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1.
《The Scandinavian economic history review / [the Scandanavian Society for Economic and Social History and Historical Geography]》2012,60(1):50-67
Abstract For many years Sweden lacked a well-developed banking system. Even by the middle of the eighteenth century, there were no established institutions for the effective mobilising and channelling of capital. However, Sweden's economic development during the eighteen century, when commerce and the production of goods were expanding swiftly, increased the need for some institutionalising of capital movements and the establishment of fixed forms, especially for personal credits. During the latter half of the century, the Swedish Rikshankdid deliberately conduct certain types of operation whose effect was to satisfy a growing demand for capital in some sectors, of the economy. This was effected through such bodies as Manufakturdiskontoen(The Manufacturers' Discount Bank), Generalassistans-kontoret(General Assistance Office), Diskontkompaniet(the Discount Company), Generaldiskontkontoret(the General Discounting Office) and Riksgäldskontoret(the National Debt Office). 1 相似文献
2.
《The Scandinavian economic history review / [the Scandanavian Society for Economic and Social History and Historical Geography]》2012,60(2):176-190
Abstract In the recently published third volume of Fagerstabrukens Historic, Professor E. F. Söderlund has given a detailed and penetrating account of the formation in 1927 of the Fagersta concern, resulting from the amalgamation of five leading Swedish iron works. 1 His analysis offers a most useful background for a discussion of certain general problems of industrial finance and ownership, and of banking, in Sweden during the First World War and the 1920s. To provide such a discussion is the purpose of this article, and to that end it will be necessary to summarise Professor Söderlund's narrative. As, however, the story is in all essential respects the same for each of the works, a brief resume of the main facts in the history of one of them, Fagersta Bruk, will suffice. 相似文献
3.
《The Scandinavian economic history review / [the Scandanavian Society for Economic and Social History and Historical Geography]》2012,60(1):53-94
Abstract In a paper read at the annual meeting of Jernkontoret (The Swedish Ironmasters' Association) in 1912 Professor E. F. Heckscher gave an estimate of the proportion of the total annual outpout of the Swedish iron industry which was exported. Including material entering into the exports of steelusing industries, it was estimated at 65–70 %. Assuming this to be correct, then only the saw-milling and paper- and pulp-making industries were at that time more dependent upon foreign markets than the iron industry. 1 相似文献
4.
《The Scandinavian economic history review / [the Scandanavian Society for Economic and Social History and Historical Geography]》2012,60(3):85-92
Abstract In the article “Is Swedish Research in Economic History Internationally Integrated?” 1 , I present new facts on the past international publications and conference participation activity of Swedish economic historians. In contrast to claims made in a recent large public investigation, my data show that Swedish economic historians have not published extensively in international journals, or books, in recent years. This can in part be explained by the custom to write predominantly monographs, to write mostly in Swedish, and to use hardly any quantitative methods or theory-based economic analysis. Naturally, I am well aware that there may also be some other factors at work, and that empirical investigations of this kind are always open to objections. Problems regarding sample selection, variable definitions and so forth cannot be avoided, and to focus mainly on journal article publications in a field where books and anthologies play an important role raises some concern. 2 However, my article does not advocate any methodological dogmatism and acknowledges that economic history research can be conducted and presented in many different ways, using several different methodologies. The important thing is to recognise that there is great potential in combining such an open-minded methodological attitude with an active interest and participation in the research that appears in the many international peer-reviewed journals. This would not be to import some foreign (American) methods or views of the field so much as trying to revive the true Swedish economic history in the spirit of Eli F. Heckscher. In my view, this is the most consistent strategy to ensure both more and better future Swedish research in economic history. 相似文献
5.
《The Scandinavian economic history review / [the Scandanavian Society for Economic and Social History and Historical Geography]》2012,60(1):27-42
Abstract In Finland Proper, economically by far the most advanced province of Finland, domestic weaving, at least from the sixteenth century onwards, was carried on on a scale sufficient to produce a surplus for sale. The main products were linens and coarse, strong woollen cloth, though from the seventeenth century onwards, woollen and linen stockings also became important. Domestic weaving, as a subsidiary occupation, did not produce much linen cloth for sale in the seventeenth century, but the same century saw the rise on a large scale of professional linen weaving in the city of Turku (Abo), from whence considerable quantities were exported to Sweden, primarily to Stockholm. 1 The gild of linen weavers in Turku steadily increased in strength until about the 1750s, after which date the number of masters and workers began to decrease rapidly despite the fact that Swedish tariff policy protected native cloth manufacture against foreign imports.2 The decline of professional linen weaving was due to the increase in rural domestic industry in both Sweden and Finland. Linen weaving in Turku suffered particularly from the rapid increase in the production of fine linen in the Swedish province of Ångermanland,3 though the growth of rural weaving in Finland Proper also played a part. Rural weavers, of course, failed to achieve the technical proficiency of the best professional weavers in Turku, but they came close enough to be dangerous competitors. The urban weavers derived their livelihood solely from weaving, while the rural weavers exercised their craft in the intervals of farming work, principally in winter time, and were more able to content themselves with lower earnings from a subsidiary occupation than were the urban weavers. The result was that the Turku gild of weavers disappeared entirely during the early decades of the nineteenth century, while linen weaving in the neighbouring rural districts remained fairly vigorous. 相似文献
6.
《The Scandinavian economic history review / [the Scandanavian Society for Economic and Social History and Historical Geography]》2012,60(2):155-172
Abstract The most thorough attempt so far made to estimate the population of Finland in the 17th century is that by the Swedish military historian, Major S. Sundquist. The purpose of his investigation was to discover the basis of enlistment in the army of the kingdom of Sweden under Gustavus II Adolphus. Sundquist obtained the number of farmsteads from the Crown terriers of the first decade of the 17th century and from lists drawn up in connexion with a levy raised to buy back the castle of Elfsborg lost to Denmark in the war of 1611–1613. His next step was to assess the average size of households. In source materials from the sheriffdoms (fögderier) of Porvoo (Borgå) and Kymi (Kymmene) an assessment term, näbb, was found. Sundquist interpreted this term as indicating the number of married couples living in a farm household in addition to the farmer and his wife. In the two sheriffdoms mentioned, the number of such additional couples was 1.14 per farmstead. Sundquist changed this ratio into the round figure of one which he applied to the whole country, thus assuming a national average of two married couples per farm. Assuming, furthermore, that the population structure was the same in the 17th century as in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, when the earliest official population statistics were drawn up, he assumed for each married couple the same number of widows and widowers, unmarried adults and children as appeared in these statistics. In this way he arrived at a ‘probable minimum’ of 350,000 persons; he also calculated a ‘proved minimum’ of 219,000 by assuming that the average number of married couples per farmstead was 2.14 in the sheriffdorns of Porvoo and Kymi but only 1.0 in the rest of Finland. 1 相似文献
7.
《The Scandinavian economic history review / [the Scandanavian Society for Economic and Social History and Historical Geography]》2012,60(1):19-44
Abstract The history of labour movements in many countries of the Western world includes a period in which the relationship between the trade-union arm and the political arm undergoes significant change. This formative period is conditioned in an immediate way by the political framework and more generally by the economic and social milieu. In respect of the actors themselves—trade unions and party organisations—latter-day interpreters have frequently regarded developments of union-party relationships as a process in which the unions, to the extent they are successful and true to their character and objectives as trade unions, free themselves from party domination. 1 The historical fragment which follows is intended to demonstrate that, for the Swedish experience, such an interpretation leaves much to be desired. 相似文献
8.
A number of water development and conservation programmes are currently being undertaken in South Africa, one of the most notable being the Working for Water Programme. The economic rationale underlying the programme in selected mountain catchments in the Western Cape was presented by Van Wilgen et al. (South African Journal of Science, 93: 404–11, 1997) and Marais (Unpublished, PhD thesis, University of Stellenbosch, 1998). A cost–benefit analysis of the Working for Water Programme in the Mgeni catchment in KwaZulu‐Natal was conducted by Gillham & Haynes (Unpublished paper presented at Tenth South African National Hydrology Symposium, 2001). Cost–benefit analysis has also been conducted in the Eastern Cape by Hosking & Du Preez (South African Journal of Science, 95: 442–8, 1999). There are, however, aspects of these assessments which merit more attention than they have been given thus far. One of these aspects is the value of water benefits, and this article examines it from the perspectives of marginal cost and willingness to pay. It is shown that different approaches are appropriate for different project locations, and that significantly different results are being obtained using these approaches. It is concluded that great care is needed in relating the value of water benefits to the specifics of the various locations where the conservation project is being implemented. 相似文献
9.
《The Scandinavian economic history review / [the Scandanavian Society for Economic and Social History and Historical Geography]》2012,60(2):251-254
Abstract The arrival of cheap American wheat in the European market the 1870's brought down the prices of agricultural produce, in particular those of grain. The resulting agricultural depression led in turn to the adoption in most countries of protectionist policies. In Scandinavia, however, only Sweden resorted to protection; Denmark, Norway and Finland adhering to free trade. Denmark was successful in her efforts to switch over to a many-sided dairy-farming; the agricultural policy of Norway was — according to O. A. Johnsen1— not successful since not only the import of cereals but even the import of butter increased. 相似文献
10.
《The Scandinavian economic history review / [the Scandanavian Society for Economic and Social History and Historical Geography]》2012,60(3):3-17
Abstract Investigations of the Swedish mortality decline during the 19th century have hardly considered the cohort-aspect. Generally, they are concerned with the question of period mortality. This is quite striking since we have mortality models which allow a separation of the cohort and period effects, and because the cohort aproach has been used in analysing other demographic phenomena during the period. 1 相似文献
11.
《The Scandinavian economic history review / [the Scandanavian Society for Economic and Social History and Historical Geography]》2012,60(2):132-143
Abstract The extent to which the 17th-century farmer received money for his produce, for the payment of taxes, and how much he may then have had left over for other purposes is a question which has been but little discussed in historical research either in Finland or in the other Nordic countries. The solution of the problem is made difficult by the defects in, or even absence of, trade statistics for the period, and because it is not known what proportion of his taxes the farmer paid in kind and what proportion in money. Ostrobothnia or, more generally, northern Finland, is the most suitable area for study, especially for the purpose of examining the payment of taxes. It has been possible to show that in Ostrobothnia the taxes of the 17th-century farmers were paid almost without exception by the urban burgher, the very man who provided the farmer with credit. 1 A more difficult problem in Ostrobothnia is the volume of the annual exports of the towns in the province during this period. Even if estimates could be made, it would still be difficult to tell how many of the export goods arriving in Ostrobothnian towns originated from the province itself and how many from central and eastern Finland. Moreover, the farmers' own shipping, i.e. the transport of rural produce through the Ostrobothnian towns direct to the staple towns or elsewhere, has also to be taken into account. 相似文献
12.
Paresh Kumar Narayan Xiujian Peng 《Journal of Chinese Economic and Business Studies》2013,11(2):165-183
This study investigates the determinants of the fertility rate in China over the 1952–2000 period. Consistent with theory, the key explanatory variables in our fertility model are real per capita income, infant mortality rate, female illiteracy and female labour force participation rates. The long-run results and the test for cointegration are based on the Johansen (1988) and Johansen & Juselius (1990) approach. Our long-run results conform to theory in that all variables appear with their expected signs, and the dummy variable used to capture the effects of the family planning policy indicates that in the years of the policy, fertility rates have been falling by around 10–12%. Our results suggest that socio-economic development – consistent with the traditional structural hypothesis – played a key role in China's fertility transition. 相似文献
13.
《The Scandinavian economic history review / [the Scandanavian Society for Economic and Social History and Historical Geography]》2012,60(1):79-94
Abstract The internationally-renowned Swedish historian, Professor Sture Bolin, has devoted himself, ever since his youth, to the problems of monetary history and to the study of coinage as a historical source. His doctoral thesis on the finds of Roman coins in independent Germany 1 appeared in 1926; it was an important work which, by using numismatic source material, contributed considerably to the understanding of the relations between the Roman Empire and the Germans. After the publication of this work he continued to study the functions of money in Antiquity and the Middle Ages, and this research resulted in the publication, between 1939 and 1957, of a number of important papers. During the same period he worked steadily on a major work designed to provide a synthesis of the problems relating to the state and its currency from Antiquity to the Middle Ages. The first volume of this work, State and Currency in the Roman Empire to 300 A.D. 2 , has now been published. The book is the product of a lifelong study of a central theme of economic history, and it unquestionably justifies the great efforts expended on it. It is a work of genius, epoch-making in its field, throwing completely new light upon Roman monetary history, and marking a culminating point in this branch of study. 相似文献
14.
《The Scandinavian economic history review / [the Scandanavian Society for Economic and Social History and Historical Geography]》2012,60(1):98-100
Abstract Dr. Utterström's dissertation completes the large project initiated in the 1930s under the auspices, and mainly at the expense, of Landsorganisationen (the Swedish TUC): the production of a comprehensive history of the Swedish working classes.Throughout the undertaking basic research in public and private archives has been necessary, the source material having been used before only to a very limited extent. The final work comprises 12 volumes, written by nine authors, including some of Sweden's leading political scientists and economic historians. This investigation of working class history became one of the main themes of Swedish research in social and economic history for several years; it has accordingly affected the direction of that research in several important respects. 相似文献
15.
《The Scandinavian economic history review / [the Scandanavian Society for Economic and Social History and Historical Geography]》2012,60(2-3):7-9
Abstract The fall of the Soviet Union re-awoke the interest in economic regime transformation. 1 How should liberated states navigate the complex and difficult transition from state controlled bilateralism to a market-oriented multilateralism? Liberalisation and structural adjustment could happen faster than the social institutions were capable of absorbing. Transnational economic integration brings returns and efficiency, but at the same time challenges the social and political institutions on which the economic transactions are based. Liberalisation of trade, capital and payments impose considerable constraints on the democracies' governments in their pursuit of national consensus, stability and prosperity. This topic is at the core of the globalisation debate, and formulated as a trilemma between economic integration, proper public economic management and national sovereignty. 2 相似文献
16.
Maurice Taonezvi Vambe 《Development Southern Africa》2007,24(2):257-270
This paper analyses Shimmer Chinodya's novel Dew in the morning in order to demonstrate that fiction has the capacity to reveal patterns of meaning that comment on race relations and to show how these are related to the issue of land ownership in Rhodesia. The novel questions the assumption that bitterness and anger over economic dispossession necessarily leads to rebellion. Dew in the morning recounts different kinds of resistances that emphasise the ‘peasant option’ (Ranger, 1985) in which Africans developed groups to stave off the possibility of being absorbed as full-time wage earners. The novel adds complexity to the notions of the armed political struggle and the peasant option by showing that these routes produced differentiated African subjectivities based on race, class and gender nationalisms. The movements or trajectories of these forms of peasant consciousnesses produced conflict-ridden nationalisms characterised by moments of resistance, incorporation and obeisance to colonial rule. 相似文献
17.
This paper, based on a case study of a South African contract cleaning company in Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, adds to the recent literature on the management of the financial impact of the HIV/AIDS pandemic. After situating the research alongside recent contributions that have examined large enterprises, and small, medium and micro enterprises, the paper provides a profile of the company and its predominantly female workforce. The company's management of costs incurred due to HIV/AIDS is critically assessed from the perspective of financial sustainability, using an AIDS Projection Model developed by Matthews (2007). It was found that while continued employment of this workforce is economically sustainable, both from the perspective of the business and the associated provident fund, the costs to employees are far from equitable. The paper therefore recommends the implementation of a holistic HIV/AIDS management programme, including treatment and prevention activities. 相似文献
18.
Abdelrasaq Na-Allah 《Development Southern Africa》2012,29(2):317-334
Despite attempts to induce strong competitiveness in African manufacturing firms, poor productivity performances continue to hinder their ability to operate successfully in international markets. This paper argues that, while many plausible explanations can be put forward for this failing, analysis of the firms' social and institutional contexts can provide useful insights into why they have continued to perform badly. Adopting the technological catch-up framework proposed by Abramovitz (1986), the paper uses the case of Lesotho garment producers to illustrate how an environment characterised by significant social capability deficits has a negative impact on local firms' competitiveness. Strategic interventions to improve the quality of infrastructural services deliveries are suggested as urgently needed remedial measures. 相似文献
19.
Miao-Ling Chen 《Journal of Chinese Economic and Business Studies》2013,11(1):65-73
Employee stock bonuses (ESBs) and employee stock options (ESOs) are the means for high-technology companies in Taiwan to reward their employees. This research connects the Ohlson (1995) model and Linear Structural Relations (LISREL) model to investigate these effects of ESBs and ESOs, respectively, for a sample of high-technology companies in Taiwan. I generate two empirical generalizations. (1) The incentive effects of ESBs are significantly associated with performance, thus enhancing firm value; in addition, the incentive effects of ESBs are greater than the dilution effects. (2) The incentive effects of ESOs are also significantly associated with performance, whereas the dilution effects of ESOs are insignificant. Although evidence supports the incentive effects of providing ESOs and ESBs, it is debatable whether ESOs and ESBs dilute shareholders’ equity. 相似文献
20.
《The Scandinavian economic history review / [the Scandanavian Society for Economic and Social History and Historical Geography]》2012,60(1):72-73
Abstract 1. I wrote 2 that “many of Martinius' conclusions appear to be based on insufficient evidence”, not “findings”, as in Martinius' rendering. Conclusions are dependant not only on evidence but also on logic. 相似文献