凤凰古城景观真实性感知比较研究——基于居民和旅游者视角

文章以作为凤凰古城"原汁原味"文化表征物的旅游景现为感知单元,应用头脑风暴法抽取对凤凰古城风貌具有代表性的景观作为感知测量要素.进一步应用符号学理论、博弈理论、消费者行为反馈模型、市场导向理论、市场细分理论等架构研究理论框架,使用参数检验过程实现本研究的"两个对比".在此基础上应用聚类判别分析法区分出在市场导向下与旅游者古城景观真实性改进策略相左的居民群体,并对不同类群居民的人口和社会学属性特征进行讨论.主要完成如下工作:1.证明在古城景现真实性感知研究中引入双视角的必要性;2.指出凤凰古城景现真实性改进序列;3.划分出意识引导的重点居民群体,并廓清这类居民的细部特征.     

温泉旅游真实性研究

本文针对目前温泉旅游理念单薄、缺少整理和提升,以及经营中未履行告知责任的欺诈行为等现象,指出应对温泉旅游的真实性进行结构性研究.文章从时代发展角度对温泉(旅游)真实性进行了逐次深入探讨,直接并具细触及了温泉旅游的真实所在.     

回望“真实性”(authenticity)(下)——一个旅游研究的热点

麦坎内尔掀起的"真实性"研究热已逾30年,其间,研究视角逐渐从"客观"转向"主观",这既反映出真实性内涵的延展与变迁,亦凸显旅游主体—游客体验的重要性。然而,就研究者日渐褊狭的视域来看,旅游客体真实性对旅游体验真实性的影响从松散到几近断裂,旅游主体甚至以"悦纳万物"的信仰姿态视一切"存在"为真,从而收获真实的体验。客观真实与主观真实,究竟是谁决定或影响了谁?对此问题的探寻导致学界对旅游客体之"虚假"的重新界定和对旅游体验之"真实"的再度好奇,并因此形成旅游真实性研究的纷争局面。有鉴于此,对国外真实性研究做一番缘起、视角、界定等方面的梳理和反思,或将对国内相关研究与应用有所裨益。     

回望“真实性”(authenticity)(上)——一个旅游研究的热点

麦坎内尔(MacCannell)掀起的"真实性"研究热已逾30年,其间,研究视角逐渐从"客观"转向"主观"。这既反映出真实性内涵的延展与变迁,亦凸显旅游主体—游客体验的重要性。然而,就研究者日渐褊狭的视域来看,旅游客体真实性对旅游体验真实性的影响从松散到几近断裂,旅游主体甚至以"悦纳万物"的信仰姿态视一切"存在"为真,从而收获真实的体验。客观真实与主观真实,究竟是谁决定或影响了谁?对此问题的探寻导致学界对旅游客体之"虚假"的重新界定和对旅游体验之"真实"的再度好奇,并因此形成旅游真实性研究的纷争局面。有鉴于此,对国内外真实性研究做一番缘起、视角、界定等方面的梳理和反思,或将对国内相关研究与应用有所裨益。     

从建构主义真实性看文学资源的旅游开发——以界首镇“汪曾祺水乡风俗园”项目策划为例

真实性是现代旅游中的重要概念.本文对比了学术界有关真实性的4种理论,认为兼顾旅游客体和旅游体验真实性的建构主义真实性理论符合文学资源亦真亦幻的特点,适宜作为文学资源旅游开发的基础,并以高邮界首镇汪曾祺水乡风俗因项目策划为例,说明基于建构主义真实性理论的文学资源旅游开发流程.     

旅游目的地"社区参与"的三种典型模式比较研究

本文在分析研究国内外相关文献、理论并实地考察国内许多旅游目的地"社区参与"案例的基础上,从中选取3个典型(案例)的社区参与模式进行了比较分析,试图从实证的角度更深入地探索和解析旅游目的地"社区参与"的内在本质、特点、内容或方式,进而探索和寻求旅游目的地"社区参与"更有效的途径与方式.     

跨文化比较——旅游研究的共性思维

旅游研究的本质是文化问题的研究,而旅游中的文化现象是多元文化现象,因此,跨文化比较应作为整个旅游研究的共性思维。跨文化比较研究能够有效地鉴定旅游现象的共性和个性,发现旅游现象的规律,能够提供解决旅游发展中实际问题的有效途径。作者在文中还提出中国旅游发展中需要通过跨文化比较研究亟待解决的8个方面的理论和实践问题。     

旅游目的地竞争力模型比较研究

本文总结分析了国内外学者所构建的旅游目的地竞争力模型,并将其分为旅游目的地竞争力的概念性模型、简约性模型和多视角模型.通过对三类旅游目的地竞争力模型的比较研究,分析得出各自的优缺点,进而提出相关的补充建议.     

浅谈北京乡村旅游产品开发中真实性的塑造

随着乡村旅游产品的开发,游客对于真实性的要求越来越高．如何塑造乡村旅游产品开发的真实性,给旅游产品打上真实性标签,是摆在景区经营者面前得一个重要课题。其开发必须遵儋政府主导、社区参与和农民致富等原则,有利于指导当地在人与自然和谐共处的基础上开发出既具有传统文化内涵,又具有现代特征的乡村旅游产品,满足乡村旅游者“求美、求新、求异、求特、求真”的心理需求。     

旅游系统模型比较研究

本文对国内外学者提出的三类旅游系统模型：旅游功能系统模型、旅游混沌模型、旅游地理系统模型进行了介绍和评述，并指出，对具有非线性特点的旅游地理系统的研究将成为未来旅游科学的重要研究方向。     

Heritage Tourism in Singapore Chinatown: A Perceived Value Approach to Authenticity and Satisfaction

This study examines object-based and existential authenticity using a multidimensional approach to perceived value. The effects of value perceptions on satisfaction are also examined. Data was collected from tourists at the Singapore Chinatown heritage precinct. The findings revealed that object-based authenticity, existential authenticity, and perceived monetary value positively influenced overall perceived value and subsequently, satisfaction. This paper provides researchers with a theoretical framework of authenticity and perceived value for future empirical studies in the heritage tourism context. It also provides insight into how destination marketers and policy makers can develop effective and sustainable strategies for heritage destinations.     

遗产原真性·旅游者价值观偏好·遗产旅游原真性

本文指出旅游科学的"原真性"概念与遗产科学的渊源;提出应将"authenticity"译为"原真性"的理由;概述了遗产科学对"原真性"概念的认识发展;从旅游价值观偏好层面对当代旅游科学中出现的"客观主义原真性"、"建构主义原真性"、"存在主义原真性"、"后现代主义原真性"诸提法进行了评论;最后,较为概括地辨析了原真性概念在文化和遗产旅游中的具体处置.     

Authenticity and the authentication of heritage: dialogical perceptiveness

ABSTRACT

The dialogue on authenticity continues to evolve across different temporalities and disciplines. This editorial for the special issue summarizes contemporary progress made by scholars of heritage tourism and shares innovative corridors for deep deliberations. A broad spectrum of provocative ideas are touched upon, ranging from host–guest authentication and intangible heritage to knowledge transfer processes, authenticating heritage in fairytale settings, authenticity and anxiety in the smell of death and life, understanding the boundaries of authenticity, nostalgia, sustainability, marketing, destination competitiveness, and examining affective connotations of authenticity. Discursive insights are offered on how different authenticities are legitimized and critically deconstructed and re-constructed again in the authentication process, to underline the existence of power and authority interventions. Inspiring/innovative pathways, for future research, are also recommended.     

对民俗旅游文化本真性的多维度思考

在关于民俗旅游“本真性”的认知中,专家、当地居民和旅游者对本真性的认知并不全是相同的：专家关注的是文化环境的“本体真实”的保存,对本真性的认识经历了一个由静态到动态、由点及面的过程;当地居民更关注本地经济的发展和自己生活的改变;游客关注的是旅游经历的真实感受。从三个不同角度来审视这个问题是民俗旅游开发过程中全面解决文化保护与发展的有效之道。     

本真性理论在旅游研究中的应用

本文回顾了现代旅游中"本真性"概念及从"客观主义--建构主义--后现代主义--存在主义"的发展阶段,分析了"本真性"概念在西方旅游研究中所涉及的"本真性、旅游动机与旅游体验"、"本真性与文化商品化"以及"本真性、怀旧与遗产旅游"等主要问题.文章指出,"本真性"作为20世纪60年代以来西方旅游社会学研究中的核心概念,它是人们对现代旅游"好恶交织"的心理反映,揭示了现代旅游现象中的社会现实及存在的问题.     

社区居民对九寨沟民族歌舞表演的真实性认知

旅游真实性的研究一直是文化旅游的重要研究内容之一.但旅游地居民本身对文化旅游项目真实性认知的研究却基本上是空白.本文以九寨沟为例,探讨了社区居民对民族歌舞表演的真实性认知.研究认为,社区居民对文化旅游项目真实性的认知反映了旅游对地方传统变迁的影响.在九寨沟,经济因素和文化认同是影响居民对歌舞表演真实性认知的关键因素,而他们表现出显著的年龄差异.中青年居民受旅游经济的影响,将经济因素作为真实性评判的首要依据,而文化认同居于次要地位;而老年居民则超越了利益关系,将他们对九寨沟传统文化的认同作为了判定表演真实性的标准.     

Between Authenticity and Ethnicity: Heritage Tourism and Re-ethnification Among Diaspora Jewish Youth

Heritage tourism takes on a new meaning when conceived and implemented in the framework of a diaspora – homeland context. Trip organisers utilise heritage tourism that identifies the signifiers of national collective identity or Peoplehood and construct an experience of authenticity that supports a newly reconstructed narrative of personal and collective identity that bridges the diaspora and homeland identities. This paper examines into the differential consequences of heritage tourism on the ethnic identity of diaspora travellers from North America and the former Soviet Union to their homeland, specifically contrasting Jewish tourists from different diaspora localities making an otherwise almost identical birthright Israel trip. For both groups, Jewish ethnic identity was strengthened, particularly their emotional attachment to Israel. However, the difference between the two groups was found in the actual factors that explain this post trip attachment to Israel. The experiential component was more prominent among participants from the former Soviet Union, while among North American student participants, Jewish background as well as their higher pre-trip motivations provide an explanation for their high post-trip scores of attachment to Israel. Israel thus serves as the liminal domain of diaspora tourists, where existential authenticity and pre-trip ethnicity as latent as the latter may be, intertwine experientially to generate an expansion of the frame of individual identity of diaspora tourists in their homeland.     

A Life Cycle Model for Aboriginal Arts Performance in Tourism: Perspectives on Authenticity

This paper suggests a life cycle model for aboriginal arts performance in tourism related situations from the perspective of authenticity. It is proposed that aboriginal arts performance is subject to a change and potential revitalisation process which consists of five stages: (1) the primordial state; (2) increasing involvement; (3) situational adaptations; (4) revitalisation; and (5) management for change, conservation or decline. The paper also examines the existing literature concerning authenticity in the field of tourism. It is designed to help understand and manage the increasingly complex world in which aboriginal arts can decline, survive or change.