适用知识摘登

1．中国古代经济思想史上的三大传统观念——“三大教条”①重义轻利：战国以后封建正统思想家对待社会伦理规范与人们物质利益之间的关系的基本思想。其内容实质是以封建伦理道德制约人们追求物质利益的活动，贬低和限制人们追求物质利益。“重利轻义”观念引入经济思想之中，严重阻碍了经济理论和社会生产力的发展。②重本抑末：战国以后封建正统经济思想家对待农业与工商业的基本思想。其内容实质是以重视农业，抑制工商业的发展，来维护以自然经济为基础的封建生产关系。③黜着崇俭：战国以后封建正统思想家对待社会消费水平的基本思想…     

珠三角地区"代耕农"入户问题的调查与思考--以中山市坦洲镇为例

一、“代耕农”的来源及现状 “代耕农”，是指放弃户籍所在地的耕地，到经济相对发达，土地相对肥沃的地区去耕种其它土地的农民。改革开放以来，作为华南主要产粮区的珠三角广大农村，在地理位置优势和国家优惠政策的扶持下，第二、第三产业发展十分迅速。很多农民放弃农业生产，进入工厂或自办实     

小岗农业"大包干"起源探析

2 0世纪 70年代末 ,面对农村社队集体经济濒临瓦解、难以为继的局面 ,以小岗人为代表的皖东农民群众充分利用安徽省委所营造的相对宽松的政治环境 ,大胆冲破“左”倾思想的束缚 ,自发进行农业联产承包责任制的改革。在借鉴 6 0年代初推行“责任田”经验的基础上 ,通过不断摸索 ,最终在全国率先找到了农业“大包干”这条适合中国农村生产力水平实际状况的正确道路     

改革开放以来中央关于"三农"问题的七个"一号文件"

1982年1月1日,中共中央发出第一个关于“三农”问题的“一号文件”,对迅速推开的农村改革进行了总结。文件明确指出包产到户、包干到户或大包干“都是社会主义生产责任制”,同时还说明它“不同于合作化以前的小私有的个体经济,而是社会主义农业经济的组成部分”。1982年“一号文件”与之后的连续4个中央关于农村政策的“一号文件”在中国农村改革史上成为专用名词——“五个一号文件”。     

服务三个领域 发挥农村金融主力军作用

服务地方保需求 近年来，内蒙古自治区托克托县农村信用合作联社（以下简称联社）始终坚持服务“三农”的宗旨，不断深化改革、优化信贷结构，加大信贷支农力度，有效地推进了当地“三农”经济的发展。截至2008年7月末，累计发放放的93．2％，其中累放农户贷款2．2亿元、农业经济组织贷款3061万元、农村工商业贷款1．3亿元、农户小额信用贷款6274万元、农户联保贷款1930万元，基本满足了农牧业发展的资金需求。     

对20世纪上半期"以农立国"思想的再审视

20世纪20年代至40年代，在中国的思想学术界发生了一场是以农立国还是以工立国的争论。对于这场争论中的“以农立国”观点，已有的经济思想史或现代史研究者大都作出了否定性结论。本文认为，作为当时社会经济出现重大转折的产物，以农立国思想具有特定的理论价值。首先，它所揭示的农业在现代经济中的基础地位，对此后中国农业现代化思想的发展，对发展经济学的创立，都有着重要的意义；其次，以农立国思想所强调的在现代化过程中优先发展农业经济的主张，有助于我们反思新中国成立后社会主义经济发展的经验教训；第三，在更深广的层面，以农立国思想所蕴涵的农业文化理念，对于我们今天重新认识农业的意义，深化我们的伦理经济观念，并非没有启迪。     

南方木材流通的初步研究

流通是商品经济特有的范畴。我国战国时期思想家李俚、商鞅等对生产和流通的关系有过最初的认以和表述。他们认为农业和家庭纺织业的生产是社会经济之“本”;而商业的流通过程乃是其“末”。从而提出重本抑术、强本弱末的经济思想。这种思想在我国士农工商的封建等级序列中也反映的很清楚。在他们之后两千多年中国历史发展的漫长     

着眼于理论与实践的双重跨越--对农业"三大战略、九大行动"的解读

看“待三农”问题,最容易走的两个极端是估计不足和过分渲染。从事“三农”工作,最怕的两件事是找不准方向和抓不住重点“。三大战略、九大行动”从不同的层面回答了当前农业农村经济工作的重大认识和实践问题。就整体而言“,转变”的重点是思维“,拓展”的重点是空间,"提升"的重点是能力。在科学发展观的指导下“,转变、拓展、提升”三大战略对整个农业农村经济工作形成了一套较为完整的理论指导体系。“九大行动”的实施,既为农业和农村经济发展找到了确切的战略基点,也“为三大战略”的实施打造了具体的操作平台。各行动的中长期目标效果虽然相互有很大甚至完全交叠,但其操作层面最直接的价值取向分别可归结于食物与农产品安全、农业增效与农民增收、社会主义新农村建设等三个方面。“三大战略、九大行动”勾画了中国农业和农村经济工作未来走向的路线图,在启动实施的过程中应注意处理好眼前与长远、整体与局部、继承与发展、软件与硬件等四个方面的关系。     

中国小农经济的评判尺度--评黄宗智的"过密化"理论

黄宗智提出的以“边际报酬”为评判尺度的“过密化”理论，是其分析和评判中国小农经济的理论基点。用“边际报酬”概念的源头——西方经济学中的“生产函数”来考察，“过密化”理论有其不严密之处。以建立在西方经验之上的“边际报酬”概念来评判与西方农业经济有天壤之别的中国小农经济，更有其无法弥补的局限性。以往，东西方学者对“过密化”理论的回应多停留在表层，很少有人对其理论基点提出置疑，以此为基础的理论创新更是少之又少。本文主要从西方经济学的生产论出发，对“过密化”理论进行分析和评判，以促发更深的理论思考和更加科学的理论创新。     

中国农业“走出去”的背景及行业选择

目近年来,随着经济全球化进程的加快,大量外国农业跨国公司对我国农业的主导作用明显增强.为了在更大范围、更广领域和更高层次上参与国际农业经济技术合作与竞争,开拓国际市场,中国农业就必须积极大胆地“走出去”.农业“走出去”行业选择是农业实施“走出去”战略过程中必须解决的问题.本文首先结合近年来国内外环境的变化,分析了中国农业实施“走出去”战略的国际国内背景,并认为大豆、棕榈油、食糖、木薯、天然橡胶、水产业、农产品加工业等行业应该是当前中国农业优先“走出去”的行业.     

Price transmission between products at different stages of manufacturing in forest industries

The theory of demand and supply implies a positive relationship, or “price transmission” between the prices of products at different stages of manufacturing. This relationship was investigated with quarterly prices of softwood stumpage in the US South, and national prices of forest products, from 1977 to 2002. All prices, net of inflation, were found to be nonstationary and there was no evidence of co-integration between prices. Vector autogressive models, augmented by Granger causality tests and multiplier analysis showed that there was a one-to-one permanent positive response of the southern sawtimber stumpage price to a permanent change in the national lumber price. There was also a one-third permanent positive response of the national paper price to a permanent change in the national pulp price. There was no relation between regional pulpwood prices and national pulp or paper prices. When price transmission was significant, the full adjustment took about 2 years.     

Application of an ecosystem function framework to perceptions of community woodlands

Owners, local residents, government, and conservation organisations can express divergent preferences in the development and management of local woodlands. The perceptions of these four groups were examined, in the context of three community woodlands in Eastern England, using an ecosystem function framework. In a pilot study, residents were able to allocate a relative importance to woodland ecosystem services which were then related to “regulation”, “habitat”, and “production” or “information” functions. However residents also placed importance on negative services or “dis-services” associated with the woodland ecosystem. Therefore a fifth category of “dis-services” was included in the main survey which included 84 local residents, three woodland owners, three government institutions, and six representatives from conservation groups. Each of the four groups placed greatest importance on services associated with habitat (16–39% of the total importance) and information (30–50%) functions suggesting, in this example, mutual interest in the use of woodlands as a habitat or recreational resource. By contrast a potential area of difference was the particularly high importance placed by one owner on dis-services such as fly tipping. In addition the woodland owners placed higher importance (10–20%), than local residents and conservation groups (7–9%), on the productive services of the wood. This suggests a need for communication when production-related operations affect recreation. The ecosystem function framework appears to be a useful approach for highlighting potential tensions and areas of mutual interest in the management of semi-natural ecosystems.     

In Vino ‘No’ Veritas: impacts of fraud on wine imports in China

China is one of the largest wine importing countries in the world and is poised for continued import growth in the future. Increased wine purchases throughout China have given rise to persistent fraud where fake wines are packaged and sold with counterfeit contents and labels. For exporting countries like France, counterfeit wines displace market share, damage foreign brand reputation, and cause distrust in consumers who are aware of counterfeiting problems throughout the country. We examine the impact of fraudulent wine events (as measured by negative media reports) on Chinese wine demand differentiated by supplying country. We employ the Rotterdam demand system and a switching regression procedure to estimate import demand and compare results across different media variable specifications. Results consistently show that negative reports disproportionately affect French wine regardless of how the media variable is specified. This is not surprising because most fraudulent events involve French wine counterfeits.     

An evaluation framework for earthquake-responsive land administration

In recent years earthquakes and their secondary hazards have claimed the largest number of lives of all large natural disasters. Some of the world’s most earthquake-prone zones are also areas of high population density. The impact is magnified by vulnerability factors including non-enforcement of building codes, knowledge gaps, urban poverty and poor governance capacity to manage and reduce earthquake risks. Poor security of land tenure and property rights increases the vulnerability of people and affects their ability to respond to natural disasters.Earthquake recovery and reconstruction provides very significant challenges for land agencies, with these challenges differing from one country to the next due to differences in the local context. Drawing on contrasting case studies in Haiti, Nepal and New Zealand this paper identifies the common post-earthquake land administration functions and challenges that may apply to many contexts. These lessons provide land agencies and other key stakeholders with a summary of the challenges an earthquake poses for land administration at different post-disaster stages. We also discuss the policy and regulatory, institutional, operational and preparedness lessons for land administration. From these lessons we propose a framework for evaluating the earthquake-responsiveness of a land administration system. This framework can be used by a land agency in an earthquake prone region, or where an earthquake has recently occurred, to assess what challenges to land administration might occur in the event of an earthquake, and the preparedness of their land administration system.     

Agrarian Poverty,Nutrition and Economic Class – A Study of Gujarat,India

This paper analyses poverty and calorific undernourishment in the Indian state of Gujarat, where high and market‐led industrial growth has resulted in rapid economic improvement. The study is carried out through a combination of secondary and survey‐based data. We conclude that the neoliberal agenda of uncontrolled, outward‐looking growth has not resulted in significant reduction of poverty or malnourishment in rural areas. Furthermore, while land ownership is officially used as a proxy for wealth distribution, class position appears a better predictor of poverty status in the rural areas than landownership per se. At the policy level, there is a need to revive the agrarian economy and create new non‐agricultural assets, and the primary focus in the state must shift to the distribution of created assets rather than a single‐minded focus on growth.     

Does sustainable agricultural growth require a system of innovation? Evidence from Ghana and Burkina Faso

This paper tests the ‘systems of innovation’ hypothesis for a selection of crops in Ghana and Burkina Faso that have shown significant growth in production over an approximately 20-year period. The question is whether such growth can only occur if supported by a system of innovation. Using two indicators (a common understanding on objectives and priorities, and a high level of interactivity), we find little evidence for the existence of anything that might be considered a high functioning system of innovation.     

Local impacts of industrial tree plantations: An empirical analysis in Indonesia across plantation types

The values ascribed to industrial tree plantations are often controversial. Hence knowledge of their perceived impacts is important for improving their integration in rural landscapes. In 2016 we conducted household surveys with 606 respondents living in villages adjacent to acacia, teak and pine plantations across three islands in Indonesia (Java, Borneo, Sumatra). Results show that perceptions toward pine and teak plantations tend to differ from those toward acacia pulpwood plantations in several ways. Pine and teak plantations are perceived to have a higher number and variety of benefits and services, a higher number of positive impacts, a better environmental record, and to present more opportunities to local people for use of plantation land and products for improving rural livelihoods. In addition, we find that villagers around acacia pulpwood plantations tend to seek economic development and infrastructure to open up remote areas, yet their expectations were often only partially met. Recommendations from our analysis include: the role of the State in plantations must be clarified and potentially reinforced; the role of institutions as intermediaries is fundamental; and contributions by communities to design of management plans should be accommodated.     

Upstream demand for water use by new tree plantations imposes externalities on downstream irrigated agriculture and wetlands*

Large‐scale tree plantations in high rainfall upstream areas can reduce fresh water inflows to river systems, thereby imposing external costs on downstream irrigation, stock and domestic water users and wetland interests. We take the novel approach of expressing all benefits and costs of establishing plantations in terms of $ per gigalitre (GL) of water removed annually from river flows, setting upstream demands on the same basis as downstream demands. For the Macquarie Valley, a New South Wales sub‐catchment of Australia’s Murray‐Darling Basin, we project changes in land and water use and changes in economic surpluses under two policy settings: without and with a policy requiring permanent water entitlements to be purchased from downstream parties, before plantation establishment. Without the policy, and given a high stumpage value for trees ($70/m³), upstream gains in economic surplus projected from expanding plantations are $639 million; balanced against $233 million in economic losses by downstream irrigators and stock and domestic water users for a net gain of $406 million, but 345 GL lower mean annual environmental flows. With the policy, smaller gains in upstream economic surplus from trees ($192 million), added to net downstream gains ($138 million) from sale of water, result in gains of $330 million with no reduction in environmental flows. Sustaining the 345 GL flow for a $76 million (406–330) reduction in gains to economic surplus may be seen to cost only $0.22 million/GL; but this is much lower than the market value of the first units of that water to agriculture and forestry.     

Underpayment of Small Producers of Coffee and Cocoa in Sierra Leone

Fieldwork shows that many Sierra Leonean producers do not receive the official producer price for their coffee and cocoa, due to the concentration of buying stations, credit relations, the small quantities offered for sale, and the lack of marketing knowledge of the numerous and unorganized farmers. To the traders underpayment may seem economically justifiable to a certain extent, but to the farmers it means poverty and debt. A new village marketing centre project aims at remedying this situation and has already led to higher prices. Although no longer allowed to take their "just" share from the producers, traders are still willing to deal with the new centres.     

Malaria incidence and agricultural efficiency in Uganda

The cost of accessing healthcare can be a major determinant of disease prevalence, which in turn has short‐ and long‐term welfare implications on poor households. In response, governments in developing countries often resort to subsidizing the cost of drugs, which, while perhaps easier to administer, may not always be the most effective way of addressing healthcare cost. In this regard, we analyze the impact of different types of household level health expenses on disease incidence and agricultural production efficiency. We use data from the 2006 Uganda National Household Survey, which covered approximately 7,400 households. The results suggest that a 10% increase in consultation, medicine, and hospitalization expenses would reduce malaria incidence respectively by 35.6%, 20.5%, and 21.3 %, which translates into a 1.1%, 0.6%, and 0.6 % decrease in agricultural inefficiency, respectively. The results indicate that helping poor households meet expenses for consultation through subsidies or eliminating consultation fees has a larger impact on malaria incidence and agricultural productivity among poor rural households than subsidizing the cost of medical drugs, the most common avenue chosen by developing country governments in the fight against the disease.