农村信用社改革与制度变迁评析

农村信用社改革与制度变迁在我国农村金融发展中占据了重要地位，但是历时多年的改革并未从根本上形成能够满足农村金融需求的农村金融供给机制。那么。农村信用社改革与制度变迁走过了一条怎样的轨迹？为什么多年来针对农村信用社的改革与制度变迁并未解决农村金融发展的根本问题？如何促进农村信用社进一步的改革与制度的变迁？本文围绕这些问题展开研究，梳理农村信用社多年改革与制度变迁的轨迹，总结其改革与制度变迁的特征并分析其中的问题，最后就农村信用社进一步改革与制度变迁提出一定的思考。     

The Labour Process in Rural Haryana (India): A Field-Report from Two Villages

Forms of labour hiring and the extent of unemployment are analysed using primary data collected from two villages in Haryana (India) during 2002–3. Data from these villages show that wage labourers, particularly women, faced extremely high levels of unemployment. Employment in agriculture was limited and new forms of labour hiring contracts had emerged under conditions of high unemployment. Earnings of manual workers were very low and gender disparities in wages very high. In one of the villages, a high concentration of landholdings and a decline in labour use facilitated the use of long-term workers. Labour relations were characterized by significant degrees of unfreedom, although the extent and nature of unfreedom varied considerably between casual and long-term workers, and between the two villages. In particular, long-term siri workers worked under conditions that were akin to bondage. It is argued that a very high degree of unemployment, combined with unequal caste and land relations and dependence on employers for credit, contributed to sustenance of unfree labour relations in rural Haryana.     

农村劳动力流转的效应分析

农业在耕地资源约束下,劳动生产率提高却造成了劳动力的大量富余。这些劳动力滞留于农村,不仅是一种资源浪费,不利于农业劳动生产率和农业劳动力报酬的提高,影响城乡经济系统的协调发展,而且会导致许多社会问题。通过分析农村劳动力向城市转移的积极和负面效应,指出农村劳动力向城市转移不仅是生产要素支配者追求报酬收益最大化的必然要求,同时也是实现城乡共同利益的需要。     

Interlocked Village Markets and Trader Idiosyncrasy in Rural India

The role of traders and traditional exchange institutions has received little attention in empirical research on rural markets in developing countries. We use detailed data on transactions in a village commodity market in India and identify two observed anomalies: first, the repeal of the law of one price, and second, a trader‐idiosyncratic effect, namely that large volumes are sold to a trader who does not offer the best price. Econometric analysis demonstrates that trader idiosyncrasy can largely be explained by reciprocity motives in interlocked village markets. Reciprocity leads to market inefficiencies and can result in unexpected supply responses.     

农户农地经营权抵押贷款可获性及其影响因素——基于农村金融改革试验区2518个农户样本

研究目的:揭示已开展农地经营权抵押贷款业务的农村金融改革试验区农户农地经营权抵押贷款可获性不高的现象并解释其原因。研究方法:问卷调查、有序Logistic回归模型。研究结果:(1)规模农户和小农户土地抵押贷款可获得性具有差异性;(2)土地产权流转市场较小、土地评估机制不健全、农户承包经营权证不随经营权流转、农村土地确权颁证尚未完成、信贷风险分摊机制等制度基石尚未完全确立等因素降低了农户农地经营权抵押贷款的可获得性。研究结论:农地经营权抵押贷款的进一步推广需要提高银行对抵押土地的处置能力,简化规模农户贷款手续,同时完善信贷风险分摊机制。     

Agribusiness,Peasant Agriculture and Labour Markets: Ecuador in Comparative Perspective

The consolidation of capitalist agriculture in countries such as Ecuador has led to a recent revaluation of territories (central highlands) where cheap labour has facilitated agribusiness development linked to the world market. This process generates growth in the numbers of rural wage workers and the creation of a labour market that, in relation to others in several Latin American countries, has certain particularities: permanent jobs, gender balance, an absence of intermediaries and low levels of precariousness. Small‐scale peasant producers are marginalized in this context and play functional roles within the current dynamics of agribusiness firms. The organizational weakness of rural wage earners and the pursuit of clientelist relationships by firms do not allow rural workers and local communities to devise economic and social strategies that might improve their position in this ‘field of forces’ in the territory.     

农村集体土地存贷合作社的制度经济学分析:彭墩村的案例研究

研究目的:对土地存贷合作社的运作模式和绩效进行分析,为农村集体土地流转制度创新提供新的思路。研究方法:文献资料法,个案分析法。研究结果:土地存贷合作社的制度创新源于当事人对外部利润的追逐以及由此形成的制度创新的同意一致性,制度的成功运行在于其满足农民集体行动的逻辑。研究结论:土地存贷合作社是符合中国农村土地流转制度创新发展方向的一种制度变迁。     

Risk, Wealth, and Sectoral Choice in Rural Credit Markets

We model the role of the informal credit sector in developing countries. The informational advantage of informal lenders is portrayed as the ability to monitor borrowers. Monitoring reduces the incentive problem and allows for contracts with lower collateral. This enables informal lenders to serve both individuals who cannot post the collateral required by the formal sector and those who are able but do not want to post collateral. The model is consistent with the conventional view of the informal sector as recipient of spillover demand from the formal sector. It also shows that the informal sector may provide partial insurance as the lower collateral requirement implies greater consumption smoothing for borrowers.     

The politics of markets: Farmer–trader relations under neoliberalism in Punjab,India

This article asks how local traders or middlemen continue to thrive in the agricultural markets of liberalized India. It studies this by focusing on the shifting politics of the relation between farmers and commission agents (arhtias) in post‐harvest wholesale markets in Ludhiana district, Punjab. It uses the framework of political analysis of markets towards this, paying close attention to the role of the state and the nature of interlinked markets. Drawing on intensive primary fieldwork, the article argues that the power of the arhtias is constituted differently across different commodities and in relation to different agrarian classes. At the same time, the state, notwithstanding its changing priorities, and the diversification of large farmers into the commission agent business have been crucial to their persistence in the wholesale grain markets.     

Continuity and Change: Some Observations on the Landscape of Agricultural Labourers in North Bihar, India

This paper is an attempt to catalogue and analyse the changes over two decades in the world of agricultural labourers in a backward region in India. It is primarily based on a series of field visits to two villages in Purnia district, located in the north-eastern part of Bihar. Changes in the living conditions of labourers are obviously connected to developments in the rural economy of the region and there are important linkages with developments elsewhere, including changes in the overall macro-economic policy regime. An attempt is made to trace these. Agricultural wage workers in the surveyed region are extremely poor by any reckoning, although a few of them have made some progress through state-sponsored programmes and migration. These developments have also contributed significantly to altering the relations of dominance and subordination, thus creating greater elbow-room for labourers. However, it is important not to overstate these small gains and there are serious doubts as to whether they can be sustained. It appears that some of the material correlates of labourers' well-being in the surveyed region are being affected adversely by the currently ascendant neoliberal policy regime. There are no signs of the emergence of mechanisms that might imply sustained significant improvements in the very fragile life and work conditions of these labourers.     

In Search of Pathways out of Poverty: Mapping the Role of International Labour Migration,Agriculture and Rural Labour

The issue of rural poverty continues to shape critical academic and policy discourses in the global South. In such discourses, some scholars and policy‐makers highlight non‐agrarian pathways leading to prosperity, while others continue to emphasize the significance of land and farming for poverty reduction. However, such analyses tend not only to obscure strong linkages between agriculture, migration and rural labour, but also stay silent on how rural people interpret changes or continuities in their livelihoods. In this paper, I focus on the case of rural Nepal to unfold how some rural people, but not others, improve their livelihoods through international labour migration, farming and rural labour. This paper reveals that many poor people have experienced improved livelihoods pursuing a diverse portfolio of agricultural and non‐agricultural activities including labour migration. However, the dispossession of poor people from land and their adverse incorporation into the local and international labour markets continue to perpetuate chronic poverty.     

村庄信用对集体经营性建设用地流转效率的影响路径——基于江苏省多个村庄的组态分析

研究目的：以江苏省29个村庄为案例，探讨村庄诚信度、合规度及践约度信用资本对农村集体经营性建设用地流转效率的影响机制，为农村集体经营性建设用地的市场建设提供政策建议。研究方法：模糊集定性比较分析法（fsQCA）。研究结果：（1）构建了基于“村庄资本→信用评价→土地市场”的分析框架；（2）单一条件并非是高集体经营性建设用地流转效率的必要条件，但是提高民间借贷活跃度和村庄信用户比例对高集体经营性建设用地流转效率发挥着普适作用；（3）在信用资本评价模型下，江苏省典型村庄通过整合自身资源提高集体经营性建设用地流转效率存在4种组态，可归纳为3种类型：诚信型、诚信合规型、诚信践约型；（4）苏南、苏北地区根据发展情况，提高土地流转效率的关键不同。研究结论：苏北地区可通过加强党组织建设、提升村庄集体经济、理顺村组织权责关系等方式，构建制度信任，降低委托代理风险；苏南地区可通过加强集体组织建设、发挥乡绅乡贤乡才协调作用、做好确权登记发证等方式，提高民间信用水平，降低农户诚信履约风险，共同推动城乡土地市场建设。     

新中国成立70年农村基本经营制度的历史演进与发展取向——基于农村土地制度和农业经营制度的改革联动视角

研究目的:剖析农村土地制度和农业经营制度的关系,为完善农村基本经营制度提供参考。研究方法:比较分析法、文献研究法。研究结果:新中国成立70年来,农村基本经营制度先后历经新中国成立初期的"农民所有、家庭经营"、改革开放前期的"集体所有、集体经营"到改革开放后期的"集体所有、均田承包、家庭经营",再到现阶段的"集体所有、均田承包和多元经营"4个阶段。在这个过程当中,农村基本经营制度既遵循人口与土地关系、生存与发展关系以及政府与市场关系的大逻辑,又遵循着农村土地制度的"产权逻辑"、农业经营制度的"生产逻辑"等小逻辑。研究结论:为深化农村基本经营制度变革,需加强农村土地制度与农业经营制度联动改革的制度设计,发挥要素、组织和制度的作用,发展多种形式的适度规模经营,实现小农户与现代农业发展的有机衔接。     

Rural Youth and Circulating Labour in South India: The Tortuous Paths Towards Respect for Madigas

This paper explores how young male Dalit labourers negotiate the changes and continuities of labour relations in the construction industry, and power relations in rural Telangana in southern India. It looks at the fluidity between three segments of the classes of labour, namely debt‐bonded, unskilled/self‐employed and educated labourers. It examines how Dalit youths' experiences and representations of labour circulation and political clientelism shape and are shaped by the articulation between the construction industry and rural leaders, and by class, family, caste and generational relations in the village. Two points are made. First, circulation at the bottom of the labour hierarchy prevents labourers (even educated ones) to accumulate capital and participate in collective action: rather, the total lack of protection at work has brought about renewed and graded forms of dependence and political clientelism. Second, circulation serves as a locus that fosters and segments young male Dalit labourers' quests for respect, but hinders them from getting involved in political competition against rural leaders.     

Rural Chile Transformed: Lights and Shadows

Rural society in Chile has undergone profound change over the past few decades. For centuries, large haciendas had dominated Chile's Central Valley. The agrarian reforms carried out by Frei and Allende – and to a greater extent the counter‐reform of Pinochet – transformed that property structure with its generalized system of agricultural production for the domestic market. Recently, there has been a marked shift in emphasis towards specialization, exports and off‐farm agricultural resources. A seasonal labour market has arisen, employing predominantly female workers, whose precarious work conditions stand in marked contrast to the success of Chilean agricultural exports. This paper reviews the main trends in Chilean agriculture and rural society, drawing on data gathered principally in Colchagua Province, which is known for its fine export wines.     

Government Spending, Growth and Poverty in Rural India

Using state-level data for 1970–93, a simultaneous equation model was developed to estimate the direct and indirect effects of different types of government expenditure on rural poverty and productivity growth in India. The results show that in order to reduce rural poverty, the Indian government should give highest priority to additional investments in rural roads and agricultural research. These types of investment not only have much larger poverty impacts per rupee spent than any other government investment, but also generate higher productivity growth. Apart from government spending on education, which has the third largest marginal impact on rural poverty and productivity growth, other investments (including irrigation, soil and water conservation, health, and rural and community development) have only modest impacts on growth and poverty per additional rupee spent.     

How Productive Is Infrastructure? A New Approach and Evidence from Rural India

There have been competing arguments about the effect of public infrastructure on productivity. Level-based and debate-based regressions often lead to different estimates. To help reconcile this difference, this article applies the GMM method to first test for causality to check for length of lagged relationships and the existence of reverse causality before specifying a final model and deciding the estimation procedure. This approach is illustrated using a panel data set for India. The results show that infrastructure development in India is productive, providing supporting evidence to reverse the trend of declining investment in rural infrastructure.     

安徽省农村信用社专项票据扶持政策绩效评价

按照国务院关于深化农村信用社改革的统一部署,人民银行以兑付专项票据的方式,实施对农村信用社的资金支持政策。文章结合安徽省农村信用社改革实际,参考有关公共政策绩效评价理论,分析认为人民银行对农村信用社实施的专项票据扶持政策是富有成效的。     

Economic Liberalization and Smallholder Productivity in Tanzania. From Promised Success to Real Failure, 1985–1998

In the mid-1980s, Tanzania adopted a programme for economic liberalization of the entire economy, including agriculture. After pressure from the IMF and the World Bank in particular, but also from most of the bilateral donors, agricultural producer and input prices were decontrolled, panterritorial prices were abolished, subsidies were removed and trade in agricultural products and inputs was to a large extent taken over by private traders. The international donor community promised that economic liberalization would provide a strong stimulus to Tanzanian agriculture, resulting in increasing yields, increased labour productivity, rising agricultural production and higher incomes. However, available data show that, as far as food crop production is concerned, this promise has not been fulfilled. Even compared to the 'crisis years' 1979–1984, labour productivity, yields and production per capita of food grains stagnated or declined up to the end of the 1990s. Some causes of this failure are discussed.     

福建省农村信用社林权抵押贷款探索与建议

介绍了福建省农村信用社进行林权抵押贷款的主要做法,指出贷款中存在的主要问题是林权评估价值虚高、风险分散转移机制尚未建立、缺乏熟悉林业的信贷人员等。认为应从配套政策、配套服务、抵押物的管理、抵押权的处置、风险补偿、人员培训等方面完善林权抵押贷款。