An Analysis of Bank Loan Rate Indexation

This paper examines the economic rationale for the use of bank loan commitments and the effect on the allocation of bank credit of indexing the loan rate offered through the commitment to the prime. A simple model of the loan market is constructed and used to examine the effect changes in loan demand and the cost of bank funds have on the allocation of bank credit under indexation. It is shown that indexing implies changes in the relative cost of borrowing for certain groups of bank customers. For nonprime customers, an increase in the cost of bank funds results in a decline in the relative cost of borrowing under commitments. The pattern of commitment use is found to be consistent with the predictions of the model.     

略论国际借款合同的准据法

正确确定合同准据法是有效解决国际贷款合同法律冲突的关键，准据法的确定一般应遵循当事人意思自治原则和有管辖权的法院确认原则，就国际融资实践而言，国际借款合同的准据法的适应范围是很广的，但在涉及当事人身份能力，合同形式以及有关诉讼程序等问题上却不适用合同准据法，而受其他有效法律的调整。     

The Effects of Banking Mergers on Loan Contracts

This paper studies the effects of banking mergers on individual business borrowers. Using information on individual loan contracts between banks and companies, I analyze the effect of banking consolidation on banks' credit policies. I find that in-market mergers benefit borrowers if these mergers involve the acquisition of banks with small market shares. Interest rates charged by the consolidated banks decrease, but as the local market share of the acquired bank increases, the efficiency effect is offset by market power. Mergers have different distributional effects across borrowers. When banks become larger, they reduce the supply of loans to small borrowers.     

Accounting Measurement Rules in UK Bank Loan Contracts

This paper examines the financial ratio covenants found in a sample of 25 UK bank loan contracts and 13 contract templates. Minimum net worth, interest cover and gearing are the most widely occurring ratios. GAAP are used as the basis for all definitions. The definitions of net worth, borrowings and interest are frequently modified in a conservative direction, drawing on information both from the notes to published accounts and from outside those accounts. The definitions of profit, current assets and current liabilities, however, rarely deviate from GAAP. Thus some definitions restrict corporate management's scope to avoid covenant violation through appropriate accounting method choice while other definitions appear to permit it. Furthermore the widespread use of ‘rolling’ GAAP means that standard setters need to bear in mind that new standards can cause covenant violations. The findings of this study are consistent with those of previous research in the US and Australia.     

风险态度、合作行为与联保贷款契约:一个实验研究

本文应用实验室实验方法,研究了在不同贷款契约情况下,借款人风险态度等因素对合作水平(努力程度)的影响。研究发现:(1)联保贷款契约下参与者的努力水平之间存在正相关关系,且其努力水平显著高于个人责任契约下参与者的努力水平。说明联保贷款契约参与者存在较高的有条件合作行为;(2)在联保贷款契约下,风险喜好参与者的努力水平显著高于风险规避参与者。说明联保贷款契约对风险喜好参与者具有显著激励作用;(3)风险规避参与者的努力水平随实验期数增加而下降的速度比风险喜好参与者更快,风险规避参与者对联保贷款契约合作水平有较大危害。我们提出:小额贷款机构应当为风险喜好借款人提供联保贷款契约,并且避免风险规避的借款人与风险喜好的借款人组成联保贷款小组。对风险喜好借款人组成的联保贷款小组,联保贷款契约的期限可以较长。     

哪些借贷合同不受法律保护

近年来,随着资金融通领域不断拓宽,融通的品种和数量也呈现出前所未有的发展势头.发生在金融机构与企业、金融机构与个人、企业与企业、企业与个人以及个人与个人之间的各种资金借贷关系异彩纷呈.从资金融通角度出发,这种现象无疑是件好事.     

个人消费贷款个案剖析

消费信贷是拉动我国内需的一项重要货币政策.个人消费信贷业务的推出契合了居民提高生活水平、改善消费结构的内在愿望,商业银行也抓住机遇,拓展信贷领域.消费信贷在2002年、2003年达到高峰之后,出现了萎缩的态势.     

借用他人名义签订借款合同的后果——一起借款合同纠纷及其启示

基本案情2003年6月9日,被告李强借用王权之名与原告中国农业银行A县支行订立《个人生产经营借款合同》,约定被告向原告借款40万元。还款期限为2004年6月3日,借款年利率为6.9%。被告李强以其所有挂靠于某市融通运输有限公司的卧铺客车(价值68万元)作为该笔借款的抵押物。融通运输有限公司与原告双方于2003年6月3日在《动产抵押清单》上盖章,并约     

信贷合约内部机理及关键影响因素研究

以信号理论、信息不对称理论、关系型信贷理论以及债务代理成本理论等信贷合约相关理论为基础,围绕信贷合约的内部机理,即内生变量利率、担保和期限三者之闻的相互关系以及影响信贷合约的关键外生变量,提出了本文需要验证的若干核心理论假设,在考虑信贷合约要素利率、担保和期限内生性的情况下,建立了结构方程模型,最后对结构方程模型解的识别进行了验证并给出了结构方程模型的理论求解.     

财务冲突及其纾解:一项基于契约理论的分析

财务契约是企业整体契约机制不可或缺的重要组成部分,各利益主体为了追求各自利益最大化,相互之间必然产生财务冲突。企业财务行为实际上是为满足各利益相关者利益要求的、一组复杂的且有交互影响的契约系统的均衡行为。沿着利益相关者合作逻辑,文章在分析企业各主要利益相关者的财务冲突行为及表现基础上,借鉴和谐管理理论,提出应通过利益相关者的财务平衡治理,进行财务冲突管理。     

Direct Evidence on the Informational Properties of Earnings in Loan Contracts

Using a sample of firms that disclose the realizations of earnings used for determining covenant compliance in loan contracts, we provide direct evidence on the informational properties of earnings used in the performance covenants included in debt contracts. We find that the earnings measure used in performance covenants does not exhibit asymmetric loss timeliness and has significantly greater cash flow predictive ability than GAAP measures of earnings. We suggest that these results reflect the idea that contracting parties design accounting rules for performance covenants to enhance their efficacy as “tripwires.”     

Loan Commitment Contracts,Terms of Lending,and Credit Allocation

This paper analyzes the structure of loan commitment contracts and the interrelationships among their component parameters. Lenders offer borrowers a set of loan “packages,” from which the latter may choose that “package” found to be most appealing. Borrowers may “trade off” changes in any loan parameter in exchange for other adjustments. The borrower, at this time, may “purchase” a larger credit ration for a price. Supporting empirical evidence is presented.     

Mitigating Interest Rate Risk in Variable Annuities: An Analysis of Hedging Effectiveness under Model Risk

Variable annuities are investment vehicles offered by insurance companies that combine a life insurance policy with long-term financial guarantees. These guarantees expose the insurer to market risks, such as volatility and interest rate risks, which can be managed only with a hedging strategy. The objective of this article is to study the effectiveness of dynamic delta-rho hedging strategies for mitigating interest rate risk in variable annuities with either a guaranteed minimum death benefit or guaranteed minimum withdrawal benefit rider. Our analysis centers on three important practical issues: (1) the robustness of delta-rho hedging strategies to model uncertainty, (2) the impact of guarantee features (maturity versus withdrawal benefits) on the performance of the hedging strategy, and (3) the importance of hedging interest rate risk in either a low and stable or rising interest rate environment. Overall, we find that the impact of interest rate risk is equally felt for the two types of products considered, and that interest rate hedges do lead to a significant risk reduction for the insurer, even when the ongoing low interest rate environment is factored in.     

贷款基础利率运行特征与影响

贷款基础利率（LPR）的推出是我国利率市场化的重要一步。LPR运行半年来,总体呈平稳单边上行走势,波动幅度较小,但与货币市场基准利率存在一定背离。文章分析指出,存贷款利率或额度管理、货币市场与信贷市场资金流通存在障碍是LPR与货币市场利率背离的主要原因;LPR缓慢上行主要受到银行存款贷款增速下滑的影响。文章从完善LPR报价模型、推广LPR在信贷产品中的运用等方面提出进一步发挥LPR基准作用的建议。     

完善基于LPR的贷款利率定价机制

LPR宣告贷款基准利率名存实亡改革开放以来,央行确定的存贷款利率,既是管制利率,又是我国的货币政策工具之一。存贷款利率的变动,并不取决于资金的供求关系,而是取决于央行根据宏观经济形势变化而实施的政策意图。但中国在渐进式的利率市场化过程中,逐步扩大并最终放开了存贷款的基准利率,利率市场化改革就是要让市场在利率的形成中起决定性的作用,存贷款利率并不直接决定于央行。     

Optimal Loan Interest Rate Contract Design

This paper analyzes optimal loan interest rate contracts under conditions of risky, symmetric information for one-period (static) and multi-period (dynamic) models. The optimal loan interest rate depends upon the volatility of, and co-variation among the market interest rate, borrower collateral, and borrower income, as well as the time horizon and the risk preferences of lenders and borrowers. For a risk-averse borrower with stochastic collateral, variable interest rate contracts are, in general, Pareto optimal. For plausible assumptions, the optimal loan interest rate for the multi-period model often exhibits muted responses to changes in market interest rates, making fixed rate loans a reasonable approximation for the optimal loan. Hence, in the absence of optimal contracts, long-term (short-term) borrowers tend to prefer fixed rate (variable) contracts.     

A Model of the Commercial Loan Rate

This paper explores the theoretical and empirical determinants of the commercial loan rate charged by commercial banks based on a model of financial intermediary behavior which assumes monopolistic competition in asset and liability markets. The model incorporates the constraint that banks must maintain at least a minimum quantity of bonds in asset portfolios. Equations are estimated on a time series basis to explain the behavior of commercial loan rates over the period 1953 to 1980. The evidence appears consistent with the hypothesis that commercial banks operate in a market characterized by imperfect competition and that they explicitly set loan rates.     

From Search to Match: When Loan Contracts Are Too Long

A model of lending is presented where loans are established in matches between banks (lenders) and entrepreneurs (borrowers) who meet in a search process. Projects turn out randomly a quick payoff or a long‐term payoff that requires a rollover of the loan. The model generates, under proper parameter conditions, two steady states without or with rollover, and rollover is socially inefficient. Under imperfect information, the standard debt contract is privately efficient. However, it extends the domains of equilibria with socially inefficient rollover. The global dynamics displays a continuum of equilibrium paths that each exhibits sudden discontinuities—crises—in which the mass of outstanding loans is reduced by a quantum amount of terminations. Crises have a cleansing effect.     

An Analysis of SBA Loan Defaults by Maturity Structure

The financial intermediation literature on small business lending focuses on the determinants and costs to credit access. There is, however, little research examining the repayment behavior of small firms that actually receive loans. In this paper, we address this shortcoming in the literature by examining the default behavior of a sample of Small Business Administration 7(a) guaranteed loans with three distinct maturity structures. We employ a discrete-time hazard approach and show that SBA defaults are time-dependent and that the factors impacting default behavior, as well as its timing, are maturity specific. Specifically, we show the importance of loan maturity, seasoning, economic conditions, and other firm-specific factors in predicting the likelihood of SBA loan defaults. JEL classification: G21