论旅游服务提供者在包价旅游合同中的法律地位及责任

针对旅游服务提供者的法律地位及责任问题,《关于审理旅游纠纷案件适用法律若干问题的规定》和《旅游法》都设置了若干规则,但其中某些规则值得商榷。在包价旅游合同中,旅游服务提供者并非旅游合同当事人,而是向债权人(旅游者)履行义务的第三人,也是《合同法》第121条中的"第三人"。旅游服务提供者是否属于旅游经营者的履行辅助人,在我国《合同法》对旅游合同中的违约责任不以过错为要件的背景下并不重要。旅游经营者无干涉、控制可能的公共交通运营者仍应属于旅游服务提供者。根据《合同法》第64条,旅游者对旅游服务提供者应享有履行合同义务或承担违约责任的直接请求权。因旅游服务提供者的原因而致旅游者人身损害或财产损失的,《旅游法》施行以后,旅游服务提供者与旅游经营者承担的是不真正连带责任。     

旅游服务合同转让研究

<正>旅游服务合同转让区别于委托履行或履行承担,旅游者转让合同原则上不需要旅行社同意。而旅行社转让合同应经旅游者同意,擅自转让的,若受让的旅行社明显没有资质,让与人和受让人可成立共同侵权;旅游者知情这一转让而未及时主张损害赔偿或解除合同等违约责任的,可解释为构成并存的合同承担,受让人和让与人连带地对合同履行负责;旅游者根本不知情这一转让的,受让的旅行社构成通谋侵害第三人债权,应对让与人的违约行为承担连带责任。旅游合同不当履行同时构成侵权行为的,应允许受害人选择之。     

第三人侵权时旅行社责任研究

第三人侵害旅游者权益而旅游者往往把旅行社推上法庭,原因是出现了侵权责任与违约责任的竞合,旅游者选择诉由的结果。本文首先分析了第三人侵权时适用法律的选择,接着展开论述合同当事人一方旅行社的安全保障义务和第三人侵权时所导致的复杂的法律关系,最后研究了旅行社赔偿责任的确定问题。     

因新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情引发的旅游合同纠纷问题解析

根据我国法律规定,2020年1月爆发的新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情属不可抗力事件,因此,旅行社与旅游者均不存在过错。在退团或变更行程方面,如酒店、航空公司等不同意全额退款的,则旅游者需按照合同约定承担损失;因变更行程导致费用增加的,相关增加费用需由旅游者承担。旅行社依法有责任协助旅游者办理退款手续。旅游者相关损失可通过旅游意外保险获得补偿,但旅游意外保险合同所保障的范围必须包含不可抗力情形。若由旅行社承担全部损失,易对整个旅游行业带来严重冲击。     

论我国旅游合同瑕疵担保责任的建立

瑕疵担保责任是指违反瑕疵担保义务所承担的民事责任,它是买卖合同中的一项法定责任。由于旅游合同是有偿合同,根据公平原则,也应该建立瑕疵担保责任。同时旅游合同还有其特殊性,为了更好地保护旅游者的利益,我国很需要建立旅游合同的瑕疵担保责任。对于如何建立,可以借鉴德国和中国台湾的一些相关规定。     

时间浪费与损害赔偿——以旅游合同为例

旅游以时间为要素,没有时间就没有旅游。对于可归责于旅游经营者之事由而造成的时间浪费,旅游者有权要求损害赔偿。时间浪费损害赔偿属于非财产损害赔偿的一种独立形式。时间浪费损害赔偿责任的成立,需要具备旅游挫败或者遭受严重的损害、旅游者已经浪费了时间、旅游者因旅游时间的徒过而受到损害等构成要件。旅游活动时间浪费请求权是一种债权请求权,这一请求权可以与违约精神损害赔偿请求权一并适用。     

论旅游的边界与层次

世界旅游组织出于经济统计需要而对旅游和旅游者概念的界定广为人知,不但旅游行业的统计数据来自其界定的口径,旅游基础理论和旅游学教科书也深受其影响.由于其准官方和国际组织背景,此前虽有一些学者指出了其概念界定的宽泛性会带来误解,但是无人对其做出系统分析.文章详细辨析了世界旅游组织拟定的统计性旅游概念的内涵与外延范围,梳理了相关文件对旅游、访问、旅行三大基本概念外延边界关系的界定和历史演变,指出这种界定虽然符合一定的经济统计需要,但明显有悖于常识认知和逻辑规律,阻碍了人们对旅游概念形成理性认知.它以“旅游”统计之名,行“旅行”统计之实,混淆了旅游、访问、旅行的关系,对人们正确理解旅游与旅行的关系带来干扰.依据这种口径统计出的数据,不能直接反映真实的旅游业和旅游现象,更对旅游基础理论形成障碍和冲击.文章提出了符合常识认知与逻辑规律的旅游和旅游者概念认知方式,分别从旅行和休闲两个角度分析了旅游的内在属性与外延边界,辨析了旅游与旅行在三个层次上的关系,运用了纯旅游、准旅游、泛旅游、非旅游等概念来细分旅游与旅行的关系.文章指出部分语词的汉语翻译错误加剧了旅游概念理解的混乱,对“visitor”一词长期被翻译为“游客”的危害进行了讨论.     

旅游服务损害赔偿责任相关法律问题思考

旅游给人们带来精神生活享受的同时也带来了诸多问题,其中旅行社违约给旅游者造成损害的问题尤为突出。针对此问题,文章首先分析了旅游合同的性质,在此基础上探讨了旅游损害赔偿责任承担的问题,同时通过对旅游本质分析和对精神损害赔偿本质及其适用范围的分析,指出为保护旅游者的合法权益,对旅行社违约造成的精神损害应予赔偿。     

价值观与旅游消费行为关系研究进展与启示

价值观是影响旅游者消费心理和行为的重要因素.内隐性价值观与外显性旅游消费行为关系的研究路径可以归纳为"由内而外"(价值观→行为)和"由外而内"(行为→价值观)两种路径,不同研究路径的视角、目的和方法等存在一定差异.现有的价值观与旅游消费行为关系的研究成果,主要集中在旅游者价值观的界定和度量、旅游市场细分、旅游活动偏好、价值观对旅游消费行为影响等方面,并回顾了中国旅游者价值观研究.中国消费者价值观与旅游行为关系研究应具有中国情境化特征,理论建构要嵌入中国社会文化现实和具体消费情境,从主位研究视角发展旅游者价值观概念,将定量和质性研究方法相结合,增强价值观对旅游消费行为影响的解释力,加强对不同群体和区域消费者个人价值观与旅游行为关系的研究.价值观与旅游消费行为关系的中国情境化取向研究,有助于从价值观视角揭示中国旅游者行为的规律,为企业开展价值观驱动的旅游营销活动提供理论指导.     

国际旅游经营商的法律责任

许多度假者认为,在包价假日旅游中,出现的任何过失,不论是旅游经营商还是提供服务的独立人所致(如饭店、汽车运输公司等),都使他们有权向旅游经营商提出违反合同的诉讼。而另一方面,旅游经营商则认为责任不在自己。那么,在第二种情况下,度假者能否直接向旅游经营商索赔呢?一般的看法是:只要旅游经营商选定了有一定信誉的航空公司和合适等级的饭店并向后者提供必要的信息后,就不再就后者的偶然失误承担合同上的责任。     

Crime and punishment and sports development

This paper contributes to understandings of the use of sport as a medium in crime reduction programmes directed at young people. It does this through a case study of Easttown Summit1 The names of the location, programme and participants have all been changed to maintain client confidentiality , to show how and why this programme has had an impact on participants. The case study examines the relevance of a theoretical framework for understanding the mechanism of crime reduction though value directed personal development. However, this framework was developed from studies of programmes working with relatively high‐risk participants. Brantingham and Faust (1976) categorise this type of programme as ‘tertiary’. In contrast the Summit programme was secondary, working with lower risk participants. While clients of the Summit gained some benefits consistent with those likely to reduce offending, the research found that these benefits were largely an incidental by‐product of the achievement of broader sports development objectives. This may well be the case for similar secondary programmes, which have largely been developed in leisure departments, and has profound implications for programme evaluation.     

Foreign travel and tourism prices and demand

Sunday, Alexander A., “Foreign Travel and Tourism Prices and Demand,” Annals of Tourism Research, Vol. V, No. 2, April/June 1978, pp. 268–273. Using regression analysis and panel data this study estimates the parameter effect of prices on American demand for foreign travel and tourism. Findings suggest that higher air fares generate fewer tourists but greater expenditure per tourist visit.     

Hospitality and tourism student and alumni perspectives: promotion expectations,academic and experience adjustments,and career growth

Preparing qualified graduates for the tourism and hospitality industry who will stay and achieve promotional success is paramount. The objectives of this research project were to determine promotional advancement expectations and strategies to improve promotional opportunities. Two separate questionnaires, with both open and close-ended questions, were sent to upper classmen/women in hospitality and tourism programs and alumni of the same programs. In total, 717 (409 students and 308 alumni) completed the questionnaires. Chi-square tests were run to determine differences between student and alumni responses. To assist in analysis of open-ended responses, Atlas.ti was used. There was a statistically significant difference between students and alumni responses in regards to promotional expectations; students expected it to take a significantly longer time to receive a promotion to supervisor or manager than alumni. Overall, students and alumni indicated strategies such as more real-world-focused courses with hands-on experiences.     

Tourism and decolonisation: Locating research and self

This paper critically explores decolonial theory and its relevance for tourism studies. We suggest that while postcolonial and related critical theoretical perspectives furthered understandings of the consequences of colonisation, such critical theorising has not provided an epistemological perspective of tourism which legitimises the cosmologies of, and actively empowers, traditionally marginalised groupings. We review published tourism research which adopts critical and postcolonial perspectives, and argue that while these have been valuable in terms of exposing the existence and effects of dominant discourses and practices in tourism, their emancipatory objectives are limited because tourism knowledge is still predominantly colonial. Epistemological decolonisation is thus presented as a more radical project which can provide an ‘other’ way of thinking, being and knowing about tourism.     

Total Quality Management and Tourism and Hospitality Education

ABSTRACT

This paper examines the application of quality management concepts in relation to the provision of tourism and hospitality education, with a specific focus on Thailand. The key quality concepts, namely quality control, quality assurance, quality audit and “Total Quality Management” (TQM) are identified, and the applications of these concepts in the provision of tourism and hospitality education are discussed. The paper explores three main themes. The first is to examine how quality issues have been applied to tourism and hospitality education. Second, the paper outlines the concepts of quality management, which represent the key element of a TQM strategy to implement conformance to standards and quality improvement. The third theme discusses the specific case of Thailand, drawing on research in its early stages which examines quality management in tourism and hospitality education in Thailand. An outline of the nature of tourism and hospitality education in Thailand is provided, followed by a synopsis of the significant challenges facing Thai tourism and hospitality education. A procedure for examining quality in tourism and hospitality education in Thailand is proposed.     

Supplier selection and partnerships: Effects upon restaurant operational and strategic benefits and performance

This study focused on identifying strategic criteria involved in selecting suppliers of restaurant products/services specific to casual dining, full service independent restaurants to obtain operational and strategic benefits for those managers operating in this highly competitive marketplace. A total of 765 responses were obtained from managers at independently owned restaurants throughout the U.S. Results revealed that ‘product’ and ‘financial/technical’ criteria had significant and positive effects upon operational benefits, while ‘product’ and ‘service’ had positive effects upon strategic benefits. When the sample was segmented into low and high supplier partnership groups, the positive effects of ‘financial/technical’ and ‘cost/price’ were significantly greater for the ‘high’ partnership group pertaining to operational benefits. ‘Product’ and ‘service’ and their effects upon strategic benefits were greatest for the high partnership group. Based on our findings, implications, limitations, and recommendations for future studies have been provided.     

河湖岸线分类体系及保护与利用对策研究

本文总结了分别考虑自然和社会功能的河湖岸线分类方法,分析了全国重点河湖岸线的开发利用现状及未来需求.基于河湖岸线的自然特征和社会功能双重属性,从可行性、可操作性和便于管理的角度提出适合于我国基本国情的河湖岸线分类标准,开出河湖岸线保护与利用的有效"药方".研究可为生态优先、绿色发展理念下的河湖岸线保护和高效利用及水域岸...     

Mega-events and their legacy: Image and tourism in Genoa,Turin and Milan

Hosting, or organising, a mega-event is a form of destination branding; it is a way to generate the leveraging process of the event itself and promote the image of a location. Besides, these events allow a destination to attract the attention of the public and the media, enhancing its awareness nationally and internationally. Mega-events promote greater flows of tourists and visitors, especially in the short term. Nevertheless they produce long-lasting effects, such as the attraction and stimulation of investments, urban regeneration, advanced facilities and equipment, in addition to the improvement of accommodation, services and infrastructures. Thanks to those investments and to the growth in tourist arrivals, the mega-events could have a positive impact on the local economy, also over years, but some of their most important outcomes deal with the so-called intangible legacy, or rather social, cultural and political effects, more difficult to identify and measure. They can modify local identity and image, supporting the repositioning of the hosting place at an international level. The above considerations are discussed in this study; most attention is paid to three Italian cities, involved in top events: Genoa, appointed as European Capital of Culture in 2004; Turin, that hosted the XX Olympic Winter Games in 2006; Milan, that is now organising the Universal Expo 2015.