经济、贸易与环境相容关系论说

经济、贸易与环境相容意指经济增长、贸易扩大没有损害环境,其判别标准包括零污染排放或者污染排放零增长、零污染遗留或者污染遗留零增长、环境自净极限等三级标准;其实现的必要条件是环境有益的结构效应和技术效应足以抵消规模效应;其测度指标包括绝对值、变化事和比率等三类指标.经济-环境、贸易-环境两对相容关系的成因不尽相同.     

美国贸易政策取向的必然和偶然

美国政治制度结构中国会与总统权力的变化直接作用于贸易政策的制定和实施;经济发展中＂干预主义＂与＂自由主义＂的矛盾运动,深刻影响美国贸易政策;国际体系所带来的机遇与挑战,对于美国的制度变迁,也发挥着不容忽视的作用。国际权力结构和安全环境是国内制度尤为重要的塑造因素,对贸易政策的变迁更具有典型的意义。     

我国家族企业治理结构变迁的动因分析

家族企业股权结构的变化使得相关各方对企业控制权和剩余索取权的要求相应发生变化,从而推动了家族企业内部治理结构的演化.所以家族企业的治理结构随企业所有权结构的变化而变迁.家族企业的成长过程就是其内部治理不断演进和变迁的过程,其治理结构演进和变迁的动因可以从企业规模的扩大、投资主体的多元化、市场交易系统的逐步完善和家族传承等方面进行分析.     

对外贸易与污染跨境转移关系的实证研究——基于北京市工业行业

本文首先采用地区环境基尼系数来定义污染行业,同时采用投入产出表数据分行业研究贸易量与污染排放量之间的关系,采用净出口消费指教对"污染天堂假说"进行实证分析,从行业角度解释进出口贸易结构变化对北京市减排效果的关键作用,最后得出对外贸易既向北京市转移了污染产业,也转移了清洁产业的结论.     

终极所有权结构对环境信息披露的影响——来自中国重污染行业上市公司的经验证据

本文采用2009-2013年我国重污染行业上市公司的非平衡面板数据,实证检验终极所有权结构如何影响企业环境信息披露水平,结果发现:终极控制股东的现金流量权显著正向影响企业环境信息披露水平;终极控制股东的现金流量权和控制权的分离度显著负向影响企业环境信息披露水平;与终极控制股东为非国有的上市公司相比,终极控制股东为国有的上市公司具有更高的环境信息披露水平。研究表明终极所有权结构是影响企业环境信息披露水平的一个重要因素。     

中国农产品对外贸易环境效应的实证分析

基于ACT贸易环境效应模型,运用2000-2012年31省级面板数据,尝试将我国农产品对外贸易环境效应从农业环境总效应中分离出来研究。结果表明:经济规模、资本丰裕度、人均收入、贸易开放度对农业环境均有显著影响;我国存在贸易的要素禀赋、污染天堂双重动机,贸易结构效应有利于降低化肥和农膜浓度,而增加农药浓度;贸易引致的规模正效应不足以被其引致的技术负效应抵消;贸易通过规模、结构、技术作用于环境的净效应,对于化肥、农膜依据其引致的经济和技术增长率而定,而对于农药为正;假设农业经济增长方式未转变,农产品贸易自由化下我国农业污染将进一步加剧。得出促进农业经济转型、农业环境成本内部化、避免盲目追求贸易经济效益的政策启示。     

绿色技术国别分布的路径变迁——一个交易成本集合的超边际分析

文章运用新兴古典经济学的分工理论与超边际分析框架,将环境所有权界定和执行的模糊程度引入模型,结合技术市场与人才市场交易效率及绿色技术研发基础等外生因素,分析内生绿色技术进步的组织结构与国别分布的变迁路径.模型推导与数值模拟结果揭示了外生比较优势在绿色技术研发国别分工中的作用、制度性效率因素对绿色技术国别分布的作用机制、一国实现绿色技术自主研发的充要条件以及绿色技术研发专业化深化的特征等.     

农产品贸易与农业环境——基于SVAR模型的分析

在现有的考察贸易和环境问题的文献中,多为贸易对环境影响的单方程研究,且较少涉及农业层面.基于此,通过选取我国1995至2015年数据,使用结构向量自回归模型(SVAR)实证分析了农产品贸易的结构效应和规模效应与农业环境之间的动态作用机制.研究结果发现:(1)农产品贸易的结构效应、规模效应与农业环境三者之间存在显著的动态关系;(2)农产品贸易的规模效应和结构效应在长期都存在环境库兹涅茨曲线,(3)农产品贸易的规模效应对农药、农膜和化肥使用量波动的解释力较强,而农产品贸易的结构效应对农药、农膜和化肥使用量波动的解释力较弱.因此,得出我国农产品贸易自由化在短期内将会导致农业环境的进一步恶化,而在长期则会使农业环境逐步改善的结论.为了进一步控制农业污染排放的增加,我国可以著力于实施转变农业经济增长方式的政策手段来缓解农业环境压力.     

中国双边贸易隐含污染研究——基于中日和中印贸易的对比

本文通过构建BTIO模型,基于WIOD提供的相关数据,测算并比较1995~2011年中日和中印贸易中CO2、NOX、SOX的隐含排放量,分别从整体和分行业贸易层面考察不同双边贸易环境效应的差异性。结果显示:中日贸易隐含污染排放、净污染转移以及环境贸易条件均大于中印贸易;中日贸易隐含污染排放水平较高的行业分布较为集中且主要为重工业,而中印贸易则相对集中于农业和轻工业;中国双边贸易的环境贸易条件趋于改善,出口产品含污强度呈现明显下降趋势。在WTO框架外寻求更具针对性的双边贸易和合作,将是中国未来协调贸易增长与环境保护关系的重要途径之一。     

在小国开放经济条件下对两种外部效应并存情况的理论探讨——兼对非洲科特迪瓦公有林地的实证分析

大多数国家,尤其是发展中国家在其经济发展中往往会受到三种外部效应的影响,即贸易政策、环境资源所有权不完善和生产污染。由一个能够准确描述不完善的资源所有权状况的生产方程可得,在环境所有权没有明确定义和生产污染这两种外部性并存的条件下,这种情况落入了标准的次优理论的范畴。也就是说,污染控制政策应当与所有权制度的改进协调起来。因此,存在两种可供决策者挑选的监督体系:一是静态体系,二是动态体系。在静态体系中,资源领域中的公司得到短期所有权,政府则通盘考虑资源的全部社会价值;在动态体系中,资源领域中的公司会得到长期所有权,从而会直接考虑每一公司对应份额的社会价值,但是由于单个公司并不拥有所有资源,因此资源的全部社会价值仍然需要政府来考虑。对非洲科特迪瓦公有林地的开采数据的实证分析揭示了公地的悲剧这一现象的存在,对我们的理论模型进行了部分的验证。     

Trade liberalization, foreign ownership, and the environment in a small open economy

This paper examines the effects of trade liberalization on firm ownership and the environment for a small open economy. It is found that trade liberalization via tariff reductions can result in a dramatic switch in firm ownership from domestic to foreign, coupled with a lower pollution tax.     

Open-access renewable resources and pollution: Trade and policy implications in a two-country model

We examine the interaction between the relative inter-industry pollution externality and resource stock externality of harvesting in deciding trade patterns and welfare gains from trade in a two-country model (less-developed countries) with renewable resources in the absence of resource management. This paper focuses on the impacts of trade policies on resource conservation and welfare outcomes in two countries with different environmental management regimes. Differences in pollution management standards between both countries determine the direction of trade flow and gains from trade in a diversified production case. The country with a lower pollution intensity parameter, an exporter of resource goods, certainly experiences welfare loss in the post-trade steady-state and may also suffer a decline in utility throughout the transition path. However, a country with higher pollution intensity and importers of resource goods tend to gain from trade. Under national open-access resources, given that pollution is regulated up to a certain point in both countries, this study finds that implementing better restrictions on only one externality factor is not optimal from a post-trade welfare perspective. Lastly, from the point of view of policy suggestion, this paper offers an optimal trade policy that the economic and environmental effects of enforcing import tax on resource goods are likely to be Pareto-improving consequences compared to the implications of using an export tax.     

The trade-induced degradation hypothesis

This paper develops a simple two-sector dynamic model to examine the effects of international trade when government policy regarding the environment is short sighted, but still responsive to changes in income levels and in the quality of the environment. We show that free trade can usher in a negatively reinforcing cycle of increased pollution, lower environmental quality, and lower real incomes. Such cycles are not possible in autarky. We link the potential for trade to cause ‘large’ environmental consequences to the structure of tastes and technologies and the attributes of industrial pollution.     

Trade,Strategic Environmental Policy,and Global Pollution

This paper examines the effects of international trade in a model with global pollution that accumulates over time because of production emissions in each country. If countries cooperatively determine their environmental policies, autarky and free trade in the absence of trade costs generate the same optimal solution. By contrast, if environmental policies are determined noncooperatively, the effects of trade on global pollution and welfare are ambiguous because policy games can result in multiple equilibria. Although trade increases both the lower and upper bounds of the pollution stock, whether trade expands the range of possible steady‐state pollution levels is ambiguous. The analysis then extends to consider trade costs.     

我国环境库兹涅茨曲线解析

经验数据显示：我国环境污染总水平随经济发展不断加剧，且经济越发达地区的入均污染程度越重。通过计算环境污染及其经济影响因子之间的灰色关联度，本文定量剖析了我国环境库兹涅茨曲线的成因，结果表明：产出结构和GDP、收入分配和贸易结构分别是直接影响因素和所有影响因素中与我国环境污染关系最密切的因素。     

Environmental regulation and intra-industry trade

The paper analyses complex interactions between intra-industry trade (IIT) and environment by extending Krugman's model of monopolistic competition and trade. It is found that an increase in exogenous environmental tax by a country leads to a fall in its output (the scale effect) and aggregate pollution, and an increase in its number of varieties (the selection effect). With IIT, if Home is a net exporter, an increase in its environmental stringency leads to a negative scale effect, which reduces its export demand and raises its import demand. In contrast, a positive selection effect reduces its import demand. However, the first-order scale effect on exports dominates the second-order effect on imports, implying a rise in Home's share of IIT with Foreign. The opposite holds true when Home is a net importer. Furthermore, the impact of a rise in environmental tax on aggregate welfare comprises the following counteracting effects: a negative scale effect, a positive selection effect, a lower level of aggregate pollution and a higher environmental tax revenue in autarky, and two additional effects, namely, changes in the level of exports and imports, under free trade. The overall change in aggregate welfare, in both autarky and free trade, is in general ambiguous.     

Absentee Ownership of Immobile Factors and Environmental Policies in a Federation

This paper studies the effects of absentee ownership of immobile factors on environmental policy of a jurisdiction in a federation. An increase in emissions in a jurisdiction increases factor incomes, but part of the increased factor incomes goes to absentee owners while only the residents of the jurisdiction bear the full disutility. In addition, the increase in emissions in a jurisdiction attracts capital and decreases capital in other jurisdictions, reducing the incomes that the residents of the jurisdiction earn from owning immobile factors in other jurisdictions. Absentee ownership thus reduces the marginal benefit of an increase in emissions while it leaves the marginal cost unaffected from the jurisdiction’s perspective. As a consequence, absentee ownership makes environmental policy of a jurisdiction too stringent relative to the efficient level. The paper also considers the effects of absentee ownership on environmental policy when goods trade is allowed.     

我国对外贸易与环境协调发展的思考

从2008年开始,我国已成为世界第一大贸易强国。在对外贸易发展迅速的同时,环境污染十分严重。环境污染是经济快速增长的产物,而对外贸易则是我国经济增长的强劲动力。对外贸易发展对环境造成了不良影响,而环境问题又阻碍了对外贸易的进一步发展。因此,为了使我国的对外贸易与环境走向良性循环,必须协调好两者的关系。     

Strategic Environmental Policies and the Gains from Trade Liberalization

The literature on strategic environmental policy has not fully addressed welfare effects of trade liberalization from autarky. In a reciprocal market model of duopoly with transboundary pollution, we study how reductions in transport costs and import tariffs affect the Nash‐equilibrium welfare of an environmental policy game as compared to any initial state including autarky. We show three patterns of gainfulness of trade depending on the interaction between marginal damage from pollution and the degree of transboundary pollution.     

经济全球化对生态环境的影响

随着世界贸易、投资自由化的逐步扩大和现代科学技术特别是信息技术的发展，经济全球化作为一种新的国际关系正在加快推进全球产业结构调整。关于贸易自由化的环境影响，自由贸易倡导者与环境主义者之间存在着分歧。事实上，贸易全球化对环境的总体影响是规模效应、结构效应、技术效应和产品效应的复杂变化的净结果。跨国公司是经济全球化的载体，有潜力在全球可持续发展中扮演正面角色。在竞争市场中，环境保护是跨国公司的一个重要考虑，但是以经济增长来为顾客和股东服务仍然是跨国公司的中心任务。跨国公司的环境管理实践应把可持续发展作为生存公式。