Tax rate,government revenue and economic performance: A perspective of Laffer curve

The Laffer curve illustrates a theoretical relationship between rates of taxation and the resulting levels of government revenue. This paper explores the relationship between tax rate (direct tax on labor income), government revenue and economic performance in a perspective of the Laffer curve by applying Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) model. The results show that the top of China's Laffer curve is about 40%. The government should consider changes in the entire taxation system and not just changes in direct taxes while increasing direct tax rate. If China wants to maximize tax revenues, the direct tax rate should be 35%. We conduct a variety of sensitivity analyses and conclude that the government tax peak is always 5–10% earlier than the apex of the Laffer curve. So, if a country has reached the top of the Laffer curve, this paper strongly recommends that tax cuts will have positive implications for the economy and government revenue.     

碳配额机制下绿色供应链决策及收益分享合同研究

基于碳配额机制，构建由单一制造商和单一零售商组成的绿色二级供应链。分析碳配额机制下考虑消费者低碳偏好的绿色供应链最优减排决策，并引入收益分享合同，考察消费者低碳偏好对收益分享比例和供应链利润的影响。研究发现，收益分享合同下的利润未达到集中化的水平，但相比于分散决策可以提升制造商和零售商的绩效。     

A comparison of Ad valorem and per unit taxes in regulated monopolies

This paper compares the output and revenue effects in the rate-of-return regulated monopoly model. Both the ad valorem and the unit tax generally decrease the use of capital, and as such, reduce the output and raise the price. In addition, it is shown that Suits and Musgrave's conclusion of higher revenue of an ad valorem tax at a given output can apply to a regulated monopolist if the marginal product of labor under the ad valorem tax is greater than or equal to that under the unit tax. Similarly, their second conclusion, that for a given tax revenue an ad valorem tax has a larger output than a unit tax rate before the revenue-maximizing tax rate, can also apply to the regulated monopolist.     

Family Labor Supply and Proposed Tax Reforms in the Netherlands

This paper presents a discrete choice static neo-classical labor supply model for married or cohabiting couples in the Netherlands. The model simultaneously explains the participation decision and the desired number of hours worked. Due to its discrete nature, institutional details of the tax system can be fully incorporated. The model is estimated using Dutch cross-section data. The results are used to simulate the first order labor supply effects of several proposed reforms of the Dutch income tax system. In particular, it is shown that some of the proposed reforms would have a negative effect on the number of married females who prefer a small part-time job. This pitfall is avoided in the proposal that has gone to Parliament.     

The impact of demographic change on tax revenue

This paper stimulates the impact of demographic change on direct tax revenue for the Netherlands using extensive survey data and population projections. Projected demographic development in the Netherlands fits in well with the OECD mainstream. The analysis thus has a more general relevance. The simulations indicate a 27 percent rise in tax revenue until 2010 because of population growth and a relatively older labor force. After 2030, revenue falls as a consequence of a declining population and a rapidly rising share of the elderly. The authors also simulated a variant in which labor-force participation rates are set on the substantially higher OECD average. In this case, the increase in tax revenue almost doubles as compared to the base variant.     

最优流转税与超额负担

本文通过一个简单的一般均衡模型讨论最优流转税的特点及其带来的"超额负担".在劳动力供应没有弹性的情况下,如果所有产品市场均为完全竞争,那么社会最优的流转税应实行单一从价税率,且无论基于"等价变动"或"补偿变动"的社会福利损失均为零.如果市场不是完全竞争,那么最优流转税应使得所有产品的勒纳指数(Lerner Index)均等化,且最优流转税一般可实现社会福利的潜在帕累托改进,即税收的超额负担为负.流转税是我国最重要的税种,本文的结论对于研究我国税收体系的发展方向有一定参考价值.     

入世后我国税收优惠政策的基本原则

税收优惠政策是税收竞争的一个重要方面,多种税收优惠的方式应该在一定税收优惠原则下统一运用,这些原则应包括:遵循世贸组织规则的原则、刺激技术进步原则、促进劳动就业原则、体现产业政策原则、择优扶困并举原则、直接优惠间接优惠并重原则.     

Optimal Taxation in a Federal System of Governments

This paper demonstrates that the optimal structure of taxation in a federal system of governments is one in which only lower level governments are allowed to tax, and the higher level of government receives its revenues as contributions from the lower level governments. The central inefficiency created when multiple levels are allowed to tax is a revenue externality between governments that is analogous to a common pool problem. A federal system with multiple levels of taxing authority results in combined tax rates higher than would be optimal, a higher excess burden of taxation, and an inefficiency bias in government spending.     

Laffer curves in Japan

This paper investigates the Laffer curves in Japan, based on a neoclassical growth model. It is found that while the labor tax rate is smaller than that at the peak of the Laffer curve, the capital tax rate is either very close to, or larger than, that at the peak of the Laffer curve. This problem is more serious when the consumption tax rate is high. It is also found that to maximize total tax revenue, the government should increase the labor tax rate but decrease the capital tax rate.     

基础设施建设支出、结构性减税与最优政策选择

财政政策的最优政策选择问题对于国家宏观调控政策的出台具有指导意义。既往的研究忽略了利用动态一般均衡的方法探求具有双重外部性的基础设施建设支出与结构性减税支出的政策选择问题。本文利用引入基础设施建设支出和结构性减税的新凯恩斯DSGE模型,测算比较基建支出和结构性减税的政策福利效应。研究表明:具有双重外部性的基础设施建设支出不仅可以通过提高生产效率的方式促进产出,还可以通过挤入居民消费的方式加强政策福利效应。经过测算,短期的基建支出乘数大于结构性减税的政策乘数。同时,基建支出长期平均产出乘数小于结构性减税的平均产出乘数。与结构性减税政策相比,增加基建支出对于财政资金有限的政府是短期内更加有效的产出刺激政策,但在长期中,结构性减税政策不仅具有较高的政策效应,还可以从消费、劳动、投资等角度实现结构性政策目标。进一步研究发现,地区经济发展水平的不同会导致各地区的最优政策选择存在差异性:发达地区可以通过结构性税收政策解决结构性问题的同时实现长期经济增长;而欠发达地区则更应该注重运用基础设施建设为主的支出政策以促进经济增长;但随着人口逐渐从欠发达地区流出,提高欠发达地区的基建支出是否是可行之策,还需...     

Second-Best Pollution Taxes and the Structure of Preferences

We characterize optimal taxes on polluting and nonpolluting goods in Ramsey and Mirrlees second-best environments. The polluting good tax differs from the Pigouvian tax by Ramsey terms in the first and by Stiglitz/Mirrlees plus another adjustment term in the second. These terms can be positive, negative, or zero. If preferences are weakly separable in public and private goods, with the private good subutility weakly separable in labor and produced goods, nonpolluting goods are taxed uniformly and the concept of a tax differential between polluting and nonpolluting goods is well defined. The differential is then less than the Pigouvian tax in the Ramsey framework, but it can be greater, equal to, or smaller than the Pigouvian tax in the Mirrlees second best. In Mirrlees second best, if preferences are separable in labor supply and other goods, the second-best tax differential is identical to the Pigouvian tax.     

中日韩与东盟(10+3)税收协调研究

中日韩与东盟经济合作的现状决定了(10 3)国家间区域性税收协调的深度和广度。本文通过分析中日韩与东盟(10 3)区域税收国际协调现状、困难,提出了(10 3)税收国际协调应该遵循的原则,建议应建立中日韩与东盟(10 3)区域税收协调机制,以及消除货物、服务贸易中阻碍商品、人员自由流动、涉及投资所得等税收因素,以促进(10 3)国家间商品、资本、劳务、知识产权等的自由流动。     

The efficiency consequence of a political compromise in the Japanese tax reform of 1989

A political compromise left defects to the initial design of a value-added tax introduced to Japan in 1989. This paper assesses the efficiency consequence of that political decision. We estimate revenue drains arising from tax-motivated divestures to infer maximum possible efficiency losses from behavioral responses. The estimation utilizes variations in tax incentives arising from the new tax and its amendments. The sample is 7619 subsidiaries founded from January 1985 through December 1998. The results indicate that the tax influenced 10.7–12.7 percent of new subsidiaries incorporated during a high-tax-incentive regime. The behavioral response accounted for 3.4 percent of the overall revenue drain. The modest amount of revenue drain suggests that firms faced coordination problem in separating business segments, and that firms with low costs of reorganization responded.     

转轨时期政府财政卸责任为与农村公共产品供给

本文以1994年为分界点，考察了转轨时期中国农村公共产品供给的政府行为，我们发现，在整个期间政府存在财政卸责行为。这种行为的发生主要是因为税收改革的缘故，在税制改革中，上级政府将税收收入与地方政府责任捆绑在一起，以层层分包的方式将农村公共产品供给的责任最终推给了基层乡镇政府，乡镇政府部门在收入少，支出大的情况下，不得不实行制度外的产品供给方式，费用则由当地农民承担。在整个过程中，存在首政府导层卸责行为。     

Supplying Slot Machines to the Poor

As gambling becomes increasingly accessible worldwide, governments face an important policy question: how should they exploit the industry's growth to raise tax revenue while protecting individuals from the detrimental effects of gambling? Using data on slot machines from the largest per capita gambling market in the world, Australia, we estimate a structural oligopoly model to (i) quantify firms' incentives to make gambling accessible among socioeconomically disadvantaged groups and (ii) evaluate the effect of government policy (tax levies, supply caps, and venue smoking bans) on the distribution of slot machine supply, tax revenue, and problem gambling prevalence.     

我国税收公平目标的再思考及其制度选择

本文对税收公平的内涵作了一种扩张性解释,认为税收公平应包含三个层次的内容,即税收的本质公平、税收的代内公平和税收的代际公平,亦称之为"三层次"税收公平观。为实现税收本质公平,相应的制度选择应是优化政府,保证政府征税权不被滥用,同时重视纳税人权利,构建完善的纳税人权利保护体系;为实现税收代内公平,应做出的制度选择有:努力实现税收的经济公平与社会公平;为实现税收的代际公平,必须构建完善的绿色税收体系并开征遗产税。     

Dynamic Scoring in a Romer‐Style Economy

This article analyzes how changes in tax rates affect government revenue in a Romer‐style endogenous growth model. Lower tax rates on financial income (returns to physical capital and intellectual property) are partially self‐financing primarily because lower financial income taxes stimulate innovation and enhance labor productivity in the long run. In the baseline calibration, about half of a tax cut is self‐financing in the long run, substantially more than in the Ramsey model. The dynamics of the economy's response to a tax cut are very sluggish and, for some variables, nonmonotonic.     

是土地供应量与房地产税赋提高了房价吗

自分税制实施后,“土地财政”成为我国地方政府获取收入以支撑财政支出的主要选择,而与此同时房价也在不断上涨。中央政府从民生角度要求地方政府对房价实施调控,地方政府则主要通过调整土地供给量和房地产税税赋来施加影响。土地供应量和税赋会影响供需双方从而影响房价,反过来房价又会影响税收收入及开发商对土地的需求,进而影响社会民生。本文对我国东、中、西部地区住房价格和土地供给量、房地产税税赋之间的关系进行分析,探讨各地区的住房价格上涨原因。通过构建住房价格和土地供给量、房地产税税赋之间的PVAR模型,利用格兰杰因果检验、脉冲分析和方差分解方法来透视地方政府行为对住房价格的影响。分析结果显示,地方政府行为和房价之间存在着联动关系,但在推动住房价格上涨的原因上存在着区域差异：在东部地区,土地供应量影响房价;中部地区,二者联合推动了房价上涨。而在西部地区,房地产税税赋对房价的影响明显。在政策建议上,对地价推动房价的地区要从丰富住房来源和数量入手,而税赋影响房价的地区则要完善相关税制改革。     

减税万亿势在必行

一家年营业额不到300万的服务业小企业,按当前的税费征收标准,需缴纳的核定税费为营业额的8．2％。其中营业税5％,城建税是营业税的7％,教育附加是营业税的3％,地方教育附加为营业税的2％,税务局认定行业利润率为10％,所得税足利润的25％。     

Decentralized Taxation and the Size of Government: Evidence from Swiss State and Local Governments

According to the Leviathan Model, fiscal federalism is a binding constraint on revenue‐maximizing government. The competitive pressure of fiscal federalism reduces public sector size, as compared to unitary states. This study uses panel data of Swiss cantons from 1980 to 1998 to empirically analyze the effect of different instruments on government revenue and its structure. Because of the considerable tax autonomy of sub‐national Swiss governments, it is possible to investigate different mechanisms by which fiscal federalism may influence government size. The results indicate that tax exporting has a revenue‐expanding effect; whereas, tax competition favors a smaller size of government. Fragmentation has no robust effect on the size of government revenue for Swiss cantons. The overall effect of revenue decentralization leads to fewer tax revenues but higher user charges. Thus, revenue decentralization favors a smaller size of government revenue and shifts government revenue from taxes to user charges.