从统计看北京收入分配结构和格局

本文从宏观和微观两个层面对北京收入分配状况进行了分析。从宏观收入分配格局看,初次分配阶段政府、企业、．居民三者的分配比例为15：35：50,再分配阶段三者分配比例为30：25：45收入分配逐渐向居民倾斜,但再分配对居民收入的调节作用不明显,从微观收入分配模式看,工资性收入和转移性收入是居民收入的主要来源;居民收入差距呈缩小趋势但一些问题不容忽视,工资与效益“不同步”,政府再分配调节作用“不明显”,居民消费倾向低,城乡、行业收入差距大因此,应通过稳就业、转变经济发展方式,促使居民收入增长具有内生动力;缩小居民收入差距,共享经济发展成果;强化社会保障,加大政府调节力度;扩大内需,实现经济可持续发展     

初次分配扭曲、财政支出城市偏向与城乡收入差距——来自中国省级面板数据的经验证据

本文在理论分析的基础上,利用中国的省级面板数据和差分广义矩、系统广义矩的方法实证分析了初次分配扭曲、城市偏向的财政再分配政策对城乡收入差距的影响。研究表明,初次分配中劳动报酬比重的下降、城市偏向的财政再分配政策是导致我国城乡收入差距扩大的重要原因。应该通过提高初次分配中劳动者报酬比重,扭转科教文卫、福利保障支出的城市偏向来缩小城乡收入差距。     

基于公平的初次收入分配差距问题研究

改革开放以来,我国的居民收入在整体上得到了较大的改善,但收入差距却逐渐拉大。改革开放之初,我国基尼系数在0．3左右,上世纪90年代中期达0．42,但到了2010年,已经达到0．48。巨大的收入差距已经制约了我国经济社会的稳定健康发展,必须尽快调整。国民收入分配中,初次分配占80％-90％,基本决定了最终不合理的收入分配格局。缩小收入差距,必须从初次分配开始。本文分析了影响我国初次分配不公平的主要因素,并提出了完善初次分配的制度安排,以促进我国经济社会又好又快发展。     

完善税收制度促进收入公平分配

院个人收入分配差距存在扩大化的趋势,税收无疑是政府调节个人收入分配的最重要的工具之一.文章运用规范分析的方法研究税收制度在调节收入分配中的作用.从收入的初次分配和再分配两层次分析,在初次分配中,把税收制度融入要素分配中,分析如何发挥经济杠杆作用调节收入公平分配;在再分配中,讨论建立一个以达到调节高收入的目的的各税种之间相互配合和补充的税收制度.最后结合现实给出简单的税收制度建议.     

浅析初次分配体现公平的必要性

解决我国收入分配差距过大，也要在初次分配中体现公平的原则。文章分析目前我国初次收入分配领域中存在的三个方面主要问题：权力参与对初次分配造成破坏、资强劳弱、结构性垄断，并针对这些问题提出建议。     

内蒙古城镇居民收入分配问题的研究

内蒙古连续多年保持了经济增长速度居全国前列，城镇居民收入均稳步增长且结构趋于合理。但与此同时，也出现了内蒙古城镇居民收入增长与经济增长不相符合和收入差距大等问题。本文从内蒙古城镇居民收入分配现状着手，对城镇居民收入状况进行了比较分析，并提出了增加内蒙古城镇居民收入的政策建议。     

浅析消费税对收入分配的作用

收入分配公平问题是一个我们社会急需解决的一个问题,包括初次分配和再分配两个层次。初次分配涉及到整个社会的整体运作程序,难以作出大的调整,所以更多的是从再分配上考虑公平的问题。本文从税收的角度分析收入分配问题,具体对消费税进行分析,以经济学的理论作为基础,最后得到我们的结论,对商品征收消费税有助于我们实现收入分配的公平。     

浅析消费税对收入分配的作用

收入分配公平问题是一个我们社会急需解决的一个问题,包括初次分配和再分配两个层次。初次分配涉及到整个社会的整体运作程序,难以作出大的调整,所以更多的是从再分配上考虑公平的问题。本文从税收的角度分析收入分配问题,具体对消费税进行分析,以经济学的理论作为基础,最后得到我们的结论,对商品征收消费税有助于我们实现收入分配的公平。     

企业收入分配差距调查

党的十七大报告指出,初次分配和再分配都要处理好效率和公平的关系,要提高劳动报酬在初次分配中的比重,建立企业职工工资正常增长机制和支付保障机制。本文作者深入浙江省衢州市一些特色制造企业,对企业收入分配做了深入而详实的调查研究。     

基于居民收入及消费水平差异化研究--以安徽省为例

本文基于安徽省居民消费率不断下滑的事实,从收入分配状况入手,分析了初次分配中劳动者报酬比例不断下降、再分配中政府相应支出比例不高等现实对居民收入差距以及居民消费的影响。并从收入分配的角度提出提升安徽省居民消费水平的政策建议。     

Economic reforms and income distribution in Turkey

The aim of this paper is, first, to find out the income sources of the improvement in income inequality in the reform period between 2002 and 2007. s, we aim to assess the distributional impacts of macroeconomic policies over the 2002–2007 reform period by examining the contributions of different income groups to overall inequality. Income data obtained from the Household Budget Surveys of TurkStat covering the 2002–2013 period are used. The results show that there have been significant improvements in the income distribution after 2002. The extent of this improvement seems to have been higher during the 2002–2007 reform period than for the rest of the period after 2007. Entrepreneurial and financial income groups were the most distinctive for this improvement. The results also indicate that the contribution of transfer payments was very small, but surprisingly positive in both the 2002–2007 and 2007–2009 periods, and expectedly negative in the 2009–2013 period.     

Linkages between income inequality,international remittances and economic growth in Pakistan

This paper explores the dynamic linkages between income inequality, international remittances and economic growth using time series data over the period of 1976–2006 in case of Pakistan. The cointegration analysis based on the bounds test confirms the existence of a long-run relationship between income inequality, international remittances and economic growth. Our results reveal that income inequality and international remittances enhance economic growth. The causality analysis based on innovative accounting approach shows bidirectional causal relationship between income inequality and economic growth and same is true for international remittances and income inequality. International remittances are cause of economic growth but not vice versa. Although we find support for Kuznets hypothesis but Pakistan is yet to benefit, in terms of reducing the gaps of income inequality, from the international flow of remittances and economic growth. The paper argues that, from a policy perspective, there is an urgent need for policy makers in Pakistan to reduce the widening gap of income inequality by focusing on income redistribution policies and to go beyond the traditional factors in balancing income inequality.     

VOTING, INEQUALITY AND REDISTRIBUTION

Abstract.  This paper surveys models of voting on redistribution. Under reasonable assumptions, the baseline model produces an equilibrium with the extent of redistributive taxation chosen by the median income earner. If the median is poorer than average, redistribution is from rich to poor, and increasing inequality increases redistribution. However, under different assumptions about the economic environment, redistribution may not be simply rich to poor, and inequality need not increase redistribution. Several lines of argument are presented, in particular, political participation, public provision of private goods, public pensions, and tax avoidance or evasion.     

Robust Methods for the Analysis of Income Distribution, Inequality and Poverty

Income distribution embeds a large field of research subjects in economics. It is important to study how incomes are distributed among the members of a population in order for example to determine tax policies for redistribution to decrease inequality, or to implement social policies to reduce poverty. The available data come mostly from surveys (and not censuses as it is often believed) and often subject to long debates about their reliability because the sources of errors are numerous. Moreover the forms in which the data are availabe is not always as one would expect, i.e. complete and continuous (microdata) but one also can only have data in a grouped form (in income classes) and/or truncated data where a portion of the original data has been omitted from the sample or simply not recorded.
Because of these data features, it is important to complement classical statistical procedures with robust ones. In tis paper such methods are presented, especially for model selection, model fitting with several types of data, inequality and poverty analysis and ordering tools. The approach is based on the Influence Function (IF) developed by Hampel (1974) and further developed by Hampel, Ronchetti, Rousseeuw & Stahel (1986). It is also shown through the analysis of real UK and Tunisian data, that robust techniques can give another picture of income distribution, inequality or poverty when compared to classical ones.     

Family size and social utility: income distribution dominance criteria

"This paper generalizes previous results on income distribution dominance in the case where the population of income recipients is broken down into groups with distinct utility functions. The example taken here is that of income redistribution across families of different sizes. The paper first investigates the simplest assumptions that can be made about family utility functions. A simple dominance criterion is then derived under the only assumptions that family functions are increasing and concave with income and the marginal utility of income increases with family size."     

Wage inequality and the labor market impact of economic transformation: Croatia, 1970–2008

In this paper, we examine wage inequality and wage differentials in Croatia from 1970 to 2008 using two long aggregate time series on the distribution of income. We focus especially on changing income inequality related to educational and vocational attainment, changing income inequality within those groups, and how these two components of inequality were affected by the economic transformation from socialism to capitalism. We find that income inequality between groups rose moderately post-transformation, while overall inequality increased more sharply. This finding is consistent with a growing importance of individual rather than group productivity in labor market compensation, a change broadly consistent with the economic transformation of the Croatian labor market.     

中国城乡居民住房不平等分析

随着中国城镇住房分配体制的转型,居民的居住条件在很大程度上依赖于家庭的收入水平,因此不断扩大的收入差距也在无形中影响着住房的不平等状况。基于2002年和2013年的城镇和农村的住户调查数据,本文从住房面积和房产价值两个角度分析中国农村和城镇居民住房不平等的总体状况。研究发现,在住房市场化体制建立和发展的过程中,虽然从财产所有权上的住房均等化有所提升,家庭居住面积有了很大的改善,但人均居住面积分布的不均等程度却进一步扩大。房产价值的不平等分析表明,虽然这一时期居民的住房财富高速增长,但城乡内部和城乡之间的房产差距都急剧扩大。基于回归分解的方法考察住房财富不平等的影响因素后发现,区域差异、收入差异和人力资本是造成居民房产价值分布差距不断扩大的重要因素。     

中国多维度益贫式增长的测度及其潜在来源分解研究

本文构建多维度益贫式增长(Pro-Poor Growth)度量方法,对中国是否实现多维度益贫式增长进行实证度量,将益贫式增长的潜在来源分解为经济增长、社会收入初次分配和再分配三部分,并将促进多维度益贫式增长的政策划分为促进社会收入再分配和初次分配政策。研究表明,1981~2005年中国在部分年份实现了收入维度益贫式增长;而在教育、医疗以及综合福利维度未实现益贫式增长。影响因素不是社会收入再分配和收入增长,而是社会收入初次分配。教育人力资本、社会保障对益贫式增长有一定影响但不显著。     

Business cycles and redistribution: The role of government quality

We study how government quality mediates the relationship between business cycles and redistribution. Our key hypothesis is that the potential of income redistribution to reduce rising inequality levels after an economic crisis depends on government quality. The empirical evidence based on a panel of 46 countries over the period 1996–2016 lends strong support to this hypothesis. We find that macroeconomic recessions promote redistribution of income in high government quality contexts, but they lead to wider economic inequalities in countries with poor quality of government.     

Trade Liberalization and Poverty in Ecuador: A CGE Macro-Microsimulation Analysis

Cross-country analysis of the aggregate growth-poverty link is likely to miss important country-specific detail and possible offsetting forces in the underlying labour market adjustment process. This paper combines a CGE model analysis with a microsimulations approach to analyse the effects of trade liberalization on poverty and income distribution in Ecuador. The CGE model enables us to disentangle the general equilibrium effects of various trade policy scenarios on sector output, employment, factor incomes and household consumption. However, as is typical of CGE models, this analysis only provides distribution results for fairly aggregated groups of workers and a reduced number of representative households. The microsimulations approach adds the full distribution to the analysis and allows simulation of the effects of trade reform on the job status and remuneration of individual workers and thereby on household income distribution and poverty. The macro- microsimulation results indicate that the trade opening in Ecuador induced mild aggregate welfare gains, but rising income inequality due to rising wage differentials between skilled and unskilled workers implies virtually no poverty-reducing effect from trade liberalization.