德国纳米技术发展现状及启示

本文在调研德国纳米技术最新发展现状的基础上，对其研发体系、经费投入、产业化情况进行了总结分析，并对我国纳米技术发展提出了思考建议。     

美国纳米技术的研究与开发

目前，美国、日本和欧洲是纳米技术领域的领头羊，但三者之间在水平上可谓旗鼓相当，任何一方都不敢说自己已经占据了绝对的领先优势，因而使得这场竞争更加激烈。为了赢得这场世纪之战的最终胜利，美国政府和科技界在纳米科技领域采取了一系列重要举措，在纳米科技计划设置、优先领域选择、研发项目管理和研发经费投入等方面形成了自己的特色。国家纳米技术计划１．出台背景１９９６至１９９８年间，以美国国家科学基金会为首的十余家政府机构联合出资并委托Loyola学院的“世界技术评估中心”，在美国国内以及法国、德国、比利时、荷兰、…     

美国纳米技术的发展及战略部署

十余年来,美国政府对纳米技术的投入累计已超120亿美元,如果加上2011年近18亿美元的预算和2012年的21．8亿美元的申请预算,总额则达到1604L美元。2011年2月,奥巴马总统在《创新战略》中将纳米技术列为国家优先发展的战略领域,对纳米技术寄予厚望;NNI2011战略规划和“Nano2报告”为纳米技术的未来发展指明了方向。     

美国日益重视纳米技术的环境、健康和安全风险研究

随着纳米技术产品市场的不断扩大，纳米技术潜在的环境、健康和安全风险日益突出。旱在2000年美国便设立“国家纳米技术计划”，开始关注纳米技术引发的环境、健康和安全问题。目前美国在此研究领域已处于世界领先地住。美国的五大机构：国立卫生研究院、国家职业安全与健康研究所、国家标准和技术研究院、环保署、食品和药品管理局等担负起对相关研究进行协调与评估的责任。不断完善相关法规，保证负责任地研发和应用纳米技术。     

纳米技术产业化的瓶颈与对策分析

纳米技术是具有深远影响的高新技术。纳米技术产业化正处于蓬勃发展中。通过对纳米技术产业化模型的分析，提出其产业化进程中的资金与人才瓶颈问题。针对我国政府投入不足和风险投资不发达的客观现实，探讨了相应的资金解决对策。同时也指出大学应当积极变革与创新，应对纳米技术产业化对大学人才培养带来的新挑战。     

从智能化的角度浅析纳米技术材料 对于汽车工业的影响与作用

汽车的发展依靠材料和技术的发展,目前,纳米技术在汽车中的应用已经成为一种世界潮流,同时也为新技术的产生和发展提供了坚实的后盾.从1980年以后,纳米科学在材料学、化工学、机械等的领域取得了卓越的成绩,目前纳米技术产品目前也正处于更新换代的黄金时期,并已经慢慢渗透进了汽车领域.纳米技术可以应用于汽车的多个位置,例如底盘、内装、轮胎、车体等.一直到现在我国也仍然在研究如何更高效的利用纳米技术来促进汽车行业的发展.因此,本文将从智能化角度浅析纳米技术对于汽车工业的影响与作用.     

欧盟纳米技术的研发现状及趋势分析

欧盟是现代工业制造业的发源地,长期保持着世界工业的领先水平。欧委会根据全球高新技术发展态势和欧盟的发展需求及相对竞争优势,确定了欧盟工业可持续发展的六大关键势能技术(KETs)领域。纳米技术作为其六大关键势能技术之一,欧盟已为之制定了具体的优惠政策和行动举措给予重点扶持,以提升欧盟先进制造业的世界竞争力,促进经济增长和扩大就业。通过研究分析欧盟纳米技术工业的发展现状、研发创新、面临的挑战和未来发展趋势,旨在为我国战略性新兴技术产业的可持续发展,提供有益的线索和经验借鉴。     

日本农业和食品加工领域纳米技术的应用研究

日本政府从20世纪80年代初开始实施纳米技术基础研究的相关计划,90年代初开始推进应用开发,新世纪初制定了"纳米领域推进战略",明确要求国家对纳米技术的实用化和产业化研发重点配置资源.随着生命科学领域纳米技术基础研究的不断深入,政府开始重视纳米技术在农业领域的开发应用,通过科技立项逐步推进相关研究和开发,重点是以生物功能的创新利用为目的,通过纳米技术与生物技术等交叉融合,进行纳米级的生物结构探明、功能解析、新功能生物材料研制和低成本高效率的产业化应用技术开发.本文概要介绍了目前及近期日本政府主导的农业领域纳米技术应用研究的计划、内容、预期目标、进展和成果等.     

日本政府的纳米科技发展战略与重大举措

日本政府自1980年初即开始对纳米技术进行战略性支持,抢占纳米技术制高点.2000年以来更将纳米技术与材料作为重点领域纳入其国家科技发展基本计划,推行一系列促进纳米技术研究开发与产业化的重大举措,使日本在此领域保持世界领先水平: (1)建立最高决策、项层设计与综合协调的体制; (2)加大投入; (3)实施各类计划与项目;(4)产学官合作创造新产业等.     

Nanotechnology: Future military environmental health considerations

Lux Research estimates that more than $8.6 billion will be spent in 2005 on nanotechnology R&D worldwide and that the majority of funds are shifting from basic research to the development of applications. Little is known about the environmental and health risks of manufactured nanomaterials. In 2003 the European Union funded the NANOSAFT project to assess the technology's environmental and health risks. In July 2003 the US Environmental Protection Agency invited proposals to study environmental and health impacts of nanotechnology. The U.S. government has budgeted $39 million in 2006 for studies of environmental, health, and safety impacts of nanotechnology.The military is a major force in nanotechnology R&D; hence, it can play a key role in understanding and managing nanotechnology risks. As a result, the Millennium Project conducted a two-round Delphi to identify and rate important forms of nanotechnology-related environmental pollution and health hazards that could result from any military activities and to suggest military research that might reduce these problems. The full report is available in the CD Chapter 5 attached to the 2005 State of the Future report. An expert panel on these issues was asked its judgments on the full range of nanotechnologies of the present and future—from nanobulk-process nano (simple structures) and top-down nano (low-volume production) to nano-built nano (high-volume, low-cost, complex high-performance components and even whole products).     

Nanotechnology as general-purpose technology: empirical evidence and implications

Developments in nanotechnology are poised to have a pervasive effect on various industries for years to come and nanotechnology management research is beginning to appear in peer-reviewed management journals. Much of the research on this early, emergent technology is focused on issues of definition and identification of technology type. In this study, we searched the US Patents and Trademarks Office database and used an expert validation methodology to develop a sample of the first 25 years (1980–2004) of nanotechnology patenting activity. We analysed this data for early evidence that nanotechnology is a general-purpose technology (GPT) – a transformative technology characterised by its pervasiveness, improvement over time, and pattern of diffusion. Our findings indicate that nanotechnology patenting activity has been growing in intensity and relative to overall patenting activity, and that it is pervasive across industry and technology sectors. Implications of nanotechnology as a GPT are discussed.     

货运超载成因分析及治理方案研究

货运超载车辆不仅给人民生命和国家财产安全带来极大危害,而且影响国民经济全面、协调和可持续发展,影响了社会经济秩序的稳定。从法制、经济、管理角度分析,提出超载的治理办法。     

股权类激励方案成本的因素分析

股权激励作为调整企业经营者和所有者之间利益关系的重要手段 ,其方案的制订受多种因素的影响 ,认清这些因素如何作用于股权类激励方案成本 ,是降低代理成本的关键。     

Designing foresight studies for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (NST) future developments

Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (NST) is widely considered as one of the most promising areas of scientific and technological development for future decades. As a consequence, almost every country in the world has chosen to invest significantly in this area. This choice, however, is only a first step in the investment decision process, given that almost any scientific discipline can be taken at the scale of a nanometre. In this paper, it is argued that foresight studies to decide where to invest in the nanotechnology area should be designed in a different way from what is normally done. Nanotechnology, in fact, has specific characteristics that should be taken into account when evaluating its expected impacts and potentialities.     

公众参与纳米技术风险沟通意向认知因素实证研究

公众参与纳米技术风险沟通的行为意向有一定的认知基础。将传统技术风险认知评价模型构成分为科学素养维度、信息感知维度和信任维度3个层面,衡量公众纳米风险认知程度,并构建了公众参与纳米技术风险沟通意向概念模型。通过对调研数据进行Smart分析,获得了公众参与意向的影响因素路径模型,验证了公众对纳米技术的风险认知与公众参与纳米技术风险沟通意向之间的关系假设,可为纳米风险治理中有针对性地提高公众参与度提供理论支持。     

Nanotechnology innovation system: Understanding hidden dynamics of nanoscience fusion trajectories

Nanoscience and technology has introduced a new dimension to basic sciences and a range of technologies. Researchers from various scientific disciplines are aggressively getting involved in the relevant research as a parallel way to boost nanoscience competitiveness through academic research, and corporations are directing their R&D activities towards the exploration and exploitation of nanotech opportunities. For years, it has been said that innovation is achieved by breaking through the boundaries of existing technologies. This paper has argued how nanotechnology is driven by scientific research and in what way traditional disciplines are fused into this emerging area. We attempt to provide an empirical analysis of the dynamics of nanoscience fusion trajectories, which is typically a focused area in innovation studies. In this paper, we seek to understand the attributes that are likely to enable scientific disciplines to fuse into nanoscience through a combination of quantitative and qualitative search within nanotechnology systems of innovation (NanoSI). An insight of the similarity and disparity of fusion between Europe and Japan is also provided. Finally, we develop an integrative framework to explore the co-evolutionary nature of nanotech. The paper then tries to derive some implications that would be useful for science and technology policy makers as well as for researchers in traditional scientific disciplines.     

宏观调控目标的“十一五”分析与“十二五”展望

本文旨在对我国"十一五"时期宏观经济调控目标的实现情况进行分析,对"十二五"时期的经济增长目标提出相应的政策建议和论证。全文共分四部分:首先,回顾"十一五"规划中有关宏观调控的指导原则和主要目标。其次,说明这些宏观调控目标的实现情况。再次,对"十二五"时期经济增长目标提出政策建议:在"十二五"规划中,经济增长目标的设定可有三种方法:一种是,仍沿用过去的习惯,把目标值设定得比较低;另一种是,可以设定目标区间,即以潜在经济增长率为基准的适度经济增长区间;再一种是,不是设定单一的五年固定不变的目标值,也不是笼统地设定一个目标区间,而是对未来五年中的各年设定不同的、可以反映经济波动趋势的目标值。最后,本文对这些政策建议进行具体的测算与分析。