Technological Diffusion and Productivity Convergence: A Study for Manufacturing in the OECD

In this article is investigated the issue of total factor productivity convergence through international technological diffusion on disaggregate manufacturing panel data from 1970 to 1995 with respect to a set of OECD countries. Estimates of alternate growth equations imply conditional convergence in all industries. Leaving out the conditioning variables still implies a significant catch-up effect in a great majority of industries. These same industries are also characterized by σ-convergence and by a tendency toward a unimodal distribution of relative productivity levels. These results suggest that, during the period of investigation, total factor productivity growth performances in OECD manufacturing were dominated by transitional dynamics. Evidence in favor of the presence of a unit root in the technology gap between frontier and non-frontier countries is, therefore, misleading.     

产业集群对技术创新扩散的影响及对辽宁装备制造业的启示

辽宁沿海经济带和沈阳综合配套改革试验区两大国家战略的实施,为辽宁装备制造业带来了前所未有的发展机遇。辽宁装备制造业的振兴,必须通过产业集群、技术创新的集约化模式实现。文章研究了产业集群对技术创新扩散的影响,分析了辽宁装备制造业的现状及问题,提出了培育辽宁装备制造业产业集群,促进技术创新扩散的建议。     

技术扩散与全球技术二元现象研究初探

以技术贸易、FDI、国际技术联盟和海外R&D活动为主体的全球技术扩散活动使得技术在全球范围内的流动更加活跃,技术先进国家对技术落后国家的技术扩散和转移,使技术落后国家的技术和经济发展水平得到了提高,但是,这并没有减轻全球的技术二元现象,相反,伴随着经济全球化进程的加快与深化,全球技术二元现象更是日益凸显。本文从技术扩散的研究视角出发,分析了全球技术二元现象形成和加剧的原因,也指出了为什么有些技术落后国家和地区能够突破技术二元的壁垒,在全球技术扩散的浪潮中加强自己的技术地位,逐渐缩小与技术发达国家和地区的技术差距,从而成为全球新的技术增长点,为技术落后国家和地区通过改善技术扩散通道和提高技术势能,来改变其在全球技术格局中的地位提供了理论借鉴。     

Determinants of FDI-induced externalities: New empirical evidence for Mexican manufacturing industries

This paper presents new statistical evidence on foreign direct investment (FDI)-induced externalities in Mexican manufacturing industries for 1993. The new empirical results are important in three respects. First, the size of technological differences between FDI and Mexican firms is positively related to positive externalities, indicating the importance of sufficient scope of potential externalities, incentives to make externality-facilitating investments and the absence of negative competition effects. Second, geographical concentration is identified as a structural determinant of positive FDI externalities. Finally, the effect from FDI cleared from the influence of technological differences and agglomeration is the creation of positive externalities, especially when endogeneity of the foreign participation variable is controlled for.     

中国制造业出口增长的双边路径差异及其影响因素——基于制造业双边层面数据的经验分析

文章借助异质性企业贸易理论的二元边际分解框架和核密度估计方法,分发达国家和发展中国家组别探讨了中国制造业出口增长结构的双边特征。研究发现:中国制造业对发展中国家出口零点贸易数量相对较多,但对发达国家和发展中国家出口零点贸易数量之间的差距正在不断缩小;对两个国家组别的出口增长都是集约边际占主导,但对发展中国家出口增长的扩展边际占比明显较高;对发展中国家出口的价格增加趋势相对明显,而对发达国家出口的数量扩张趋势相对明显。基于以上的双边差异,文章通过引入国际分割生产、外部冲击、FTA、国家发展水平、共同边界等反映国家差异的相关指标拓展了引力模型,实证检验了不同指标对中国制造业出口增长二元边际结构的影响程度和方向。所得结论不仅为上述双边特征分析提供了更为可靠的经验支持,也为稳定中国制造业出口增长、优化出口结构和改善贸易条件提供了更好的路径改革方向。     

Determinants of Trade Credit in the Japanese Manufacturing Sector

This paper examines the determinants of trade credit in Japanese manufacturing companies. The empirical analysis presents evidence that the volume of trade credit is influenced not only by transactional factors but also by financial positions. The empirical test reveals that firms' future business prospects affect the volume of trade credit. Notably, for small firms whose liquidity is constrained, nontransactional factors such as an increase in cash flow reduce the need for trade credit. This paper also finds that trade payables act as a complement to bank loans. The quantitative relationship between trade payables and bank loans suggests that when monetary policy works in the financial markets, it also influences the trade-related credit markets. J. Japan. Int. Econ., June 2001, 15(2), pp. 160–177. Department of Economics, Fukushima University, 1 Kanayagawa, Fukushima-shi, Fukushima 960-1296, Japan. Copyright 2001 Academic Press.Journal of Economic Literature Classification Numbers: E52, G32.     

Intra- and Inter-industry Externalities from Foreign Direct Investment in the Mexican Manufacturing Sector: New Evidence from Mexican Regions

This paper presents new empirical evidence on externalities from Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in several Mexican regions in the early 1990s. The main findings are threefold. First, the presence of FDI creates negative externalities within industries and positive externalities between industries through backward linkages. Second, FDI-externalities are stimulated by large technological differences between FDI and Mexican firms and by geographic concentration of industries. Third, we identify a substantial level of regional heterogeneity of the externality impact of FDI, in line with the notion that FDI may have contributed to processes of changing regional prosperity under trade liberalization. The findings also imply that maquiladora firms in the border states are generating positive externalities.     

Trade Protection and Capital Imports in the Mexican Manufacturing Sector

Several studies have investigated the link between trade protection and productivity in developing economies. Others have looked into the relationship between technology imports and in-house technology production. This paper contributes to the literature by estimating the effect of trade protection on purchases of foreign capital goods for a panel of Mexican manufacturing plants. Product-market tariffs lower the probability that a plant will import capital goods, while both output and input tariffs are associated with smaller quantities of capital imports. Capital imports are also associated with higher productivity. Thus, trade barriers may indirectly lower productivity by inhibiting the importation of foreign technologies through capital goods.     

服务业全球价值链位置提升与制造业技术进步

文章基于最新全球投入产出表构建更加细化的服务业全球价值链参与度和位置指数,分别利用OP和LP方法测算了中国工业企业数据库中制造业企业全要素生产率,并对二者进行匹配,实证分析了服务业全球价值链嵌入位置提升所带来的自身技术创新和产业升级对制造业生产分割和全要素生产率的潜在效益。结果显示:服务业全球价值链嵌入位置提升对于制造业企业技术进步具有显著的促进作用,其中国内服务业全球价值链位置提升对制造业生产率的创新效应大于国外服务要素投入带来的溢出效应;服务业全球价值链位置提升对制造业技术进步的影响具有显著的异质性,其中东部地区、民营企业和外资企业创新效率提高更明显;降低制造业投入成本、技术创新和溢出是服务业全球价值链位置提升对制造业技术进步的主要影响机制,基于中国制造业服务投入结构现状,信息技术服务、研发与商业服务、金融服务业等高技术服务对中国制造业的技术溢出和创新效应需要得到进一步释放。     

技术优势与对外直接投资:一个关于技术扩散的分析框架

跨国经营的实质不仅在于利用和发展原有的优势，还在于保持和寻求新的优势。本文从技术扩散的角度出发，论证了技术落后厂商进行FDI可能是为了在地理上靠近先进厂商以分享技术溢散的好处，而不是为了利用已有的优势，从而在理论上阐明了发展中国家企业进行FDI的经济合理性。     

The Determinants of High-Technology Exports: A Panel Data Analysis

This paper uses a panel dataset from 1980 to 2008 to examine the determinants of high-technology exports. This research finds evidence that human capital, inflows of foreign direct investments, and openness to international trade are the major factors impacting the performance of a country's high-tech industry in the global market. It also shows that institutions do not have a direct impact on high-tech exports. However, institutions might impact high-tech exports indirectly via their effect on proximate factors such as human capital and inflows of foreign direct investments. This paper also demonstrates that gross capital formation, savings, and macroeconomic volatility have no significant effect on high-tech exports.     

Earnings Differentials Determinants Between Skills in the Malaysian Manufacturing Sector

The Malaysian manufacturing sector has been experiencing a gradual change in its production process as it shifts from labor-intensive to more capital-intensive techniques. This has led to a change in the skills required by the industries where skilled workers are in greater demand and where the wage ratio between skills favors the skilled workers. There are many factors that can influence an indi-vidual's earnings. These include educational attainment, job location, types of industries and sex. This paper attempts to measure the determinants of earnings differentials among skilled, semi-skilled and unskilled workers in the Malaysian manufacturing sector. The analysis is based on a survey of 2065 workers in six major industries conducted in 1999. These are the electrical and electronics, textile, wood-based, transport equipment, food and chemical industries. The determin-ants of earnings differentials are obtained by using the coefficients of the earnings functions. These factors are decomposed into several categories, namely human capital, individual characteristics and the residual. The results reveal that human capital variables, which comprise education, training and experience, play a significant role in determining the earnings differentials, particularly between skilled and semi-skilled workers and between semi-skilled and unskilled workers.     

The Effect of the Exchange Rates on Investment in Mexican Manufacturing Industry

This paper, considering revenue and cost exposure channels, investigates the effects of exchange rate on fixed capital investment in Mexican manufacturing sector over 1994–2003. We find that i) currency depreciation has a positive (negative) effect on fixed investment through the export (import) channel; ii) exchange rate volatility impacts mostly export oriented sectors; iii) the sensitivity of investment to exchange rate movements is stronger in non-durable goods sectors and industries with low mark-up ratios.     

产品内国际分工与中国制造业技术升级

本文以中国的制造业部门作为研究对象,基于1995～2008年间的面板数据集,对产品内国际分工与生产率之间的关系进行实证分析,以检验这种新型国际分工模式是否产生了技术升级效应。研究发现,产品内国际分工从进口和出口两方面共同促进了生产率增长,但出口的贡献更大。分工的技术升级效应在近几年才开始显现且主要来源于零部件贸易。中间品出口通过熟练劳动力偏向的劳动要素配置效应以及其他途径间接推动技术进步,而中间品进口对技术升级的作用则更多地依赖投入引导效应和技术溢出效应。