Social identity as a useful perspective for self‐concept–based consumer research

Psychology's study of the self‐concept has generated numerous paradigms with different underlying assumptions. In this article it is argued that these assumptions must be considered before a self‐concept paradigm can be meaningfully applied to consumer research. The major premise in this article is that the recent work on social identity is a particularly meaningful paradigm to adopt for consumer research that implicates the self. This argument is developed with a conceptual discussion of major self‐concept issues, an overview of basic self‐concept paradigms in psychology, and a synthesis of possible factors that may be considered in future theories of social‐identity–based consumption decision making. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

管理层观念与内部控制

管理层理念是一个独立的内部控制环境因素,主要包括风险观念、正规化观念、会计观念、法制观念和内部控制观念,它主导着企业实施内部控制的"基调",影响着全体员工的控制意识,决定着内部控制作用发挥的程度,是内部控制建设和运行必须充分考虑的因素。     

The family life cycle concept revisited: a need for new considerations

While the family life cycle concept is widely used in the consumer behaviour literature, its value for explaining variation in buyer behaviour is less than it could be. The major problems with the concept as presently used are that: (1) it was borrowed from sociology without any basic revisions for consumer behaviour use; (2) it is presently generally operationalized as a static classificatory scheme and therefore cannot account for changing family structure; and (3) researchers have failed to link family life cycle to the concept lifestyle - another concept so crucial to explaining variations in buyer behaviour. The present paper focuses on these shortcomings and presents a model designed to make the concept more useful. Furthermore, a way of testing the model is offered. Data are presented which emphasize the need for any model to be able to incorporate the rapid change the American family is presently undergoing.     

Stakeholder: Essentially Contested or Just Confused?

The concept of the ??stakeholder?? has become central to business, yet there is no common consensus as to what the concept of a stakeholder means, with hundreds of different published definitions suggested. Whilst every concept is liable to be contested, for stakeholder research, this is problematic for both theoretical and empirical analysis. This article explores whether this lack of consensus is conceptual confusion, which would benefit from further debate to try to reach a higher degree of elucidation, or whether the stakeholder concept is essentially contested, rendering the quest to seek a singular definition unfeasible. The theory of essentially contested concepts was proposed by Gallie (Proc Aristot Soc 56:167?C198, 1956). The seven criteria Gallie prescribes for evaluating essentially contested concepts are applied to the stakeholder concept. The analysis suggests that this concept is an essentially contested concept and this explains the degree of definitional variation.     

战后西方发展观演进路径及其规律探析

战后西方发展观经过了一维客体论、多维客体论、主客相关论和主体中心论四个阶段。西方发展观演进脉络呈现如下规律：一、由客体中心论转变为主体中心论;二、由关注发展的进度转变为关注发展的代价;三、由线性发展观转变为非线性发展观。借鉴西方发展观及其演进规律,可以更好更深入地贯彻落实我党提出的科学发展观,从而实现我国经济社会又好又快地发展。     

Responsibility, accountability and governance

'Responsibility', 'accountability' and 'governance' are key terms within business ethics. This paper aims to construct a framework to help us understand the relationships between these terms. I first of all analyse the concept of responsibility to show the place of accountability within it, then move to analyse accountability as a sub–concept of responsibility, then finally attempt to show how accountability along with responsibility in general figures within governance structures. While obviously not as complex as the concept of responsibility of which it is part, the sub–concept of accountability is somewhat more complex than often seems to be supposed. The view taken of governance is that as a concept it is relatively straightforward. It acquires complexity only with the involvement of responsibility along with accountability and other aspects of responsibility. The vexed questions as to how these are to be applied lie at the heart of disputes about corporate governance. Though not offering a solution to those disputes, the fact that they arise from the involvement of responsibility, accountability and related matters means that the analysis of concepts given here does offer a framework for thinking about these disputes more clearly.     

Environmental Conservation NGOs and the Concept of Sustainable Development

On the background of the widely known and controversially discussed concept of sustainable development and the ever increasing influence of non-governmental organisations (NGOs) on social, environmental and economic issues, this article focuses on how NGOs, specialised in environmental protection and conservation issues, reacted to the holistic societal concept of sustainable development which aims at finding solutions not only to environmental, but also to social and economic issues. For this purpose, the article investigates whether and to what extent the sustainability concept has been adopted by three worldwide leading environmental conservation NGOs: Greenpeace International, WWF International and IUCN International. The research, conducted in early 2006, reveals that the three organisations integrated the sustainability concept to different degrees depending on the organisations’ dominant value set. The more an organisation is bound to the idea of environmental protection, the less it is inclined to adopt strategies stemming from the sustainability concept whose implicit value system contradicts a strong bio- or eco-centric position. This finding adds evidence to the assumption that the holistic sustainability concept is most likely to be reduced and adapted when addressed by a specialised societal actor such as an NGO. Such insight into the influence of value systems on the actual actions of pressure groups might also be valuable in the light of the ever increasing number of strategic partnerships between NGOs and the private sector. To be familiar with each others’ action-leading key assumptions can significantly contribute to establishing a sound basis for a fruitful and rewarding collaboration.     

整合理念在旅游开发中的应用

应用“整合理念”进行旅游开发,旅游开发的过程实际上就是现有资源的整合过程。本文开篇探讨了资源整合的理念,接着分析了旅游开发过程中要树立整合理念的动力机制,最后提出了旅游开发过程中整合理念的应用方式。     

Effective Protection,Policy Appraisal and Trade Policy Reform

When the effective protection concept was first developed it was widely regarded as a key measure of the structure of protection and became widely deployed. It was however, subject to a theoretical critique on the grounds that it was essentially a partial equilibrium measure, which could not be easily embedded in a general equilibrium framework. Notwithstanding this critique, the concept has continued to be widely used, especially in the context of policy reform and policy appraisal in developing countries. This paper re‐appraises the concept, reviews the extent of its application and discusses the factors behind its longevity as an investigative tool. The paper concludes that the measure still has a role to play in evaluating the structure of protection.     

Operators' Attitudes Toward Sustainable Tourism Development Concept in Ghana

Abstract

This paper examines the operators' attitudes towards sustainable tourism development concept in Ghana, using Butler's (1993) five constructs.

The major finding is that Ghanaian tourism operators (private and public) have favorable attitudes toward sustainable tourism development concept. However, its implementation is constrained by a state of inertia such as cost and expertise. Therefore, a comprehensive training in development of tourism, human resources, and the marketing and promotion of the concept needs to be implemented by the government in order to bring about a better awareness and benefits of this concept.     

POSIT‐ive and negative aspects of the societal marketing concept: Stakeholder conflicts for the tobacco industry

This article seeks to consider the efficacy of the societal marketing concept using the POSIT framework and a classification of corporate responsibility The exploration of both positive and negative aspects of the societal marketing concept allows an overall discussion of the stakeholder interests concerned and the alternatives exposed This produces some comparisons and contrasts for marketing managers to reflect upon when contemplating the adoption of the societal marketing concept, suggesting it may not always be in the best interests of all stakeholders     

中国管理理论概念研究：演变、重构及延伸

迄今为止，学术界尚未形成能够被广泛认可的中国管理理论构建范式，而统一的概念作为基础性和导向性研究问题被学者们普遍关注，亟需要解决。从中国管理理论概念的演变梳理视角出发，确定了中国管理理论的统一概念名称。基于中文数据库，以苏东水、曾仕强、徐淑英和陈春花等有影响力的管理学者提出的20个中国管理理论概念定义文本作为研究对象，借助ROST content mining软件进行内容分析，归纳出20个概念中使用最频繁的核心类目，重构了中国管理理论的概念内涵。最后在概念内涵的基础上以“中国故事、中国语言、国际故事和国际语言”2*2分布尝试概念延伸的探讨。     

Implementing the concept of transformational advertising

The concept of the transformational effects of advertising is described and refined to provide a definition possibly more useful in empirically studying the construct. Methodological difficulties in testing and using the concept are discussed before proposing projective techniques as an approach which might overcome some of the problems. Finally, a study is reported that illustrates how projective techniques may be used to study transformational advertising.     

Das Bedingungslose Grundeinkommen — ein tragfähiges Konzept?

The introduction of an unconditional basic income has been discussed in Switzerland for many years. Germany, however, takes a sceptical view of this idea. The authors of this ?Zeitgespräch“ express disparate opinions on how broadly the concept should be defined, but they agree on the motive behind the concept: respect for human dignity. Moreover, it may make many social policy rules obsolete. There are conflicting opinions concerning the reaction of labour supply to the unconditional basic income. Some authors fear that it will shrink substantially. But its financing will be the main problem. There are proposals to increase the value added tax rate. The economic impacts of funding it by income tax revenues are analysed using a macroeconomic model. Ultimately, the implementation of the concept will have distributional effects which are very difficult to predict.     

Informed Consent Out of Context

Several attempts have been made to transfer the concept of informed consent from medical and research ethics to dealing with affected groups in other areas such as engineering, land use planning, and business management. It is argued that these attempts are unsuccessful since the concept of informed consent is inadequate for situations in which groups of affected persons are dealt with collectively (rather than individually, as in clinical medicine). There are several reasons for this. The affected groups from which informed consent is sought cannot be identified with sufficient precision. Informed consent is associated with individual veto power, but it does not appear realistic to give veto power to all individuals who are affected for instance by an engineering project. Most importantly, the concept of informed consent puts focus on the public’s acceptance of ready-made proposals rather than on its participation in the decision-making process as a whole, which includes the development of alternatives for the decision. Therefore, the concept of informed consent is not applicable to a company’s relations with groups and collectives. It may, however, be applicable to a company’s relations with individual persons such as customers and employees.     

Added value: Marketing basics?

Added value is a concept which is commonly used in marketing teaching and practice, yet a student seeking clarification of the concept and term, cannot easily find it by looking it up in the index of marketing textbooks. Of 80 texts surveyed, only 5% defined the term. However 100% of the sample of texts, used the concept of added value.

Several issues emerged from the survey. First, there were variations in the use in marketing textbooks, of the term added value. Second, where the term was used, often it was not defined. Finally, textbooks used the underlying concept (for which there is also some variation) of added value without necessarily using the term.

This paper reviews the various approaches to the concept of added value, and draws together some key themes in the form of a working model. The model developed recognises the accounting origins of the concept of added value, but arguments are developed within a marketing framework.

A key principle of the model developed, is the quantifiable nature of added value. This is viewed as being important, though difficult, where a sales transaction has not taken place. From a marketing perspective, it is recognised that products which have yet to be sold, have potential added value which marketing activity can help to realize.     

The 'Value Of Marketing' and 'The Marketing Of Value' in Contemporary Times –A Literature Review and Research Agenda

Over the last quarter of a century, it has become increasingly apparent that the traditionally accepted production based view of the value adding process is no longer realistic. Awareness of the value created through the provision of services and the increasing importance of services in the economic and business environment suggests that value can also be created through the consumption process. For marketers to use the value adding potential of consumption to fulfil the marketing concept, the nature of the process and the value created by it need to be investigated. This paper provides an overview of the changing business environment and its implications for our understanding of the concept of value. It examines the increasing interest in the literature in the concept of experiential value and highlights the problems caused by its very personal, idiosyncratic and situational nature; and, suggests a conceptual model around which research into the topic can be organised. Finally, it suggests a methodology for carrying out research that would provide some insight into the factors that cause consumers' perceptions of experiential value to vary so much.     

浅议我国行政主体范围的重新界定

行政主体概念是行政法上的基础性概念，其在认定行政行为、行政诉讼被告、行政复议的申请人和国家赔偿的义务主体方面具有至关重要的作用。当前，由于我国行政主体范围界定过窄，致使众多实际上行使行政权力的组织行为无法被归于行政行为，也使得权益受损方得不到应有的救济和保护。因此，今后应将实际上行使行政权力的组织即公法人纳入我国行政主体的范围。     

Marketing of noncommercial test institutions

A marketing concept for nonprofit or noncommercial institutions conducting comparative product tests is developed. Special emphasis is placed on a coordination of sales and acquisition marketing. The German “Stiftung Warentest” serves as a example. Its unique aspects in both producing and dissemination a nontangible good, namely information, raise a number of interesting and different issues in which the marketing concept can be creatively adapted so as to further institutional goals.     

企业国际竞争力理论模型与计量方法研究

尽管国际竞争力的概念由B.伯拉萨(B.Belassa)于1964年首次提出的,但是目前国际社会和学术界还没有就国际竞争力的定义形成完全一致的意见,国际竞争力问题还是一个较为新颖的课题,其理论本身具有较为明显的探索性和不成熟性的特征。为了避免在企业国际竞争力的研究中出现分析范式和理论逻辑的随意性,进而导致研究结果的不确定性。在充分考虑企业产品的结构性特征并简化其分析过程的基础上,提出无差异产品企业国际竞争力理论模型,并以此为基础进一步提出符合企业产品结构性特征要求的多产品(差异化产品)企业国际竞争力理论模型,以此对企业国际竞争力的实证研究工作,具有一定的创新性和实用价值。