Internal migration and industrialization in Finland, 1878–1939

Abstract

For the economic historian the statistics of population are quite as important as those of trade. To understand the economic development of a country it is necessary to have some knowledge I: 0 of the distribution of population at different periods, 2:0 of what changes have been effected by migration, and also 3 : 0 of the forces influencing migration. The analysis of these forces helps, moreover, to illuminate the nature of man's economic behaviour.     

Background variables of population mobility: An attempt at automatic interaction detector analysis

Abstract

Research in migration studies has concentrated on the underlying causes of population movements to such a degree that it sometimes seems necessary to draw attention to other aspects of population movements which might also repay study. What, for instance, happens to migrants during and after the move? How do different societies react to substantial losses or gains of population? How do the various types of movement interact?     

The family circumstances of women migrating permanently or temporarily to Sundsvall in the nineteenth century

Abstract

The aim of this article is to identify the factors which lead some women to migrate to the town of Sundsvall in northern Sweden. Analysis of the life histories of a cohort of women bom between 1815 and 1819 in parishes close to Sundsvall revealed that even before the middle of the nineteenth century, Sundsvall was beginning to emerge as an important destination but that it was service, rather than marriage, that motivated migration.

It was also established that the social position of the woman's father was one of the important determinants of her migration, service and marriage histories. Daughters of farmers were more likely to marry than the daughters of non-farmers. They would also marry earlier. In respect of their record as a servant, daughters of farmers would enter service later, work for fewer employers and be less likely to re-enter the parental home having once left for a service post. Daughters of non- farmers were, however, more likely to move to Sundsvall implying that the weakness of the parental family economy may have fostered such migration.

Inter-acting with social position was the place of the woman within the sibling set. Daughters who were the first or second born children of farmers, for example, were less likely to become servants but more likely to spend part of their adulthood in the town of Sundsvall. However, the departure of daughters from the parental household rarely resulted in a childless parental household. A number of (generallyyounger) siblings remained while many of the daughters, particularly of non-farmers, returned to their parents after a number of spells of service.     

Rural–urban migration and urbanization in China: Evidence from time-series and cross-section analyses

Since 1978, China has experienced a rapid and unprecedented process of urbanization, created by the history's largest flow of rural–urban migration in the world. This article attempts (a) to assess the role of the cityward migration in China's urbanization in 1978–1999 and (b) to empirically investigate factors behind the migration boom with time-series and cross-section data. We find that (a) rural–urban migration made dominant contributions to Chinese urban population growth; (b) while moving together with the Chinese economy, the causal link runs from economic growth to migration, not vice versa; (c) interprovince migrants were encouraged by the rural–urban income gap and discouraged by their geographic distances to destinations; and (d) the amount of intraprovince migrants is positively related to rural–urban income gap and urban population in that province.     

Internal Migration of Blacks in South Africa: An Application of the Roy Model

This study investigates the internal migration of black males in South Africa over the period after the formal end of Apartheid using the 1996 census data. The two issues of our primary interests are the following: (i) whether migration patterns of black individuals are consistent with the income‐maximising hypothesis as related to the destination choice; and (ii) whether the redistribution of human capital is detected in internal migration. The results from conditional logit regressions on choices among individuals in 318 districts show that individuals prefer districts with higher expected wages, conditional on other regional characteristics. In addition, there exist differing preferences on the share of population with post‐secondary education by individuals with commensurate educational attainments. Black individuals with post‐secondary education tend to migrate into areas with a higher share of population with post‐secondary education and vice versa, which confirms the divergence of human capital levels across districts.     

Migration,Ethnicity, and the Educational Gradient in the Jakarta Mega-Urban Region: A Spatial Analysis

The Jakarta mega-urban region (MUR) is one of the largest such regions in the world. In this article, we revisit Castles’s seminal 1967 article, based on the 1961 Population Census of Indonesia, on the educational and ethnic composition of Jakarta. Using data from the full-count 2010 Population Census, we examine spatial patterns in the educational gradients of the population across the Jakarta MUR and look to determine whether these patterns can be explained by internal migration and ethnic composition at the kecamatan (subdistrict) level. We find that population movement from the core to the outer areas has softened the historically extremely sharp gradation in educational attainment across the MUR. We show the dominance of the Sundanese and Bantenese ethnic groups in the rural hinterlands of the MUR, where the average educational attainment is relatively low, and note this question of rurality versus ethnicity when interpreting our results.     

Prices and the growth of the knowledge economy in Sweden and Western Europe before the industrial revolution

Abstract

This article uses long-term series of real prices for various goods and services to analyse the evolution of the knowledge economy before the Industrial Revolution by focusing on Sweden in comparison with other European countries. During the early modern period, the relative price of knowledge-intensive goods and services, such as iron, paper, salt, sea transports and silver, decreased relative to a Consumer Price Index. The increased productivity levels of these goods and services were caused by increased division of labour and accelerated diffusion of knowledge. However, the real price of foodstuff tended to increase, implying that living standards declined with increased population. Early modern Western Europe acquired a peculiar price structure, characterized by low prices of industrial goods relative to the price of food. Only with the advent of industrial society could the knowledge economy escape the Malthusian entrapment.     

Sweden's iron ore exports to Germany, 1933–1944

Abstract

Rolf Karlbom's article about Swedish iron ore exports to Germany during the Nazi era¹ is an attempt to examine a very important problem as yet unsolved—the significance of the Swedish ore deliveries to Germany. His study begins with the following two questions:² 1. ‘How much of the total consumption of this raw material by German industry did Swedish ore cover during these years?’

2. ‘How far was access to Swedish iron ore a sine qua non for the continuance of the armaments programme?’

3. These basic questions indicate the main problems. Karlbom's answers to them are not wholly convincing because of some weaknesses in his approach.

     

Population mobility in the Netherlands 1880–1910. A case study of Wisch in the Achterhoek

Abstract

In the last two decades, migration as 3. phenomenon has been studied intensively and scientifically. Apart from migration in general, Scandinavian scholars have taken a special interest in the great flood of emigration during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. A large number of dissertations and other studies have described and analysed the phenomenon. Samson's work on emigration and mobility must be seen in this context, having started as a dissertation within the project ‘Sweden and America after 1860’, commonly referred to as the Emigration Research Project.¹     

Mobility of population in the Finnish County of Uusimaa (Nyland) I821–1880

Abstract

The period considered here is a significant one, marking as it does the end of the pre-industrial era in Finland. The paper presents data on population movements by rural and urban breakdown, and by various social and economic categories, and examines the factors affecting the geographical mobility in the county of Uusimaa (Nyland), in which Helsinki, the Capital of Finland, is situated.     

Consuls and nations in the Levant from 1570 to 1650

Abstract

The purpose of this article is to compare the consular institutions of four European states in the Levant during a specific period, in the hope that this will illuminate the strengths and weaknesses of the various institutional forms that were adopted.     

Pierrick Pourchasse,Le Commerce du Nord. Les échanges commerciaux entre la France et l'Europe septentrionale au XVIIIe siècle

Abstract

Scandinavia, and Sweden in particular, has long held a prominent place in studies of historical demography. This is explained by the simple fact that these countries began to hold population censuses and to establish the national registration of baptisms, burials and marriages in the eighteenth century long before other European countries. This lead has since been maintained, demographic data in Scandinavia in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries being as a rule more comprehensive and reliable than that of many other countries.     

From growth to crisis

Abstract

Banking history has had little attention in Denmark if compared to many other countries. The purpose of this article is to present some current topics of interest in Danish banking history from about 1850 to the interwar years. Special emphasis will be laid upon the relations between banks and industry as well as the boom and bust phases of the banking system during the period.     

A bibliography of finnish emigration

Abstract

The Migration Institute has performed an important service by publishing this bibliography of Finnish migration studies. A considerable number of scholars in Finland and Sweden are today engaged in research into migration, and new studies are continually being published. A survey of the field at this time is therefore most welcome.     

Methods and sources for the study of Swedish standards of living

Abstract

Recent studies of trends in Swedish standards of living raise questions of principle. Are the trends best measured in terms of individuals or of households, in monetary units or by the acquisition of goods and services? How ought income to be defined for this purpose? Is it better to investigate a cross-section of the population or occupational groups, and which years ought to be studied to obtain a valid series over time? Some of these problems have been elucidated by two dissertations published in the course of the inter-university research project on Swedish living standards 1925-1960, M. Järnek's study of household incomes in the city of Malmö between 1925 and 1964 and the present author's investigation of certain occupational groups in Gothenburg from 1919 to 1960.¹ This article is an attempt to continue and expand the discussion.     

Real effective exchange rates and purchasing-power-parity convergence: Empirical evidence for Denmark, 1875–2002

Abstract

Official nominal and real effective krone-rate indices compiled by the Danmarks Nationalbank are available only for the most recent decades. This article makes an attempt to overcome this data shortage by constructing long historical time-series indices of nominal and real effective krone rates for the period 1875–2002. Furthermore, the article presents a first exploratory examination of the empirical evidence regarding long-run relative purchasing-power-parity (PPP) convergence based on univariate unit-root testing of the two new long time-series indices for the real effective krone rate, with respectively consumer prices and wholesale prices as deflators. The fastest mean reversion towards relative PPP seems to have occurred in those periods where Denmark has pursued a fixed-exchange-rate policy vis-à-vis the majority of its trading partners and thus in those periods with the lowest volatility in the nominal effective krone rate.     

Homelessness in Pretoria: Exploring the survival challenges of the homeless and their right to the city

ABSTRACT

This article documents the biographies of 60 homeless people from a range of different backgrounds in South Africa’s capital city of Pretoria. The article focuses on their right to the city and how the lack thereof affects their daily lives. It explores the challenges they face on a daily basis and the different strategies they implement in mitigating these challenges.     

A ‘First Go’ on Financial Accounts for Denmark, 1875–2005

Abstract

Financial accounts can be used in an attempt to paint a coherent picture of the development of the financial system and the financial structure. To date projects related to historical national accounts have – both in Denmark and internationally – only focused on the real side of the economy. The article presents a first attempt to construct a set of annual financial account stock data for Denmark for 1875–2005. Furthermore, the article addresses some of the more methodological and conceptual aspects of using financial accounts as a framework for the organisation of historical financial statistics.     

Labour policy and population thought in eighteenth century Sweden

Abstract

In the eighteenth century Sweden made a pioneering contribution to population statistics, and it is this which gives to the contemporary Swedish debate on population problems its principal claim to international interest. Ideas, policies, and statistics were of course closely interconnected.     

Market structure and the link between migration and trade

Many recent studies have looked at the impact of international migration on trade and found a significant effect. They posit that migration fosters trade by lowering costs or by means of a preference bias. However, to my knowledge, market structure has not as yet been considered. Using data from Switzerland, this paper empirically assesses the extent to which migration affects trade, taking goods differentiation into account. A monopolistic model with a multisector economy (Chaney in Am Econ Rev 98(41):1707–1721, 2008) is then empirically estimated. The findings show that market structure explains the different channels through which migration affects trade.