瑞典第一大能源--生物质能发展概况及其启示

瑞典生物质能发展处于世界领先水平,2009年起,生物质能已替代石油成为瑞典第一大能源,促进了瑞典经济的绿色发展。2012年,瑞典生物质能达到能源消耗总量的31.6%。通过介绍瑞典生物质能的概况及瑞典政府发展生物质能的主要政策措施,从而提出对我国发展生物质能、转变能源发展方式、建设生态文明的几点启示。     

关于我国生物质能的调研

生物质能是以生物质为栽体的能量形式,即通过植物的光合作用把太阳能以化学能的形式在生物质中储存的一种能源形式.目前,生物质能仅次于煤炭、石油和天然气而居于世界能源消费总量第四位的能源.生物质能是重要的可再生能源资源,具有能源种类多.分布广的特点,在当今能源日趋紧张的情况下,越来月引起人们的关注.我国是一个农业大国,薪材、秸秆、畜类等农业生物质能非常丰富.所以,如果能解决一些技术难题还有国家政府能予以重视,制定相关的法制法规予以政策辅助,是我国的生物质能得以健康快速的发展.     

生物质能利用技术的开发研究

国外生物质资源的利用现状与前景 随着生物质能源转化技术的发展,以及人们对于改善环境要求的提高,生物质能所起的作用越来越重要.据估计,目前世界总能源消费中,14%的能源供应来自生物质能,在发展中国家生物质能约占农村用能的90%;在发达国家,如欧共体国家能源消费中2%到2.5%是由生物质能提供的,一些世界能源组织(IEA)成员国,生物质能在总能耗中所占份额高达15%.     

发展生物质能源重在解决“五难”

面对全球性的减少化石能源消耗,控制温室气体排放的形势,利用生物质能资源生产可替代化石能源的可再生能源产品,已成为我国应对全球气候变暖和控制温室气体排放问题的重要途径之一,国家出台了具体的补贴措施,并且规划到2015年,生物质能发电将达1300万千瓦的目标.然而受原料收集难、政策补贴不到位等难题,生物质能源产业的发展规模和水平远远低于风能、太阳能的利用.如何发挥生物质能企业的生产积极性,尽快解决这些难题,为此,本刊记者采访了中国农村能源行业协会生物质专委会秘书长肖明松,国家发展和改革委员会能源研究所研究员秦世平教授,以及可再生能源学会生物质能专业委员会秘书长袁振宏.     

未来欧洲能源研发的关键任务

1．生物质能。生物质能是植物通过光合作用捕集并固定于碳水化合物中的太阳能，是大部分人类传统能源的来源。它可以作为直接来自田间的植物材料来使用，或者以农业（包括林业）、家庭和工业废弃物的形式来使用。在有望成为未来能源的非化石能源技术中，只有生物质产生的固体、液体和气体燃料可被用作或者转化为运输、发电和加热用的燃料。     

能源税对我国生物质能产业发展的激励效用研究

本文通过构建CGE模型模拟了征收能源税对我国宏观经济和发展生物质能的影响。模拟结果表明,征收能源税将会一定程度上影响我国的出口,对国民经济造成了一定的负面影响;能源税能显著减少化石能源行业的产出,有效减少环境污染。但是征收能源税并不能显著地促进生物质能产业的发展。因而,政府可以通过能源税实现保护环境和节能减排目标,通过科技创新战略,降低生物质能的生产成本,促进生物质能的发展。     

捆绑小型清洁发展机制项目的相关问题研究与对策

充分利用清洁发展机制（CDM）所带来的资金和技术,发展小水电、风能和生物质能等可再生能源的小型CDM项目对于提高中国农村地区的能源服务质量,增加就业,促进节能减排工作等方面具有重要意义。本文从分析中国CDM项目的开发现状入手,探讨小型GDM项目开发和捆绑的相关问题,并最终提出对策建议。     

中国生物质能发电的费用分摊机制

研究中国生物质能发电费用分摊机制,对于促进可再生能源产业乃至低碳能源产业发展具有重大政策指导意义。本文将现有的生物质能发电费用分摊机制分为费用来源、费用支付和配额交易三个环节分别进行解读,并对我国自2006年以来的六个生物质能发电补贴方案的执行情况进行了系统整理,发现当前的费用分摊机制已经无法满足生物质能发电产业发展的需要。同时,在对生物质能发电费用分摊机制的三个环节的研究中,发现现行的生物质能发电费用分摊机制存在费用来源太少、支付机制不合理、配额交易机制不清晰等问题。以上问题有违《可再生能源法》中规定的有利于促进可再生能源发电利用和经济合理原则。本文针对这些问题提出了相应的对策建议:拓宽征收电价附加资金的渠道,明确电价附加收入的调配方式,规范配额证的交易秩序。     

巴西能源战略分析及其启示

巴西是世界第八大经济体,在世界能源生产消费中占有举足轻重的地位。自20世纪70年代石油危机以来,巴西相继制定了政策法规发展可再生能源,形成了颇具特色的＂巴西模式＂,并取得了巨大的社会效益。基于这一点,拟在阐述巴西能源目标的基础上,试图由生物质能发展、能源效率、石油的自给三个维度分析其能源战略,最后结合中国实际从生物质发展、能源战略的社会福利等方面提出政策建议。     

发展能源农业须解决好三大问题

发展能源农业是一项艰巨的系统工程,在我国现实国情下,面临着许多困难和障碍。本文主要分析了我国发展能源农业需要重点解决的3大问题:减少和消除生物质能生产对粮食生产和流通的不利影响,确保粮食安全;消除生物质的经济价值与生态价值之间的矛盾,使二者协调统一;扫清能源农业商业化经营的障碍,实现规模化、产业化发展。     

A study on the bioenergy crop production function of land use in China

Based on the analysis of the bioenergy crop production function of land use,combined with the status quo of Chinese land use,the cultivation of energy plants and the bioenergy crop production function of land use had been analyzes and discusses in this paper.Results show that there were a lot of unused lands and marginal lands which can be planted bioenergy crops to perform the bioenergy crop production function of land use with great potentials; and currently there were no food production problems.Therefore,it was very important for China to emphasize bioenergy crops planting in order to fully use land resources in our country,moderate the energy crisis and increase peasants＇ income.     

Bioenergy and global land-use change

This is the first article that econometrically estimates the global land-use change impact of bioenergy. Applying time-series analytical mechanisms to fuel, biofuel and agricultural commodity prices and production, we estimate the long-run relationship between energy prices, bioenergy production and the global land-use change. Our results suggest that rising energy prices and bioenergy production significantly contribute to the global land-use change both through the direct and indirect land-use change impact. Globally, the total agricultural area yearly increases by 35 578.1 thousand ha due to increasing oil price, and by 12 125.1 thousand ha due to increasing biofuel production, which corresponds to 0.73% and 0.25% of the total worldwide agricultural area, respectively. Soya land-use change and wheat land-use change have the highest elasticities with respect to both oil price and biofuel production. In contrast, nonbiomass crops (grassland and rice) have negative land-use change elasticities. Region-specific results suggest that South America faces the largest yearly total land-use change associated with oil price increase (+10 600.7 thousand ha), whereas Asia (+8918.6 thousand ha), South America (+4024.9 thousand ha) and North America (+1311.5 thousand ha) have the largest yearly total land-use change associated with increase in biofuel production.     

Future prospects of alternative agro-based bioenergy use in Finland—Constructing scenarios with quantitative and qualitative Delphi data

In this paper, the potential of bioenergy production in agriculture (preferred and probable futures) is scrutinised using the Delphi method. We present a case of northern possibilities to utilise renewable energy sources within agriculture in a form of alternative bioenergy scenarios. Altogether 20 experts participated in the Delphi process which outlines the future of bioenergy production in Finland. The first round of the Delphi study was carried out by semi-structured interviews and the second feedback round by means of a mail questionnaire. Background information of key variables was presented to the panellists who responded with their views on developments between 2004 and 2025. Alternative scenarios were then constructed from these dimensions with cluster analysis in line with the Disaggregative Policy Delphi (DPD) approach. Quantitative statements were complemented with the experts' argumentation. Five scenarios were constructed: 1) Renewable prosperity, 2) Incremental change, 3) Vision of sun, wind and wood, 4) Let's burn it all, and 5) Flood of waterpower. After the Delphi rounds, a dialogue seminar for the agri-technology experts and policy-makers was organised. These results bring to the table an agri-food technology expert community view of the future directions for Finnish agro-bioenergy use.     

Industry- and company-level factors influencing the development of the forest energy business — insights from a Delphi Study

The global business environment of today requires industries to be increasingly agile in order to create added value. There is a particularly urgent need to innovate and redefine business models in the mature pulp and paper industry, which is continually announcing mill closures and reporting persistent profitability problems. This paper focuses on the emerging forest energy business, which appears to offer many novel opportunities for both the forest and the energy industry. We conducted a qualitative dissensus-based online Delphi study and carried out themed expert interviews in order to identify the main industry- and company-level factors that are most likely to influence the bioenergy sector, its value-creation potential and forest and energy companies' future roles in it. The Delphi technique proved to be a valuable research tool with which we were able to obtain comprehensive information on a subject that lacks historical and financial data, and yet requires input from many quarters. The results suggest that the complementary resources held by forest and energy companies make collaboration in the bioenergy business favorable. Moreover, the procurement and logistics of forest raw material appear to be key success factors in terms of yielding the most synergetic gains. Uncertainty about policy interventions nevertheless causes concern given their relatively rapid effect on the prospects of the bioenergy business.     

Interdependencies in the energy–bioenergy–food price systems: A cointegration analysis

The present paper studies the interdependencies between the energy, bioenergy and food prices. We develop a vertically integrated multi-input, multi-output market model with two channels of price transmission: a direct biofuel channel and an indirect input channel. We test the theoretical hypothesis by applying time-series analytical mechanisms to nine major traded agricultural commodity prices, including corn, wheat, rice, sugar, soybeans, cotton, banana, sorghum and tea, along with one weighted average world crude oil price. The data consists of 783 weekly observations extending from January 1994 to December 2008. The empirical findings confirm the theoretical hypothesis that the prices for crude oil and agricultural commodities are interdependent including also commodities not directly used in bioenergy production: an increase in oil price by 1 $/barrel increases the agricultural commodity prices between 0.10 $/tonne and 1.80 $/tonne. Contrary to the theoretical predictions, the indirect input channel of price transmission is found to be small and statistically insignificant.     

Wood Fuel or Carbon Sink? Aspects of Forestry in the Climate Question

This paper discusses and contrasts two mainroles of forestry in light of the debate on theglobal climate. As the main problem is relatedto the increases of the CO₂-concentrationin the atmosphere, forests may be viewed aspart of the alleviation of the problem throughtheir function as (i) a source of biomass forenergy production, which may replace fossilfuels and thus indirectly reduceCO₂-emissions, and as (ii) carbon storage,since a growing forest extracts atmosphericCO₂ and fixes it as carbon in biomass. Inthe Scandinavian forestry, logging residues areincreasingly being used for energy production.In this paper the value of forests as a sourceof bioenergy is added to the traditional timbervalue. Formulated as a joint production modelwithin the Faustmann framework, the effect ofthis addition on the optimal rotation length isdiscussed. Based on data for spruce, thedominant species in the Scandinavian forestry,it is demonstrated that the rotation length isshortened compared to the standard Faustmannmodel. Shorter rotation length implies lesscarbon storage. Therefore, in this modelwithout explicit regard to the social carbonstorage value of the forest, the gains in termsof the climate problem from utilisation offorest biomass for energy production are beingdiminished by the value of reduced carbonstorage. The carbon value of the forest is thenadded to complete the model, with the effect ofincreasing the rotation length, a result thatis well known in the literature. Finally, theempirical effects of the interaction of thesetwo climate-related value elements of theforest are discussed.     

Analyzing the global human appropriation of net primary production — processes, trajectories, implications. An introduction

Humanity's role in shaping patterns and processes in the terrestrial biosphere is large and growing. Most of the earth's fertile land is used more or less intensively by humans for resource extraction, production, transport, consumption and waste deposition or as living space. Biomass production on cropland, grazing areas and in managed forests dominates area requirements, but other processes such as soil degradation, human-induced fires and expansion of settlements and infrastructure play an increasingly important role as well. The growing human domination of terrestrial ecosystems contributes to biodiversity loss as well as to a reduced capability of ecosystems to deliver vital services such as buffering capacity, soil conservation or self-regulation. This special section is devoted to the presentation of recent research into the patterns, determinants and implications of the human appropriation of net primary production (HANPP), an integrated socio-ecological indicator of land use intensity. By measuring the combined effect of land conversion and biomass harvest on the availability of trophic energy (biomass) in ecosystems, HANPP explicitly links natural with socioeconomic processes and allows for integrated analyses of land systems. This introductory article explains the rationale that links current HANPP research to Ecological Economics and discusses issues of definition and methods shared by all articles included in the special section. Finally, it gives an overview of the individual papers, provides some general conclusions and presents an outlook for future research: a better understanding of long-term trajectories of HANPP, of the significance of trade patterns as well as of the future role of bioenergy are highlighted as important issues to be addressed in the coming years.     

Alternative view on niche development: situated learning on policy communities,power and agency

In this article, we analyse how situated learning influences niche development. Situated learning is tied to social action and context, perceiving knowledge and learning as socially constructed. In addition, a dialectic view of structure and agency is adopted. Policymaking is used as an example of a community. A qualitative case study of Finnish energy policy is presented. The regime in Finland is the electricity industry that supports bioenergy, while wind energy development is supported by active individuals and a few niche actors. The full-members of the policymaking community consist of the government and the regime actors. The niche actors did learn how the community functions and developed alternative strategies accordingly, but without success. A reason could be that the niche actors excluded the regime from their strategies. We conclude that situated learning is likely to enhance niche development, but compromises in niche development may be needed.     

美国生物能源技术研发的五年计划及管理措施

2013年5月,美国生物能源技术办公室(BETO)公布了生物能源技术研发的《五年计划草案》(MYPP)。该草案阐明了BETO的结构与重点研究领域,确定了该办公室未来5年中的研究、开发、示范和部署(RDDD)活动。RDDD活动的主要目标是实现到2022年达到年产360亿加仑可再生交通燃料,从而降低美国对化石燃料的依赖,减少运输行业温室气体(GHG)的排放;主要任务是通过拟行的研究、开发、示范和部署活动,开发可再生生物质资源,并将之转变成商业上可行的高性能生物燃料、生物制品和生物电力。分析美国发展生物能源技术研发的框架、主要内容和管理措施,以期为我国相关部门制定生物能源发展政策提供参考和借鉴。     

基于低碳经济视角的中国能源结构灰色关联度分析

中国正处于经济高速发展的进程中,经济的可持续发展要求中国走低碳发展的道路,要改变以往的高消耗、高排放的经济发展模式.文章通过对中国近9年来的能源生产结构进行了灰色关联度分析,发现原煤、原油、天然气、新能源与总能源的关联度分别为0.873 5、0.608 3、0.725 1、0.762 9.结果表明,中国经济的发展是以消耗原煤为主要能源手段,这种能源结构不利于建构低碳经济.为了实现国民经济的可持续发展,建设"两型社会",必须大力调整产业、能源结构,提高能源的使用效率.