ON THE DISTRIBUTIONS OF ORDER STATISTICS FOR A RANDOM SAMPLE SIZE*

The probability distribution of the i –th and j–th order statistics and of the range R of a sample of size n, taken from a population with probability density function f (x) have been obtained when the sample size n is a random variable N and has: (i) a generalized Poisson distribution; and (ii) a generalized negative bonimial distribution. Specific results are then obtained; (a) when f (x) is uniform over (0,1); and (b) when f(x) is exponential. All the results for N, being a Poisson, binomial and negative binomial rv follow as special cases.     

新产品市场导入策略

新产品的市场导入期应该注意哪些主要策略?笔者认为关键要把握好四项策略:首先形成差异化的优势;其二要有一个较系统的上市计划;其三要做好试点市场;其四要集中资源优势,建立根据地。一、差异性策略差异性策略主要有产品差异化、渠道差异化、促销方法差异化等。产品差异化主要体现在:产品的口感、生产工艺、产品包装、产品市场定位及消费者群体的选择上要有别于其它产品。如娃哈哈绿茶虽然上市比较晚,前有康师傅、统一的冰红茶、乌龙茶已经占据了优势,后有可口可乐的岚风、天与地,乐百氏、雀巢、旺旺、午后红茶、三得利等大批企业跟进,但是…     

ON BOOTSTRAPPING A CLASS OF DIFFERENTIABLE STATISTICAL FUNCNONALS WITH APPLICATIONS TO L– AND M– ESTIMATES

EFRON'S (1979) "bootstrap" method is justified for a class of differentiable statistical functionals which includes many L – and M –statistics. For illustration, a Monte Carlo study for the trimmed means is also included.     

THE POLITICAL EMBEDDEDNESS OF PRIVATE ECONOMIC TRANSACTIONS*

Governments are able to manipulate economic transactions in order to achieve foreign policy goals. This article addresses the question: can managers of multinational enterprises (MNEs) structure economic transactions in ways that will limit the costs resulting from government intervention? Using a transaction cost framework, the efficiency of alternative structures (exporting, joint ventures, licensing, or wholly owned subsidiaries) for protecting a firm's interests are assessed. We argue that the traditional focus on the dyadic relationship between supplier and buyer misses sources of transaction costs; by conceptualizing economic transactions as embedded in a political context, additional sources of transaction costs are revealed. We examine three cases of home government intervention in US MNE transactions with the Soviet Union. We find that the full range of structural alternatives is affected by government sanctions, although sanctions are imposed on exporting relationships first and removed last. We find that MNEs are, therefore, beginning to insulate international transactions by making their overseas subsidiaries more independent of US technology and supplies with the hope that the US government will be less likely to impose its will extraterritorially by intervening in foreign subsidiaries’private economic transactions.     

ON THE DISTRIBUTION OF ORDER STATISTICS FOR A RANDOM SAMPLE SIZE

The distributions of the life lengths of a parallel and of a series system with a random number of components have been studied in reliability theory. In this paper we obtain the distributions of the i'th order statistics and the range, assuming the sample size to be random, with a generalized negative binomial, a generalized Poisson and a generalized logarithmic series distribution. The results of Raghunandanan and Patil (1972) follow immediately from our results.