关于组织行为研究的五大前沿走势

从组织行为研究领域的前沿走势来看,后现代主义思潮在相当大的程度上具有标识性,这在各个相关学科中都有显著表现,如在组织行为基本原理方面,以演化(心理学)理论为新视角、新支点和新方法,对有关组织行为的基本特征及一般规律作出通论性归纳和解说;在组织经济行为方面,从传统"理性行为"的狭小视界中走出,直面现实人类行为,去解说组织中个体或群体的经济行为规律;在组织社会行为方面,在社会学关于"社会现象"的大背景下,将人的行为放置在特定的社会情境中去观察,以解析那些超越个体人格差异的群体心理现象及行为表现;在组织政治行为方面,研究特定社会政治环境中,一个组织为获取生存合法性和持续竞争优势,其成员究竟如何在内部通过权力斗争,以及在外部与其他组织间围绕控制权展开较量,从而实现组织场域利益最大化;在组织整合管理行为方面,以"战略性激励"为核心,密切关注现代组织学习型变革基本趋势。     

Diversity Management and Demographic Differences-based Discrimination: The Case of Turkish Manufacturing Industry

In the late 1980s workforce became more diverse in terms of demographic changes, cultural differences and other characteristics of organizational members. This diversity was a reflection of changing global markets. Workforce diversity has both positive and negative effects on organizational performance. Therefore, it is becoming important especially for medium- and large-scale businesses. In order to manage increasingly workforce diversity and to prevent discrimination, diversity management is now considered as a major part of strategic human resource management. The purpose of this study is to establish the dimensions of discrimination that occur due to demographic differences in Turkish manufacturing industry. The findings of the research indicate that demographic characteristics, socio-cultural structure, managerial policy and behaviors, union tendency and regional differences, laws and local community, gender, educational and age differences, and political opinions have influence on discrimination. According to the results, discrimination has been observed mostly in job processes such as promotions and appointments, human resource selection, job/employment examination and interviews, and performance appraisal.     

城市商业空间结构问题与优化探讨

城市空间结构研究一直都是城市地理学的主要研究领域 ,但其中的城市商业空间结构研究则发展缓慢。本文试探着阐述了城市商业空间优化的相关理论 ,包括商业空间优化的必要性与意义 ,接着描述了目前商业空间结构存在的普遍问题 ,并指出优化的四个主要目标 ,即视觉优先、经济优先、生态优先和社会优先 ,最后指出商业空间结构优化的主要方面和具体手段。     

民营企业组织创新的局限与突破

在经济全球化背景下,我国企业要在激烈的竞争中谋求生存和发展,组织创新的开展和运用现已成为获得持久竞争力的重要手段。但是,现阶段某些民营企业的组织创新,在改变组织行为惯性、突破路径依赖锁定、匹配企业发展战略,以及整合组织结构、组织流程、组织能力的创新效应等方面存在诸多难点。盲目创新、形式创新、创新失衡、创新激进是企业组织创新的运作误区。因此,建立创新激励机制,重组和优化企业组织结构、组织流程、组织能力,发挥创新的集成协同效应,是突破组织创新难点,提升企业竞争能力的对策选择。     

中国企业的学习型组织文化:基于人口统计变量、企业属性、工作满意度和组织绩效的实证分析

By using a Western concept—the instrument called dimensions of learning organization questionnaire (DLOQ), and the data collected from 919 employees in nine companies located in Guangdong Province, China, the present empirical study explores the culture of learning organizations in Chinese business settings. Findings suggest that the DLOQ is applicable to the context of China as well, and those demographic variables, such as age and educational level, together with the types of ownership of Chinese companies, such as state-owned enterprises (SOEs) and privately-owned enterprises (POEs), suggest differences in the culture of learning organizations. Results also indicate that the learning organization culture of a firm has strongly positive impact on employees’ job satisfaction and perceived organizational performance. Two implications should be noted. First, as employees in middle age and with college education show the strongest sense of improving the learning culture, it can be inferred that demographic characters and groups may influence the organization’s learning culture differently. Second, as POEs have a better learning atmosphere than SOEs, it can be inferred that POEs have a stronger competitiveness than SOEs in terms of learning ability and organizational performance. To indigenize the Western construct and instrument of learning organizations, the present study, as an exploratory research, gives substantial knowledge on the subject and seeks to fill the gap in the literature, despite the limitations of cultural nuances and a narrowly-concentrated sample.     

Organizational Structure and Performance in Dutch small Firms

The relationship between organizational structure and performance in small firms has received relatively limited attention over the last few decades. In understanding small firm performance this seems to be a serious omission. In this paper, we first present the rationale for including organizational structure in the analysis of small firm performance. Then, from the literature on organizational theory, we retrieve several dimensions that may be postulated to describe organizational structures of small firms. Based on the study of a stratified sample of 1411 Dutch small firms we show that nine structure stereotypes can be delineated. We further investigate the relevance of the empirical taxonomy by looking at the relationship with firm performance in terms of sales growth, profitability and innovativeness. Eventually, we conclude that organizational structure indeed matters and that it deserves to be taken into account in models and future analysis of small firm performance.     

I Love That Company: Look How Ethical,Prominent, and Efficacious It Is—A Triadic Organizational Reputation (TOR) Scale

Within the corporate social responsibility (CSR) research field, the construct of organizational reputation has been extensively scrutinized as a crucial mediator between the firm CSR engagement and valuable organizational outcomes. Yet, the existing literature on organizational reputation suffers from substantive divergence between the studies in terms of defining the construct’s domain, dimensional structure, and the methodological operationalization. The current study aims to refine the organizational reputation construct by reconciling varying theoretical perspectives within the construct’s definitional landscape, suggesting a holistic but parsimonious triadic view on the organizational reputation construct for customer stakeholders. Based on commonly used extant organizational reputation measures, we theoretically and empirically develop the customer-based triadic organizational reputation (TOR) scale and position it as a superordinate multidimensional construct (generalized favorability) influencing three distinct first-order dimensions: product and service efficacy, societal ethicality, and market prominence. Results show that the proposed triadic conceptualization of organizational reputation is theoretically defensible, and the resulting scale is cross-culturally generalizable and performs well compared with existing, longer measures of organizational reputation. Together, the organizational reputation model developed here suggests that, for cognitive economy and functional efficiency, customers will access a second-order reflective model of organizational reputation as the default implicit attitude (reputation as assessment), which in turn will activate reflections of the implicit attitude in the form of first-order dimensions (reputation as asset).     

‘The Ethics of Managerial Subjectivity’

This paper examines ethics in organizations in relation to the subjectivity of managers. Drawing on the work of Michel Foucault we seek to theorize ethics in terms of the meaning of being a manager who is an active ethical subject. Such a manager is so in relation to the organizational structures and norms that govern the conduct of ethics. Our approach locates ethics in the relation between individual morality and organizationally prescribed principles assumed to guide personal action. In this way we see ethics as a practice that is powerfully intertwined in an individual’s freedom to make choices about what to do and who to be, and the organizational context in which those choices are situated, framed and governed.     

Organizational learning in exporting: A bibliometric analysis and critical review of the empirical research

In the latest decades, empirical research on organizational learning in the export context has recorded an increasing trend. On the other hand, in spite of the wealth of research on the subject, no effort has yet been made to offer an integrative review to investigate the improvement of this body of knowledge. To fill this gap, this study endeavors to synthesize the stream of empirical research on organizational learning in the field of exporting published between 1997 and 2017. Initially, the relevant studies were bibliometrically analyzed on the basis of the data gathered from the Web of Science database. The bibliometric data analysis indicates the most influential publication outlets, most influential institutions, most influential scholars, and most influential articles in relation to organizational learning in the export literature. Additionally, each article was content-analyzed in terms of scope of research, research methodology, and empirical issues. The content analysis reveals that albeit significant progress, organizational learning research within the context of exporting is still at the introduction stage and certain weaknesses in scope, research designs, and conceptual understanding attract criticism.     

试析我国汽车产业规模结构效率

通过实证检验 ,我们发现我国汽车产业规模结构效率处于低效率状态。这与人为的产品差别化、研究开发投入低、产业资源整合不力等因素有关。加快汽车产业资产重组 ,改革国有汽车企业、优化零部件工业组织结构、建立汽车厂商退出机制等是优化汽车产业规模效率的有效途径。     

Determining and redefining nutrition terms which are unfamiliar to adults

Studies have shown that adults' comprehension of medical and nutrition terminology is often poor. This study's objectives were to determine nutrition terms that adults could not define correctly; to determine whether demographic characteristics affected the subjects' score, and to determine whether defining nutrition terms in educational material increased subject comprehension of the terms. Phase I involved 400 adult subjects from the airport and train station who were approached randomly and asked to complete a terminology test. Phase II involved 100 soldiers (aged 18–28) and 100 senior citizens; half of the subjects read information in which the nutrition terms used were defined and the other half read information in which the nutrition terms were not defined. All subjects then completed a nutrition terminology test. Statistical analysis included mean score, item analysis and regression analysis. In phase I, subjects had a moderate knowledge of the terms tested. In phase II, the mean score of subjects who read information in which the nutrition terms were defined was significantly higher than those not provided with definitions. The results of this study suggest that adult comprehension of nutrition terms may improve when the terms are defined.     

Ties that Unwind: Dynamism in Integrative Social Contracts Theory1

Social contract theory offers a powerful method and metaphor for the study of organizational ethics. This paper considers the variant of the social contract that has arguably gained the most attention among business ethicists: integrative social contracts theory or ISCT [Donaldson and Dunfee: 1999, Ties That Bind (Harvard Business School Press, Boston)]. A core precept of ISCT – that consent to membership in an organization entails obligations to follow the norms of that organization, subject to the moral minimums of basic human rights – is a reasonable and appealing notion. One potential challenge for those attempting to apply this idea, however, lies in the dynamic nature of social norms. Organizational norms evolve, often through the conscious efforts of community members and leaders. As currently formulated, ISCT offers a framework that under-appreciates the evolving nature of moral norms. In this paper, we extend ISCT by considering the circumstances under which the terms of and parties to social contracts change. We also consider a number of principles that should be considered as the terms and parties to organizational social contracts change.     

中国电子信息产业的市场结构与贸易政策

产业的市场结构是产业贸易政策选择的重要参考因素之一。从产业组织理论和贸易类型两个角度,分析中国电子信息产业的市场结构。认为,中国电子信息产业属于垄断竞争市场结构。相应的,中国电子信息产业贸易政策的制定应考虑到国外同一产业的市场结构和本国的产业绩效,针对价值增值不同的产业环节,结合产业政策,促进产业市场集中度的提高,实行保护程度不同的贸易政策。     

Teaching International Business Abroad: Paradigms Suggested by Metaphor Theory

When International Business (IB) is taught abroad, the educational institution has to decide on organizational issues and educational and teaching paradigms. College and university programs abroad can adopt organizational values and identities similar to the home institution, or adapt to local operating environments. Likewise, educational and pedagogic paradigms can mirror those in the home institution or expand to realize and consider local contexts. Based on a consideration of metaphor theory, it is suggested that there are three ways of dealing with international educational experiences. The non‐metaphoric paradigm fails to recognize and engage with ambient difference. The comparison paradigm compares and contrasts acquired institutional understandings with local realities. The domains‐interactive seeks to stimulate a dynamic exploration of home and local assumptions, looking for new emergent themes and understanding. Insight derived from metaphor theory not only suggests how these different paradigms emerge but potentially provides vibrancy and pervasive urgency to conducting IB education abroad.     

技术、制度和物流组织变迁——基于新兴古典经济学的分析

从分工和演化角度来看,个人效用是由社会技术和制度发展水平决定的。个人决策相互作用形成了自然经济、部分分工、完全分工等不同的组织与市场结构,也相应决定了物流组织的结构与形式。把固定学习和训练成本、技术和制度纳入新兴古典经济学的框架,利用超边际分析能够很好地说明物流组织的决策机制。而且,通过分析发现,无论固定学习和训练成本处于较低还是较高的阶段,都存在着物流组织结构从部分分工向完全分工演化的动力机制,即自营物流向第三方物流的组织变迁,从而实现了在理论层面上将物流纳入经济组织活动的目的。     

RETAIL GROCERY PRICE VARIATIONS: A CONSIDERATION OF THE STRUCTURAL AND LOCATIONAL CHARACTERISTICS OF STORES

This paper identifies statistically significant variations in retail grocery prices and relates these primarily to differences in store organizational structure.     

Coordination Cost Evaluation of Network Configurations

This article examines organizational coordination structures using transaction cost economics. Coordination cost is modeled as a function of organizational dimensions and information availability within each of 3 structures. The 3 structures analyzed include centralized markets, decentralized markets, and hierarchies. Coordination complexity is formulated in terms of products, processors, levels, span of control, and information filter. Based on messages required to assign a task, the results of the comparison show the regions of dominance for each structure. Network configurations that utilize the appropriate coordination substructure for different levels of information filter quality are discussed.     

我国现代商业的创新目标

在人类社会进入 2 1世纪和我国加入WTO之际 ,发达国家的商业发展已经形成了新的特点和趋势 ,影响着我国现代商业的发展。在借鉴发达国家商业的发展经验和我国商业新形式的发展特点基础上 ,业态创新 ,组织创新 ,投资主体与所有权创新 ,经营管理手段 ,批发和零售界定 ,代理以及物流配送中心等 ,是我国商业的创新目标。     

积极组织行为学视野下员工积极性探析

如何激发员工的积极性一直是组织行为学领域研究的重要课题,而积极组织行为学的兴起为员工积极性的研究提供了一种新的视角。本文在积极组织行为学视野下,探讨积极组织行为学对激发员工积极性的管理启示与应用建议。     

Structural constraints on organizational change: A longitudinal analysis

The results of a longitudinal study assessing the impact of internal constraints upon both organizational responsiveness to the environment and efforts to change structures for symbolic signaling of policy are presented. The causal model used is developed from a theoretical elaboration of Williamson, Thompson, and Meyer. The implications of the analysis for the signaling metaphor of organizational change are emphasized. The data indicate (i) that the varying resistance to change observed within core dimensions of organizational structure may be largely due to durable capital investments, (ii) that within capitalized dimensions of organizational structure, the resulting resistance to change leads to a longitudinal persistence of centralized decision making, and (iii) that failure to incorporate such constraints in analyses of organizational change leads to misleading results.