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1.

Microinsurance is the provision of insurance services to the poor, usually in developing countries. One of the key criteria of poverty is vulnerability even to minor events. In such cases, even micro coverage can make a major difference, yet still be funded by an affordable contribution by the insured. Like any kind of insurance, microinsurance can cover different risks to life, health, farming, property among other things. Our paper sketches how one could address and develop microinsurance business ethics. First, we introduce microinsurance to the business ethics community and business ethics to the microinsurance community. Our draft of microinsurance ethics is then developed from two angles: as a holistic understanding of ideals and possible ethical conflicts in key stakeholder relationships and by distinguishing eight challenges when targeting the poor and when marketing microinsurance. As an open ending, the article suggests a three-stage action research design focusing on how microinsurance could (and should) internalize ethics, respecting rather than neglecting national- and local-cultural conditions.

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2.
人寿保险契约之不可抗辩条款研究   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
不可抗辩条款是人寿保险契约中一个独特的保单抗辩规则,为阻却保险人因投保人或者被保险人在缔约之际违反如实告知义务而享有的解除权而设,以督促保险人在合理期间内尽核保调查义务,保护被保险人(或受益人)所享有的寿险保单上的合理期待或信赖利益,体现了对被保险人之生命价值的特殊关怀,具有很强的伦理价值评价功能,以及对保险单除外责任条款之内容控制作用.我国保险法应当依据我国寿险业之现状,移植和借鉴不可抗辩条款法则,以提高对广大保险消费者的法律保护水平.  相似文献   

3.
Life insurance settlements, or life settlements, are life insurance policies owned by investor-beneficiaries on the lives of unrelated individuals. With life settlements, investors make substantial payments to the insured individuals upon purchasing such policies, pay any remaining premiums, and collect the death benefits upon the demise of the insured individuals. Transactions involving life settlements seem poised to become a major source of profits for investment banks, comparable in dollar amount to subprime mortgages. With life settlements, the insured individuals suffer no immediate harm, and the sale of a policy an individual owns is permissible under current law. Nevertheless, moral questions can be posed about the social values expressed by these practices, the effect of these practices on the virtue of charity, and the overall loss of social utility that will result from life settlements. We consider life settlements from utilitarian and libertarian perspectives, and then consider the effects of life settlements on social values and on individual character. On balance, we favor legislative changes in insurance and tax laws to discourage life settlements, and argue that certain forms of life settlements should be banned outright.  相似文献   

4.
当前,灵活就业人员医疗保险发展不充分与不平衡的问题格外突出,这不仅会制约医保制度公平性与可持续能力的提高,同时会阻碍经济社会的全面、协调和可持续发展。本文运用中国劳动力动态调查数据(CLDS),研究灵活就业人员参加医保的决定因素以及受益归属,从而为新时期医保制度顶层设计提供决策依据。结果表明:一方面,无论是在参保决策还是险种决策阶段,灵活就业人员的健康风险显著正向影响参保状态,说明逆向选择效应显著存在;另一方面,低收入的参保人利用了更多优质的医疗服务,获得了更多的医保基金补偿,并显著改善了健康状况,因此医保发挥了积极的正向分配作用。但是过高的保障水平,在改善医疗可及性的同时会激发道德风险,从而加剧逆向选择问题并阻碍正向分配效应,对更加公平可持续医保制度的建立造成负面影响。  相似文献   

5.
Healthcare reform in the USA requires all Americans to buy health insurance and businesses above a certain size to offer healthcare coverage to their employees by 2014. Understanding why some entrepreneurs do not provide employer-based health insurance is important and might help to solve future health insurance problems. Using two unique features which have not yet been discussed in the literature, namely, efficiency–wage theory and a compensation package of monetary wage and health insurance coverage, we provide here a theoretical foundation to why small firms are less likely to offer health insurance and are more likely to have employees with only a weak preference for acquiring health insurance. To reach the goal of health insurance coverage for all, one feasible solution is to allow small firms or individuals to pool together and pay a lower insurance premium.  相似文献   

6.
An array of Web sites is available to help consumers find the best deals on products and services. While these sites have the potential to save time and money by directly comparing alternatives, consumers still have the task of assessing the credibility of these comparison sites. Experts recommend that consumers look for certain key disclosures or “cues” to assess a site's credibility (e.g., a site's identity, the currency and authoritativeness of its information, its sponsors and business relationships, and its privacy practices). Focusing on 32 life insurance comparison Web sites, this research found that these recommended cues are often not present on Web sites and, when they are, do not seem to predict a site's ability to deliver the lowest‐priced quotes for term life insurance policies.  相似文献   

7.
Zusammenfassung Das neue schwedische Konsumentenversicherungsgesetz soll Versicherungsbedingungen bewirken, die den Bedürfnissen der Verbraucher besser entsprechen. Zeitliche Kontinuität des Versicherungsschutzes auch bei Erneuerung der Versicherung und vor der Prämienzahlung gehören zu den Interessen, die dabei im Vordergrund stehen. Auch bei Obliegenheitsverletzungen soll der Versicherungsschutz beibehalten werden, soweit dies mit den Interessen der Versicherungswirtschaft in Einklang zu bringen ist.
Consumer protection in the field of insurance — The new Swedish Consumer Insurance Act
This article gives a survey of a new Swedish statute on insurance contracts with consumers. The scope of the Act is limited to the branches that are most important to consumers, such as household or homeowner insurance and motor insurance. It leaves aside life insurance and other insurance of persons, for which legislation is to follow later.The object of the Act is described as being to facilitate the conducting of insurance business in a suitable manner, paying regard to the needs of consumers as insured. The consumers are to have legal rights against the insurers, so as not to depend largely on the insurers' good will. Competition between insurers should also be encouraged.The Act contains a number of — technically rather complicated — rules that aim at safeguarding the continuity of the insurance protection. An underlying assumption is that a gap in the validity of an insurance, because of failure to renew the insurance contract, can be fatal to a person insured if damage occurs during that period. There are, therefore, rules regarding automatic renewal. The interest of the insured in being able to change the insurance, or move to another insurer, is protected principally by a rule that the maximum period of contract is normally one year.The wish to safeguard the unbroken continuity of an insurance contract is also reflected in the rules relating to payment of premiums. The insured is to have adequate time for payment after receiving notice. He shall not lose the insurance protection even temporarily — which would leave him without indemnity if damage occurred during that time — unless he has received two successive notices of payment. The second notice is to be a cancellation of the insurance contract, since the insurer shall not be entitled to a premium for a period during which he has not been at risk.The rules regarding failure of the insured to comply with duties regarding disclosure, warranties, etc., are based on the idea that total loss of the right to the insurance indemnity may be detrimental for the types of insurance that the statute concerns. An insured who has acted without fault shall always be entitled to full insurance indemnity, and even if he has been at fault, the consequence should as far as possible be only a reduction of the insurance indemnity, not total loss of it. However, the need for a sanction against fault varies considerably for different branches of insurance, and the rules therefore give considerable leeway for adapting the insurance conditions to the various situations.It is mentioned that the statute has already given rise to considerable discussion in Sweden. On the one hand, the insurers maintain that the statute will lead to increased premiums, mainly because of the amount of protection that is given to those who are careless. On the other hand, the proponents of the statute argue that in fact the rules of the statute mostly agree with the present practice of the insurers and should therefore not give rise to any appreciable increases of premiums.


Jan Hellner ist Professor für Rechtswissenschaft an der Universität Stockholm, S-106 91 Stockholm, Schweden.  相似文献   

8.
Couched in positive agency theory, it is shown that the straight-commission compensation system (SCCS) creates a conflict of interest between the agent's and the client's self-interests. Based on this, it is hypothesized that the SCCS will encourage agents to intend to act unethically towards their clients. Two hundred and forty five insurance agents in the U.S. were surveyed, with 59% responding. The results suggest that the SCCS does not significantly affect agents' ethical intentions, positively or negatively. This lack of empirical evidence may be due to the unique nature of the sample. Indeed, the company which enabled this sample appears to have found a practical solution to temper the potential negative effects of the SCCS in its commitment to selective hiring and marketing products which benefit both the client and the agent.Nancy B. Kurland is an Assistant Professor of Management at the University of Southern California. Before receiving her Ph.D., she spent several years as a straight-commissioned sales agent in the financial services industry. Her articles have appeared in theJournal of Business Ethics.  相似文献   

9.
Responses from a consumer panel in South Carolina were used to evaluate consumers' selections of homeowner's and auto insurance coverages. The results indicate that many consumers violate accepted decision rules for selecting coverages. Liability limits typically were below usually recommended levels, while most respondents had selected only small deductibles. Responses also indicated that a major portion of the respondents had not been provided information by their agents to assist them in the selection of coverage. Respondents who reported they had received information from their agents typically had made more appropriate selections than those who had not.  相似文献   

10.
We apply the principle of equivalent utility to calculate the indifference price of the writer of a contingent claim in an incomplete market. To recognize the long-term nature of many such claims, we allow the short rate to be random in such a way that the term structure is affine. We also consider a general diffusion process for the risky stock (index) in our market. In a complete market setting, the resulting indifference price is the same as the one obtained by no-arbitrage arguments. We also show how to compute indifference prices for two types of contingent claims in an incomplete market, in the case for which the utility function is exponential. The first is a catastrophe risk bond that pays a fixed amount at a given time if a catastrophe does not occur before that time. The second is equity-indexed term life insurance which pays a death benefit that is a function of the short rate and stock price at the random time of the death of the insured. Because we assume that the occurrence of the catastrophe or the death of the insured is independent of the financial market, the markets for the catastrophe risk bond and the equity-indexed life insurance are incomplete.  相似文献   

11.

The insurance industry’s practice of producing comprehensive insurance policies can have unforeseen and negative ethical consequences. Insurance policies express promises from the insurer to the insured, to the effect that the insurer should be trusted to appropriately assist the insured in case of accident. The relation is seriously undermined when the content of the promise is blurred, containing clauses and condition which are ambiguous or hidden in fine print. This paper contains an investigation of (1) the sources of the fine print policy practice, (2) its immediate effects on the degree to which the policies are understandable to the insured, (3) the ethical consequences that can follow from blurring the true content of the insurer’s promise to the insured and (4) the measures insurers can take in order to develop a more constructive ethical relationship with its customers.

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12.
文章阐述了海外投资保险立法的涵义和价值,分析了中国海外投资现状及海外投资保险立法中存在的问题,考察了可资借鉴的美国式双边主义、日本式单边主义和联邦德国式混合主义的海外投资保险立法模式及其内容.最后,从立法模式、承保机构设置、保险范围、保险对象、投保人、代位求偿权的视角,对完善中国海外投资保险立法的对策及建议进行了探讨.  相似文献   

13.
The literature so far has not addressed how owner–managers deal with the risks associated with potential future bankruptcy. We propose here a new way to assess the fear of failure experienced by SME owner–managers and examine whether these risks are being anticipated accurately, by focusing on the benefits to be gained from French unemployment insurance. We compare the valuation of the benefits of the unemployment insurance scheme for the two populations of insured and uninsured owner–managers after matching. We rely on matching procedures and a five‐step protocol. Our results show that owner–managers' awareness of possible future problems increases when becoming insured and after experiencing a failure, suggesting some business failure myopia in this population. Copyright © 2018 ASAC. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

14.
Elderly consumers’ knowledge of Medicare coverage and the major factors they considered in purchasing supplementary health insurance were examined. Perceptions of the financial consequences of being hospitalized also were investigated. The findings based on a sample of Florida residents indicated that many older people may be ill-prepared to correctly assess their medigap protection needs and to choose wisely among alternative insurance policies if they decide to purchase supplementary coverage. Inadequate knowledge may result in unfulfilled expectations about protection when medical expenses are incurred, vulnerability to questionable insurance sales appeals and methods, and purchase of uneconomic duplicate coverage.  相似文献   

15.
The recent flood events in Germany have demonstrated that the nation’s current system of private flood insurance is suboptimal. The article provides novel nationwide survey data on stated flood insurance penetration (suggesting that many households overestimate their own insurance coverage), damage compensation expectations (a significant share of the population expects governmental relief payments), and on the dissemination of private flood mitigation measures. Taking into account fundamental economic considerations and the empirical insights, the authors propose a limited compulsory insurance, covering only the most basic risks and leaving incentives for further private insurance and precaution.  相似文献   

16.
Using data from the US Census Bureau's Household Pulse Survey, we analyzed the likelihood of loss of health insurance and enrollment into new health coverage during the early months of the COVID-19 pandemic. Loss of employment was associated with a significant increase in the likelihood of loss of health insurance and, specifically, an increase in the likelihood of employer-sponsored health insurance. However, individuals in Medicaid expansion states experienced a lower likelihood of loss of health insurance compared with individuals in nonexpansion states. At the same time, there was a statistically significant increase in Medicaid enrollment in expansion states, by 3.2 percentage points. Reemployment or acquiring employment was associated with a gain in health insurance coverage. During an economic downturn, eligibility, and coverage gaps leave many without affordable coverage options, and the pandemic will likely bring renewed attention to gaps in Medicaid coverage in nonexpansion states.  相似文献   

17.
保价条款不仅是违约责任条款,而且从缔约目的和实际功能来看还具有担保性,后者表现为保价约定既通过事先特殊防范措施保障用户债权的实现,又通过对限赔条款的排除适用使用户方能够获得更为充分的救济,尤其是其对不可抗力这一法定免责事由的排斥,更表现出其优越于一般担保措施的超强担保力。正是这一性质使保价条款成为快递服务合同的从合同,而从合同在成立判断上的独立性决定了该条款是否成立应依独立合同的成立标准来判断。保价条款的成立既包括通常合同之一般要件,又包括反映其个性特征的某些特殊要件,即前者要求当事人应对保价之必要条款协商一致,并对是否保价做出肯定性勾选;后者要求快递企业依法对保价条款履行了提示义务,且寄件人在缔约时依约支付了保价费。在对保价条款进行效力评判时,应明确评价对象仅限于特定条款范围,属于快递企业自主经营权并作为双方缔约前提的事项,并非保价条款的效力评价对象。对于保价条款中的低保低赔约定,可以根据故意、重大过失造成财产损失的免责条款无效之法律规定否定其效力,但不应适用《中华人民共和国合同法》中有关格式条款的效力规范判定其无效,也不应依据该法中的显失公平规定对其予以撤销。  相似文献   

18.
Based on the findings of several research studies of professionals in both the property-liability insurance industry and the life insurance industry, the paper makes and supports several important points. First, ethical challenges in the insurance industry involve not only a series of ethical dilemmas frequently faced by those working in the business, but also a variety of factors that hinder those working in the industry as they seek to resolve the ethical dilemmas encountered in the course of their work. Both of these two components of ethical challenges must be understood by those in the financial services industry who will deal with insurance operations in the future. Second, whereas the life insurance business and the property-liability insurance business have traditionally been viewed as being quite different from one another and still are in terms of operations and regulation, the research findings show that they are no longer very different in terms of the key ethical challenges faced by those working in the two segments of the industry. The paper shows how during the past decade the ethical challenges in the property-liability insurance industry have become quite similar to those in the more troubled life insurance industry.  相似文献   

19.
20.
张勇 《财经论丛》2007,(3):52-57
从2006年起,我国寿险产品定价使用新的生命表,这将影响寿险产品保费计算的关键因素——死亡率。本文运用寿险精算理论,从定量角度分析了生命表更新对定期寿险、生存年金和两全保险等基本寿险产品保费的影响。研究结果表明,生命表更新后,定期寿险和两全保险的保费降低了,男性保费的变化幅度小于女性,而对于生存年金,结果恰好相反;保费的变化程度还取决于投保年龄、保险期限、利率和性别等因素。  相似文献   

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