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1.
Shreya Sinha 《Journal of Agrarian Change》2020,20(2):255-269
This article asks how local traders or middlemen continue to thrive in the agricultural markets of liberalized India. It studies this by focusing on the shifting politics of the relation between farmers and commission agents (arhtias) in post‐harvest wholesale markets in Ludhiana district, Punjab. It uses the framework of political analysis of markets towards this, paying close attention to the role of the state and the nature of interlinked markets. Drawing on intensive primary fieldwork, the article argues that the power of the arhtias is constituted differently across different commodities and in relation to different agrarian classes. At the same time, the state, notwithstanding its changing priorities, and the diversification of large farmers into the commission agent business have been crucial to their persistence in the wholesale grain markets. 相似文献
2.
Rune Skarstein 《Journal of Agrarian Change》2005,5(3):334-362
In the mid-1980s, Tanzania adopted a programme for economic liberalization of the entire economy, including agriculture. After pressure from the IMF and the World Bank in particular, but also from most of the bilateral donors, agricultural producer and input prices were decontrolled, panterritorial prices were abolished, subsidies were removed and trade in agricultural products and inputs was to a large extent taken over by private traders. The international donor community promised that economic liberalization would provide a strong stimulus to Tanzanian agriculture, resulting in increasing yields, increased labour productivity, rising agricultural production and higher incomes. However, available data show that, as far as food crop production is concerned, this promise has not been fulfilled. Even compared to the 'crisis years' 1979–1984, labour productivity, yields and production per capita of food grains stagnated or declined up to the end of the 1990s. Some causes of this failure are discussed. 相似文献
3.
农村金融支持社会主义新农村建设的对策思考 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
党的十六届五中全会对建设社会主义新农村这一伟大事业做出了战略部署,在建设社会主义新农村中。迫切需要加大对新农村建设的资金投入和改善农村金融服务。从农村金融的供给现状及存在的问题入手,提出深化农村信用社改革等完善农村金融体系,强化金融服务的对策建议。 相似文献
4.
PRAVEEN JHA 《Journal of Agrarian Change》2004,4(4):509-531
This paper is an attempt to catalogue and analyse the changes over two decades in the world of agricultural labourers in a backward region in India. It is primarily based on a series of field visits to two villages in Purnia district, located in the north-eastern part of Bihar. Changes in the living conditions of labourers are obviously connected to developments in the rural economy of the region and there are important linkages with developments elsewhere, including changes in the overall macro-economic policy regime. An attempt is made to trace these. Agricultural wage workers in the surveyed region are extremely poor by any reckoning, although a few of them have made some progress through state-sponsored programmes and migration. These developments have also contributed significantly to altering the relations of dominance and subordination, thus creating greater elbow-room for labourers. However, it is important not to overstate these small gains and there are serious doubts as to whether they can be sustained. It appears that some of the material correlates of labourers' well-being in the surveyed region are being affected adversely by the currently ascendant neoliberal policy regime. There are no signs of the emergence of mechanisms that might imply sustained significant improvements in the very fragile life and work conditions of these labourers. 相似文献
5.
目的 当前,以信息技术和生物技术为特征的新一轮农业科技革命正在孕育大的突破,信息化进入到大数据发展的新阶段,并与农业农村现代化形成了历史性交汇。通过界定智慧农业及相关重要概念,探索大数据、物联网、人工智能等现代信息技术在农业生产各环节、各领域的创新应用。方法 文章对建设智慧农业的技术演进、现实需求、发展趋势进行研究,将文献、统计数据、调研案例分析结果相结合,提出智慧农业建设和数字乡村发展路径。结果 建设智慧农业是技术进步的必然产物,是乡村振兴的应势而为,数字技术正在破解“谁来种地、怎么种地”的问题,改变“面朝黄土背朝天”的劳作方式,让“知天而作”的智慧农业逐步变为现实。结论 要着力建设数据资源体系,以企业为主体、多方协同开展科技攻关,探索应用场景,加强数字技术在农业农村各行业各领域的集成应用,聚焦重点品种、重点地区、重点领域和重点方向抓好试点示范,支撑中国走出一条不同于欧美发达国家大规模大机械的农业现代化道路。 相似文献
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研究目的:以江苏省29个村庄为案例,探讨村庄诚信度、合规度及践约度信用资本对农村集体经营性建设用地流转效率的影响机制,为农村集体经营性建设用地的市场建设提供政策建议。研究方法:模糊集定性比较分析法(fsQCA)。研究结果:(1)构建了基于“村庄资本→信用评价→土地市场”的分析框架;(2)单一条件并非是高集体经营性建设用地流转效率的必要条件,但是提高民间借贷活跃度和村庄信用户比例对高集体经营性建设用地流转效率发挥着普适作用;(3)在信用资本评价模型下,江苏省典型村庄通过整合自身资源提高集体经营性建设用地流转效率存在4种组态,可归纳为3种类型:诚信型、诚信合规型、诚信践约型;(4)苏南、苏北地区根据发展情况,提高土地流转效率的关键不同。研究结论:苏北地区可通过加强党组织建设、提升村庄集体经济、理顺村组织权责关系等方式,构建制度信任,降低委托代理风险;苏南地区可通过加强集体组织建设、发挥乡绅乡贤乡才协调作用、做好确权登记发证等方式,提高民间信用水平,降低农户诚信履约风险,共同推动城乡土地市场建设。 相似文献
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[目的]在乡村振兴战略实施中,家庭农户等新型经营主体资本缺乏已经成为制约农村经济持续发展的主要障碍。金融联结是一种新的农村金融组织形式,优化了农村金融体系机制,增强了金融支农功能。以农业产业化龙头企业为联结中介是农村金融联结的重要形式之一,已经产生了良好经济效果。[方法]为了更好地发挥龙头企业在农村金融联结中的作用,运用文献调查法、定性分析方法对其进行了分析。[结果]以龙头企业为中介、农业产业链为基础,农业供应链为纽带,把信贷资金供需主体有机联结起来,并形成了较为完善的动力机制、运行机制、履约担保机制,缓解了农村信贷市场上信息不对称、农户抵押品不足的问题,降低交易成本和监督成本,提高按期还款率,确保了农村信贷市场的可持续性。[结论]政府应该加大对龙头企业的扶持,增强金融联结能力,解决农村经济发展对金融资本的需求,提高要素资源配置效率。 相似文献
8.
José Bengoa 《Journal of Agrarian Change》2013,13(4):466-487
Rural society in Chile has undergone profound change over the past few decades. For centuries, large haciendas had dominated Chile's Central Valley. The agrarian reforms carried out by Frei and Allende – and to a greater extent the counter‐reform of Pinochet – transformed that property structure with its generalized system of agricultural production for the domestic market. Recently, there has been a marked shift in emphasis towards specialization, exports and off‐farm agricultural resources. A seasonal labour market has arisen, employing predominantly female workers, whose precarious work conditions stand in marked contrast to the success of Chilean agricultural exports. This paper reviews the main trends in Chilean agriculture and rural society, drawing on data gathered principally in Colchagua Province, which is known for its fine export wines. 相似文献
9.
农业在耕地资源约束下,劳动生产率提高却造成了劳动力的大量富余。这些劳动力滞留于农村,不仅是一种资源浪费,不利于农业劳动生产率和农业劳动力报酬的提高,影响城乡经济系统的协调发展,而且会导致许多社会问题。通过分析农村劳动力向城市转移的积极和负面效应,指出农村劳动力向城市转移不仅是生产要素支配者追求报酬收益最大化的必然要求,同时也是实现城乡共同利益的需要。 相似文献
10.
Rakhe Balachandran Jerrod Penn Maria Bampasidou 《Journal of Agricultural Economics》2023,74(1):116-134
The design of rural development policies and government programmes in support of farm operations and farm households relies on precise estimates of off-farm labour supply elasticities. However, the wide variation in estimates dilutes their power to predict the magnitude of these targeted interventions. We perform a meta-analysis of estimates of off-farm labour supply elasticity to identify systematic factors that influence these estimates. A sample of 137 elasticities is obtained from 43 studies which use data ranging from 1960 to 2012. We examine theoretical assumptions, data availability and empirical specifications, and other study-specific characteristics. Controlling for potential publication bias, we estimate that the elasticity is approximately 0.64 to 0.77. Results of the analysis show that estimates are affected by modelling choices controlling for self-selection and life-cycle elements. However, we found no compelling evidence that study-specific characteristics of off-farm labour supply functions, including various measurements of labour supply, explain variation in the elasticities. 相似文献
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12.
文章基于农业产业结构调整的角度对我国农村金融支持展开研究,通过回顾历史、分析现状总结我国农业产业结构历经5次结构性调整。我国农业产业历次结构性调整虽然取得较大改进及发展,但仍存在不少问题,其中农村金融服务体系存在的问题有:(1)正规金融机构不足、服务效率低下;(2)金融知识渗透性差;(3)抵押物问题;(4)非正规金融风险较大。发现农村政策性金融对产业结构调整的作用主要体现在:(1)农业产业的扶植和政策引导功能;(2)农村和农业的开发功能;(3)农村金融市场和信用体系的完善功能。提出建立健全我国农村政策性金融服务体系的主要措施有:(1)增强教育投入、增加信贷宣传;(2)加大中小额信贷支持力度,提高融资水平;(3)应用\"互联网+\"金融方式,推进金融服务体系多样化;(4)加大土地政策改革,解决农民抵押物难问题。 相似文献
13.
Social protection has emerged as a key driver of development policy at the beginning of the twenty‐first century. It is widely considered a ‘good thing’ that has the potential not only to alleviate poverty and vulnerability, but also to generate more transformative outcomes in terms of empowerment and social justice. Based on an ethnographic study of the implementation of the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA), India's flagship social protection policy, this paper takes a critical look at what this policy's ‘success’ consists of. The study was carried out in Tamil Nadu, a state widely presented as a ‘success’ in terms of MGNREGA's implementation, and describes who participates in the scheme and how success is understood and expressed at different social and bureaucratic levels. In terms of MGNREGA's outcomes, we conclude that the scheme is benefitting the poorest households – and Dalits and women in particular – especially in terms of providing a safety net and as a tool for poverty alleviation. But the scheme does more than that. It has also produced significant transformative outcomes for rural labourers, such as pushing up rural wage levels, enhancing low‐caste workers' bargaining power in the labour market and reducing their dependency on high‐caste employers. These benefits are not only substantial but also transformative in that they affect rural relations of production and contribute to the empowerment of the rural labouring poor. However, in terms of creating durable assets and promoting grassroots democracy, the scheme's outcomes are much less encouraging. 相似文献
14.
Navpreet Kaur;Amanpreet Kaur; 《Journal of Agrarian Change》2024,24(4):e12593
In the Gang Canal region of Rajasthan, the cropping pattern changed from a labour intensive crop, cotton, to a mechanized crop, cluster beans. The shift in cropping pattern not only displaced workers from farm wage work but also brought changes in labour hiring contracts with large scale conversion of daily wage rate contracts to piece-rate contracts. Drawing on a primary survey in a village from Gang Canal region, the paper examines the change in the agrarian relations in rural Rajasthan by analysing the emerging development in the rural labour relations. For piece-rate work in farm wage work in some parts of Rajasthan, the wage rate is unilaterally decided by the landlords and large capitalist farmers and is denoted as the ‘village rate’. The manual workers have negligible bargaining power vis-à-vis the village rate. The conversion of daily wage rate contracts to piece-rate contracts has enhanced the duration of working day that involves a rise in the rate of surplus value. Access and availability of low wage labour facilitates the accumulation of capital. With the limited availability of employment in the non-farm sector (in both public and private sectors), workers are compelled to sell their labour power at wages that do not exceed the level of subsistence. The paper concludes with a brief examination of continuum of coercion and varied degree of unfreedom among worker in the village. 相似文献
15.
黑龙江省农村剩余劳动力转移问题的研究 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
黑龙江省是个农业大省,土地资源相对丰富,但农民生活并不十分富裕。近几年,农村剩余劳动力大量出现。如何有效解决他们的转移问题依旧未能很好地解决,在客观分析黑龙江省农村剩余劳动力现状特点的基础上.提出了实现黑龙江省农村剩余劳动力有效转移的出路,力求实现现阶段农村刺余劳动力平稳、有序、科学、健康地转移。 相似文献
16.
农业资本形成的障碍及对策分析 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
以江苏省为例,对农业资本形成的障碍进行了定性和定量分析。研究结果表明,农户在农业投资中已占主导地位,但近年来投资增长乏力,不能满足农业产业结构调整的需要。从农户融资方式看,外源性融资不顺是制约投资的主要因素,原因主要是农村金融体系不完善。因此要加快农业资本形成,目前最主要的任务是建立以真正的农村合作金融机构为主导的农村金融体系。 相似文献
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[目的]从农村居民点内部用地结构演变视角,探索中国快速工业化和城镇化进程中的欠发达农区土地利用转型。[方法]以江西省吉安县凤凰镇铺前村为研究区,采用参与式农村评估、GIS与遥感影像相结合的方法复原了1986年、1996年、2006年和2016年农村居民点内部土地利用状况,揭示了农村居民点内部用地数量结构、空间结构和功能结构演变特征。[结果]30年来铺前村农村居民点用地规模先后经历了快速扩张、加速扩张及缓慢扩张3个阶段,用地类型以住宅用地为主,同时出现了一定的多元化发展趋势;农村居民点内部用地空间结构先后呈现蔓延扩张、跳跃式扩张、填隙式扩张模式发展特征;农村居民点内部用地的功能结构演变特征是农业生产功能逐渐弱化,出现微弱的非农生产功能,生活功能虽然经历稳定弱化和加速弱化过程,但是仍是主导功能,生态功能在中后期因内部用地竞争而明显弱化。[结论]通过系统的研究,揭示了30年来铺前村农村居民点内部土地利用结构演变特征,为优化农村土地利用,促进乡村振兴发展提供参考。 相似文献
18.
农户农地经营权抵押贷款可获性及其影响因素——基于农村金融改革试验区2518个农户样本 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
研究目的:揭示已开展农地经营权抵押贷款业务的农村金融改革试验区农户农地经营权抵押贷款可获性不高的现象并解释其原因。研究方法:问卷调查、有序Logistic回归模型。研究结果:(1)规模农户和小农户土地抵押贷款可获得性具有差异性;(2)土地产权流转市场较小、土地评估机制不健全、农户承包经营权证不随经营权流转、农村土地确权颁证尚未完成、信贷风险分摊机制等制度基石尚未完全确立等因素降低了农户农地经营权抵押贷款的可获得性。研究结论:农地经营权抵押贷款的进一步推广需要提高银行对抵押土地的处置能力,简化规模农户贷款手续,同时完善信贷风险分摊机制。 相似文献
19.
本文从日本农水产业协同组合存款金保险机构的组织结构、运营委员会的管理模式、存款金保险机构的业务内容及范围,分析了日本农水产业协同组合存款金保险制度.在日本农水产业协同组合存款金保险制度框架下,信用关系得到了保障,使农业/渔业同其它产业形成一个稳定的产业链,极大地促进了农业/渔业生产力的提高和农民/渔民生活水平的改善,推动农业/渔业经济融入到国民经济的整体中,随国民经济同步发展. 相似文献