The spring herring fishing and the industrial revolution in Western Norway in the nineteenth century

Abstract

By the Industrial Revolution is usually meant the technical and econormc development that started in England in the latter half of the eighteenth century and led to the establishment of modem factories which engaged in mass production by means of machinery. But the term also refers to the general economic and social development which occurred in many parts of Europe in the nineteenth century and which was characterised by an increase in population and in production, by the provision of increased facilities of communication and of transport, by a growing money economy and improved credit facilities, by the process of urbanisation, etc. It is in this wider and more general sense that the term 'Industrial Revolution' is used here.     

Rural Electrification in China： History and Institution

I. Introduction Prior to 2002 there was a rural electricity administrative system at the county level andbelow, which was separated from the urban (or state) electricity system. In 1949 when the People’s Republic was founded, there were only 33 small hydropower stations in rural China, with a total installed capacity of 3.63 MW, and total electricity consumption in rural areas was 20 million kWh. Since 1949, rural electrification has made considerable progress and contributed a lot to the …     

Export‐processing industrialisation in Mauritius: The lessons of success

Mauritius is commonly cited as one of the success stories of the application of programmes for export‐orientated industrialisation. This paper examines the historical evolution and performance of export‐processing zones (EPZs) in Mauritius. The strengths and weaknesses of the EPZ programme are identified and certain broad policy lessons of the ‘Mauritian model’ of development are drawn.     

A tale of two SICs: Japanese and American industrialisation in historical perspective

Late‐developing countries often adopt best practice technologies pioneered abroad, facilitating convergence toward leading economies. Meiji Japan (1868–1912) is one successful example of industrial convergence, but much of the evidence relies on national aggregates or selected industries. Using historical industry data, this paper examines whether Japan adopted new technologies faster compared to the United States. Contrary to conventional wisdom, new sectors did not appear relatively sooner in Japan, however, they did grow to economic significance faster.     

Inward industrialisation,subcontracting and the construction industry in the Western Cape

One important aspect of current government economic thinking is that of inward industrialisation. In turn, subcontracting is seen as one of the ways of promoting inward industrialisation. Further, the construction and provision of low‐cost housing is considered by many to be the most important leading sector in generating economic growth.

This paper examines the construction undustry for low cost housing tn the Western Cape, the position which subcontracting currently holds in this industry and the broader implications for inward industrialisation.

The paper is based on the results of a survey carried out in the Western Cape during 1989. The results of the survey suggest the promotion of subcontracting has some positive and some negative consequences for economic development through inward industrialisation. Some doubts are however cast on the ability of the building industry to act as a ‘leading sector’ tn the process of economic development     

以人才为核心要素实施集成创新实现产业重大技术突破

创新是企业发展的根本动力,是企业立足于市场并赢得竞争地位的核心法宝,江苏天奇物流系统工程股份有限公司(以下简称天奇股份)近几年来,通过创新成就了公司的发展之路,特别是通过实施人才创新、集成创新和知识产权战略,快速推进了天奇股份的发展.     

Rural Electrification: International Experience and Policy in Indonesia

This paper analyses the international experience in rural electrification (RE) over the past few decades. The current status of RE is reviewed, and demonstrated benefits are identified. A case study of RE policy analysis in Indonesia is presented. The recommendations should be helpful to decision makers formulating an RE Policy for Indonesia. Finally, some general prerequisites for successful formulation and implementation of an RE strategy are summarized     

Resource-based industrialisation in Southern Africa: Domestic policies,corporate strategies and regional dynamics

ABSTRACT

This article analyses policies and strategies adopted by Botswana, Zambia and Zimbabwe in order to develop linkage industries from the mineral sector. Whilst Southern Africa has a strongly integrated regional value chain for equipment and services related to mining, linkage development strategies in the three countries under examination have been formulated within narrow domestic frameworks. The evidence suggests that the success or failure of a resource-based industrialisation approach is country and sector specific, requiring the deployment of different and appropriately tailored policy instruments. Our research uncovered important cross-country variations in terms of opportunities created by specific mineral commodities, ambition and scope of industrial and linkage development strategies, and institutional capabilities to ensure enforcement and coherence with other policies.     

Towns and rural industrialisation in Sweden 1850–1890: A spatial statistical approach

Abstract

Using a spatial statistical analysis we study the relation between rural industrial employment and distance to towns and access to communications in nineteenth century Sweden. Our results show that rural parishes with access to communications had a higher proportion of rural industrial workers than parishes without. In a region with few towns, the south-east of Sweden, parishes close to large towns had a higher proportion of industrial employees than distant parishes in 1850, while no significant correlation was observed in 1890. In a region with a relatively dense urban system, Mälardalen, only in 1890 did parishes close to large towns show a higher proportion of rural industrial workers than did more distant parishes. However, the mean positive effect was negligible beyond 10 km. Thus, in the second half of the nineteenth century the immediate urban hinterland was industrialising prior to large scale urbanisation and urban industrialisation.     

Export-led industrialisation and growth: Korea's economic miracle, 1962–1989

During 1962–1989, South Korea underwent a remarkable economic transformation from being poverty-ridden to attaining the status of newly industrialised nation. This transformation was achieved through the adoption of an outward-oriented, industry-led strategy. It was based, particularly during the 1970s, upon the development of large-scale industrial conglomerates and the attainment of economies of scale and technology to achieve international competitiveness. By the early 1980s, this strategy had resulted in major structural imbalances, a weakened financial sector, heavy concentration in domestic markets, and a repressed development of small and medium enterprises. By the end of the 1980s, despite attempts at economic reform, the structural and financial problems remained and became the country's undoing during the crisis of 1997–1998. This article reviews the question whether Korea's performance during this period can be described as an economic miracle. The empirical evidence is mixed and inconclusive, although the achievements of the Korean economy should not be underestimated.     

The employment effects of trade regimes and industrialisation policy in South Africa

This paper compares two studies which have estimated the employment effects of different trade regimes for South Africa. The differing results of these studies are important in terms of facilitating the choice among alternative trade strategies at a time when the economy is experiencing low growth and economic sanctions. The paper concludes that one of the studies is incorrect in its conclusions in that it falls to carefully define the problem being examined, leading to results which have limited applicability.     

中国农业产业化与发达国家之比较

本文通过6个方面比较中国与美国，日本等发达国家发展农业产业化的差距，指出当前我国发展农业产业化的障碍与问题，以期理清思路，提高我国农业产业化的水平。     

Environmental hazard assessment and forecast of economic damage from industrial accidents

Based on the case study of Tuymazinsky District in the Republic of Bashkortostan introduced and tested is a methodology for assessing the environmental hazard of industrial enterprises using integral zoning diagrams. Calculations have been carried out and an algorithm for constructing histograms of environmental damage from emergency situations has been developed. Delineation of the groups of industrial enterprises on the criteria of probability of industrial accidents with environmentally hazardous implications and respective cost of damage incurred is substatiated.