国基本农田面积的划分缺乏真正的理论基础和严格的科学论证;基本农田保护的效果、影响和方式等缺乏合理的评价标准,从而影响实际保护工作的可操作性;基于云南省农用地分等成果对农用地的数量、质量及分布特征与规律进行科学量化,并结合分析比较法划分基本农田的数量指标,为实现真正意义上的基本农田数量与质量双重保护提供了一种理论依据和技术参考。     

Public preferences for landscape features: The case of agricultural landscape in mountainous Mediterranean areas

Provision of landscape amenities produced by farmers, in addition to their economic function of producing food and fibre, has contributed to a reassessment of the role of agriculture in society. In this paper, we examine whether agricultural landscape provision really responds to a social demand as is argued by those in favour of multifunctionality. Thus, the aim of the present work is two-fold. First, we evaluate rural landscape preferences of citizens from a range of choices in the mountain area of the Alpujarras (south-eastern Spain), and second, we estimate their willingness to pay (WTP) to enjoy each of the landscape characteristics existing in the area. For the empirical analysis, based on a survey of public preferences due to the good public characteristics of landscape amenities, we applied two stated preference methods: Conjoint Analysis (CA) and Contingent Valuation (CV). Three landscape attributes were considered for this analysis: type of vegetation layer, density of rural buildings, and level of slope. Several levels were also considered for each attribute: abandoned fields, dryland farming, irrigated farming, and natural lands were included for the vegetation layer; three levels (low, intermediate and intense) were considered for the level of slope and three levels (none, little and intense) for rural buildings.     

Conditioning trends shaping the agricultural and rural landscape in Africa

African countries continue to face deepening food crises that have been accentuated by the global food, energy, and financial crises. This situation is part of a long‐term structural problem: decades of under‐investments in agricultural sector and poor policies of support for smallholder farmers who form the bulk of the farming population. The inability of these farmers to achieve a supply response when commodity prices were high and market access was less of a problem suggests that there are multiple sets of binding constraints that continue to limit the potential of agricultural growth to reduce food security and poverty on the continent. This article reviews some of the historical trends that have hampered the performance of the agriculture sector. In addition, it reviews the impacts of more positive trends that could stimulate agricultural growth in Africa that could change the African agricultural landscape. The article however warns that there are more recent global developments and some continental challenges that could prevent or slow agricultural growth. These include the global financial crisis, public sector investments, inequities in global agricultural development policies, rush for agricultural lands by foreign investors, domestic commercial financing markets, climate change, and emerging carbon markets. The article argues that while opportunities for accelerated growth exists for African agriculture, new sets of policy instruments will be needed to support smallholder farmers to access new agricultural technologies, finance, reduce impacts of climate change, and adopt sustainable land use practices that can allow them to benefit from emerging global carbon markets.     

Multifunctionality of agriculture: an inquiry into the complementarity between landscape preservation and food security

Without support, the levels of agricultural public goods suchas food security and landscape preservation would fall shortof demand in high-cost countries. However, as demonstrated byNorway as a case study, the current level of support is disproportionatefrom a public goods perspective, and the policy instrumentsare badly targeted at the public goods in question. Becauseagricultural land is a major component of both food securityand landscape preservation, giving rise to a high degree ofcost complementarity between the public goods, it would be moreefficient to support land-extensive production techniques thanproduction per se.     

从景观生态学的角度看自然风景区旅游资源规划

自然风景区具有重要的生态和环境功能,作为一种旅游资源,对它的开发,规划要在不损害景区自然环境的前提下进行,认为景观生态学可以作为自然风景区旅游资源规划的理论基础之一。探讨了该学科若干基本概念和理论用于自然风景区景观规划的可能性。     

农地组织化流转与农业生产效率改进：效应与机制

研究目的：探讨村集体介入的农地组织化流转对农业生产效率的影响效果与作用机制,为打破农地流转困境、实现农业高质量发展提供可资借鉴的经验参考。研究方法：处理效应模型。研究结果：（1)与农户分散流转相比,村集体介入实现的农地组织化流转能够有效促进农业生产效率的提升,且多种检验均表明研究结果稳健;（2)机制分析表明,农地组织化流转促进了流转数量和质量的双重提升,表现为地块规模的扩大和转入期限的延长,并分别通过规模经济效应和地权稳定效应实现农业提质增效;（3)进一步分析表明,农地组织化流转有效降低了化肥施用强度,能够实现农业增效与增绿的协同发展。研究结论：在继续坚持并创新完善土地集体所有制基础上,应稳妥充分发挥村集体在农地流转市场中的组织协调职能,实现农地高效流转与农业高质量发展的有效衔接。     

三江平原植被景观异质性分析

利用遥感数据和野外调查数据对三江平原植被进行景观异质性分析,把三江平原植被景观划分为农田、林地、草地、水域、湿地、无植被用地6种景观类型,借助FRAGSTATS景观指数计算软件,根据研究区域特征选取景观异质性指数进行计算;结果表明,景观多样性指数为1.1594,优势度指数为5.4921,聚集度指数为57.6631,表明三江平原植被景观异质性较高.     

天鹅山林场森林景观异质性分析

景观空间格局分析是景观生态学研究的核心问题;利用SPOT5数据以及森林资源调查数据在资兴市天鹅山林场开展森林景观异质性分析,对林场森林资源景观分为杉木林、阔叶林、竹林、灌木林、松林、幼林及非林地等7种景观类型,结合Fragstats3.3景观分析软件进行景观格局指数计算,研究结果表明:天鹅山林场一级森林景观斑块总体密度平均值为7.6458块/hm2,在7个森林景观类型中,以竹林的斑块密度最高,其次才是阔叶林、松林、非林地、杉木林和幼林;景观多样性指数为1.5377,均匀度指数为0.7902,优势度指数为0.4802,说明景观异质性较高,景观类型丰富。     

Progress in indicators to assess agricultural landscape valuation: how and what is measured at different levels of governance

Landscape is defined by the European Landscape Convention as “an area perceived by people, whose character is the result of the action and interaction of natural and/or human factors”. Many efforts have been devoted in addressing the core concepts on which this definition roots: perception and interaction of men and nature, but when coming to large (continental) scale assessments, the latter prevail on the former.This paper aims at presenting a framework for a measurable landscape awareness indicator as a key link to the public demand for a specific type of landscape: the agricultural landscape. This is a necessary effort to complement more physically based assessments, which include as well the impact of human activities on landscapes.The analysis is carried out at different levels of governance: EU and regional, using an example from the Alentejo region in Portugal and EU wide databases, and addresses conceptual and practical questions: what type of societal landscape awareness can be monitored and by whom (e.g., individuals, specific social groups, society as a whole); what are the landscape dimensions that should be assessed; what are the limitations imposed by data-related constraints. By applying the methodology to build composite indicators to map landscape societal awareness, the paper shows the regional and local meaning of indicator approaches developed at European level, presents developments for downscaling to regional level, while introducing the social component to support sound policy development for European rural landscapes.     

福州国家森林公园森林景观游憩效益评价

本文针对森林景观具有部分公共商品的特性 ,将TCM法 (即旅行费用法 )的基本原理与方法引入到森林景观游憩效益的评价中来 ,对福州国家森林公园的森林景观的游憩效益进行评价 ,得到其景观游憩效益为 3 .92 0 6 1 4亿元。     

External effects of neighbourhood parks and landscape elements on high-rise residential value

Neighbourhood parks provide recreation opportunities and amenity to nearby residents and improve the quality of the environment and life. Their provision and protection could be facilitated by a deeper understanding of their multiple values. The hedonic pricing method, using statistical techniques to estimate the part of a price due to a particular attribute of a commodity, assessed the external effects of neighbourhood parks on the transaction price of high-rise private residential units in Hong Kong. The empirical results derived from 1471 transactions in a district indicated that neighbourhood parks could lift price by 16.88%, including 14.93% for availability and 1.95% for view. Comparing with other landscape elements, neighbourhood parks induced the heaviest investment intention in home-buying behaviour. Harbour view attracted a premium of 5.1%, but mountain view was surprisingly not welcomed. Street view, considered as unappealing, suppressed price. Residents were insensitive to building landscape due to its ubiquity in the compact city. The scarcity of neighbourhood parks in the city has pushed their hedonic value to an exceptionally high level, providing guidance to revamp the policies, planning and management of urban greenspaces in tandem with the sustainable city quest.     

东北地区景观树移植的技术要点

移植成活、树木生长势良好和达到最佳景现效果是景观树移栽的目的；阐述东北地区景现树移植应注意的主要技术要点：景观树的选择、土坨的确定、移植过程中及移植后养护管理。等；强调了土坨保温、根系的杀菌、密封处理、促进根系生长、快速营养复壮以及养护管理过程中采取的各项技术措施。     

南京市景观生态空间格局演化分析

在遥感与GIS技术支持下,以南京市域1988年、1995年和2003年3期TM影像为主要数据源,研究了南京市市域景观空间格局的动态变化特征及其演变规律;结果表明:南京市景观格局1988～2003年间发生了较大的变化,旱地明显减少,城镇、农村居民点、工矿等用地面积显著增加;景观多样性和空间破碎度增加,斑块的自相似性增强。     

湖泊富营养化过程中的景观异质性变化

由于人类活动的加剧,水体富营养化造成了藻类疯长造成“水华”、水质恶化等严重后果;从景观异质性的角度上阐述了湖泊各景观要素在其水体富营养化过程中的变化,及其在维持生态平衡方面的意义;为富营养化的水体预防和治理提供了新的思路。